ccid/src/commands.c

/*
    commands.c: Commands sent to the card
    Copyright (C) 2003-2010   Ludovic Rousseau
    Copyright (C) 2005 Martin Paljak

    This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
    modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
    License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
    version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

    This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
    Lesser General Public License for more details.

        You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
        along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
        Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*/

/*
 * $Id$
 */

#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <pcsclite.h>
#include <ifdhandler.h>
#include <reader.h>

#include "config.h"
#include "misc.h"
#include "commands.h"
#include "openct/proto-t1.h"
#include "ccid.h"
#include "defs.h"
#include "ccid_ifdhandler.h"
#include "debug.h"

/* All the pinpad readers I used are more or less bogus
 * I use code to change the user command and make the firmware happy */
#define BOGUS_PINPAD_FIRMWARE

/* The firmware of SCM readers reports dwMaxCCIDMessageLength = 263
 * instead of 270 so this prevents from sending a full length APDU
 * of 260 bytes since the driver check this value */
#define BOGUS_SCM_FIRMWARE_FOR_dwMaxCCIDMessageLength

#define max( a, b )   ( ( ( a ) > ( b ) ) ? ( a ) : ( b ) )
#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)

#ifndef BSWAP_16
#define BSWAP_8(x)  ((x) & 0xff)
#define BSWAP_16(x) ((BSWAP_8(x) << 8) | BSWAP_8((x) >> 8))
#define BSWAP_32(x) ((BSWAP_16(x) << 16) | BSWAP_16((x) >> 16))
#endif

/* internal functions */
static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockAPDU_extended(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[]);

static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T0(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[]);

static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockCHAR_T0(unsigned int reader_index, unsigned int
        tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length, unsigned
        char rx_buffer[]);

static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T1(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[]);

static void i2dw(int value, unsigned char *buffer);
static unsigned int bei2i(unsigned char *buffer);


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdPowerOn
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CmdPowerOn(unsigned int reader_index, unsigned int * nlength,
        unsigned char buffer[], int voltage)
{
        unsigned char cmd[10];
        status_t res;
        int length, count = 1;
        unsigned int atr_len;
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

#ifndef TWIN_SERIAL
        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_A == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;
                unsigned char pcbuffer[SIZE_GET_SLOT_STATUS];

                /* first power off to reset the ICC state machine */
                r = CmdPowerOff(reader_index);
                if (r != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return r;

                /* wait for ready */
                r = CmdGetSlotStatus(reader_index, pcbuffer);
                if (r != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return r;

                /* Power On */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0x62, 0, buffer, *nlength);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Power On failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                *nlength = r;

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_B == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;
                unsigned char tmp[MAX_ATR_SIZE+1];

                /* first power off to reset the ICC state machine */
                r = CmdPowerOff(reader_index);
                if (r != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return r;

                /* Power On */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0x21, 0x62, 1, NULL, 0);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Power On failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                /* Data Block */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0x6F, 0, tmp, sizeof(tmp));

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Data Block failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                if (tmp[0] != 0x00)
                {
                        DEBUG_CRITICAL2("bResponseType: 0x%02X", tmp[0]);

                        /* Status Information? */
                        if (0x40 == tmp[0])
                                ccid_error(tmp[2], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                DEBUG_INFO_XXD("Data Block: ", tmp, r);
                if (*nlength > r-1)
                        *nlength = r-1;
                memcpy(buffer, tmp+1, *nlength);

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }
#endif

        /* store length of buffer[] */
        length = *nlength;

        if (ccid_descriptor->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_AUTO_VOLTAGE)
                voltage = 0;    /* automatic voltage selection */
        else
        {
                int bVoltageSupport = ccid_descriptor->bVoltageSupport;

                if ((1 == voltage) && !(bVoltageSupport & 1))
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO("5V requested but not support by reader");
                        voltage = 2;    /* 3V */
                }

                if ((2 == voltage) && !(bVoltageSupport & 2))
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO("3V requested but not support by reader");
                        voltage = 3;    /* 1.8V */
                }

                if ((3 == voltage) && !(bVoltageSupport & 4))
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO("1.8V requested but not support by reader");
                        voltage = 0;    /* auto */
                }
        }

again:
        cmd[0] = 0x62; /* IccPowerOn */
        cmd[1] = cmd[2] = cmd[3] = cmd[4] = 0;  /* dwLength */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = voltage;
        cmd[8] = cmd[9] = 0; /* RFU */

        res = WritePort(reader_index, sizeof(cmd), cmd);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        /* reset available buffer size */
        /* needed if we go back after a switch to ISO mode */
        *nlength = length;

        res = ReadPort(reader_index, nlength, buffer);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        if (*nlength < STATUS_OFFSET+1)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Not enough data received: %d bytes", *nlength);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if (buffer[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_COMMAND_FAILED)
        {
                ccid_error(buffer[ERROR_OFFSET], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);    /* bError */

                if (0xBB == buffer[ERROR_OFFSET] &&     /* Protocol error in EMV mode */
                        ((GEMPC433 == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                        || (CHERRYXX33 == ccid_descriptor->readerID)))
                {
                        unsigned char cmd_tmp[] = {0x1F, 0x01};
                        unsigned char res_tmp[1];
                        unsigned int res_length = sizeof(res_tmp);

                        if ((return_value = CmdEscape(reader_index, cmd_tmp,
                                sizeof(cmd_tmp), res_tmp, &res_length)) != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                return return_value;

                        /* avoid looping if we can't switch mode */
                        if (count--)
                                goto again;
                        else
                                DEBUG_CRITICAL("Can't set reader in ISO mode");
                }

                /* continue with 3 volts and 5 volts */
                if (voltage > 1)
                {
                        const char *voltage_code[] = { "auto", "5V", "3V", "1.8V" };

                        DEBUG_INFO3("Power up with %s failed. Try with %s.",
                                voltage_code[voltage], voltage_code[voltage-1]);
                        voltage--;
                        goto again;
                }

                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        /* extract the ATR */
        atr_len = dw2i(buffer, 1);      /* ATR length */
        if (atr_len > *nlength)
                atr_len = *nlength;
        else
                *nlength = atr_len;

        memmove(buffer, buffer+10, atr_len);

        return return_value;
} /* CmdPowerOn */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      SecurePINVerify
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE SecurePINVerify(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned char TxBuffer[], unsigned int TxLength,
        unsigned char RxBuffer[], unsigned int *RxLength)
{
        unsigned char cmd[11+14+CMD_BUF_SIZE];
        unsigned int a, b;
        PIN_VERIFY_STRUCTURE *pvs;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);
        int old_read_timeout;
        RESPONSECODE ret;

        pvs = (PIN_VERIFY_STRUCTURE *)TxBuffer;
        cmd[0] = 0x69;  /* Secure */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = 0;             /* bBWI */
        cmd[8] = 0;             /* wLevelParameter */
        cmd[9] = 0;
        cmd[10] = 0;    /* bPINOperation: PIN Verification */

        /* 19 is the size of the PCSCv2 PIN verify structure
         * The equivalent CCID structure is only 14-bytes long */
        if (TxLength > 19+CMD_BUF_SIZE) /* command too large? */
        {
                DEBUG_INFO3("Command too long: %d > %d", TxLength, 19+CMD_BUF_SIZE);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        if (TxLength < 19+4 /* 4 = APDU size */)        /* command too short? */
        {
                DEBUG_INFO3("Command too short: %d < %d", TxLength, 19+4);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        /* On little endian machines we are all set. */
        /* If on big endian machine and caller is using host byte order */ 
        if ((pvs->ulDataLength + 19  == TxLength) && 
                (bei2i((unsigned char*)(&pvs->ulDataLength)) == pvs->ulDataLength))
        {
                DEBUG_INFO("Reversing order from big to little endian");
                /* If ulDataLength is big endian, assume others are too */
                /* reverse the byte order for 3 fields */
                pvs->wPINMaxExtraDigit = BSWAP_16(pvs->wPINMaxExtraDigit);
                pvs->wLangId = BSWAP_16(pvs->wLangId);
                pvs->ulDataLength = BSWAP_32(pvs->ulDataLength);
        }
        /* At this point we now have the above 3 variables in little endian */ 
        
        if (dw2i(TxBuffer, 15) + 19 != TxLength) /* ulDataLength field coherency */
        {
                DEBUG_INFO3("Wrong lengths: %d %d", dw2i(TxBuffer, 15) + 19, TxLength);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        /* make sure bEntryValidationCondition is valid
         * The Cherry XX44 reader crashes with a wrong value */
        if ((0x00 == TxBuffer[7]) || (TxBuffer[7] > 0x07))
        {
                DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bEntryValidationCondition (was 0x%02X)",
                        TxBuffer[7]);
                TxBuffer[7] = 0x02;
        }

#ifdef BOGUS_PINPAD_FIRMWARE
        /* bug circumvention for the GemPC Pinpad */
        if ((GEMPCPINPAD == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                || (VEGAALPHA == ccid_descriptor->readerID))
        {
                /* the firmware reject the cases: 00h No string and FFh default
                 * CCID message. The only value supported is 01h (display 1 message) */
                if (0x01 != TxBuffer[8])
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bNumberMessage for GemPC Pinpad (was %d)",
                                TxBuffer[8]);
                        TxBuffer[8] = 0x01;
                }

                /* The reader does not support, and actively reject, "max size reached"
                 * and "timeout occured" validation conditions */
                if (0x02 != TxBuffer[7])
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bEntryValidationCondition for GemPC Pinpad (was %d)",
                                TxBuffer[7]);
                        TxBuffer[7] = 0x02;     /* validation key pressed */
                }

        }

        if ((DELLSCRK == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                || (DELLSK == ccid_descriptor->readerID))
        {
                /* the firmware rejects the cases: 01h-FEh and FFh default
                 * CCID message. The only value supported is 00h (no message) */
                if (0x00 != TxBuffer[8])
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bNumberMessage for Dell keyboard (was %d)",
                                TxBuffer[8]);
                        TxBuffer[8] = 0x00;
                }

                /* avoid the command rejection because the Enter key is still
                 * pressed. Wait a bit for the key to be released */
                (void)usleep(250*1000);
        }

        if (DELLSK == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
        {
                /* the 2 bytes of wPINMaxExtraDigit are reversed */
                int tmp;

                tmp = TxBuffer[6];
                TxBuffer[6] = TxBuffer[5];
                TxBuffer[5] = tmp;
                DEBUG_INFO("Correcting wPINMaxExtraDigit for Dell keyboard");
        }
#endif

        /* T=1 Protocol Management for a TPDU reader */
        if ((SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1 == ccid_descriptor->cardProtocol)
                && (CCID_CLASS_TPDU == (ccid_descriptor->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_EXCHANGE_MASK)))
        {
                ct_buf_t sbuf;
                unsigned char sdata[T1_BUFFER_SIZE];

                /* Initialize send buffer with the APDU */
                ct_buf_set(&sbuf,
                        (void *)(TxBuffer + offsetof(PIN_VERIFY_STRUCTURE, abData)),
                        TxLength - offsetof(PIN_VERIFY_STRUCTURE, abData));

                /* Create T=1 block */
                ret = t1_build(&((get_ccid_slot(reader_index))->t1),
                        sdata, 0, T1_I_BLOCK, &sbuf, NULL);

                /* Increment the sequence numbers  */
                get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.ns ^= 1;
                get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.nr ^= 1;

                /* Copy the generated T=1 block prologue into the teoprologue
                 * of the CCID command */
                memcpy(TxBuffer + offsetof(PIN_VERIFY_STRUCTURE, bTeoPrologue),
                        sdata, 3);
        }

        /* Build a CCID block from a PC/SC V2.02.05 Part 10 block */
        for (a = 11, b = 0; b < TxLength; b++)
        {
                if (1 == b) /* bTimeOut2 field */
                        /* Ignore the second timeout as there's nothing we can do with
                         * it currently */
                        continue;

                if ((b >= 15) && (b <= 18)) /* ulDataLength field (4 bytes) */
                        /* the ulDataLength field is not present in the CCID frame
                         * so do not copy */
                        continue;

                /* copy the CCID block 'verbatim' */
                cmd[a] = TxBuffer[b];
                a++;
        }

        /* SPR532 and Case 1 APDU */
        if ((SPR532 == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                /* bmPINBlockString = 0 => PIN length not inserted in APDU */
                && (0 == TxBuffer[3])
                /* case 1 APDU */
                && (4 == TxBuffer[15]))
        {
                RESPONSECODE return_value;
                unsigned char cmd_tmp[] = { 0x80, 0x02, 0x00 };
                unsigned char res_tmp[1];
                unsigned int res_length = sizeof(res_tmp);

                /* the SPR532 will append the PIN code without any padding */
                return_value = CmdEscape(reader_index, cmd_tmp, sizeof(cmd_tmp),
                        res_tmp, &res_length);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                /* we need to set bSeq again to avoid a "Duplicate frame detected"
                 * error since the bSeq of CmdEscape is now greater than bSeq set at
                 * the beginning of this function */
                cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        }

        i2dw(a - 10, cmd + 1);  /* CCID message length */

        old_read_timeout = ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout;
        ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout = max(30, TxBuffer[0]+10)*1000;  /* at least 30 seconds */

        if (WritePort(reader_index, a, cmd) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
        {
                ret = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        ret = CCID_Receive(reader_index, RxLength, RxBuffer, NULL);

        /* T=1 Protocol Management for a TPDU reader */
        if ((SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1 == ccid_descriptor->cardProtocol)
                && (CCID_CLASS_TPDU == (ccid_descriptor->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_EXCHANGE_MASK)))
        {
                /* timeout and cancel cases are faked by CCID_Receive() */
                if ((2 == *RxLength)
                        /* the CCID command is rejected or failed */
                   || (IFD_SUCCESS != ret))
                {
                        /* Decrement the sequence numbers since no TPDU was sent */
                        get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.ns ^= 1;
                        get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.nr ^= 1;
                }
                else
                {
                        /* get only the T=1 data */
                        /* FIXME: manage T=1 error blocks */
                        memmove(RxBuffer, RxBuffer+3, *RxLength -4);
                        *RxLength -= 4; /* remove NAD, PCB, LEN and CRC */
                }
        }

end:
        ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout = old_read_timeout;
        return ret;
} /* SecurePINVerify */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      SecurePINModify
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE SecurePINModify(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned char TxBuffer[], unsigned int TxLength,
        unsigned char RxBuffer[], unsigned int *RxLength)
{
        unsigned char cmd[11+19+CMD_BUF_SIZE];
        unsigned int a, b;
        PIN_MODIFY_STRUCTURE *pms;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);
        int old_read_timeout;
        RESPONSECODE ret;
#ifdef BOGUS_PINPAD_FIRMWARE
        int bNumberMessages = 0; /* for GemPC Pinpad */
#endif

        pms = (PIN_MODIFY_STRUCTURE *)TxBuffer;
        cmd[0] = 0x69;  /* Secure */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = 0;             /* bBWI */
        cmd[8] = 0;             /* wLevelParameter */
        cmd[9] = 0;
        cmd[10] = 1;    /* bPINOperation: PIN Modification */

        /* 24 is the size of the PCSC PIN modify structure
         * The equivalent CCID structure is only 18 or 19-bytes long */
        if (TxLength > 24+CMD_BUF_SIZE) /* command too large? */
        {
                DEBUG_INFO3("Command too long: %d > %d", TxLength, 24+CMD_BUF_SIZE);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        if (TxLength < 24+4 /* 4 = APDU size */) /* command too short? */
        {
                DEBUG_INFO3("Command too short: %d < %d", TxLength, 24+4);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        /* On little endian machines we are all set. */
        /* If on big endian machine and caller is using host byte order */ 
        if ((pms->ulDataLength + 24  == TxLength) && 
                (bei2i((unsigned char*)(&pms->ulDataLength)) == pms->ulDataLength))
        {
                DEBUG_INFO("Reversing order from big to little endian");
                /* If ulDataLength is big endian, assume others are too */
                /* reverse the byte order for 3 fields */
                pms->wPINMaxExtraDigit = BSWAP_16(pms->wPINMaxExtraDigit);
                pms->wLangId = BSWAP_16(pms->wLangId);
                pms->ulDataLength = BSWAP_32(pms->ulDataLength);
        }
        /* At this point we now have the above 3 variables in little endian */ 


        if (dw2i(TxBuffer, 20) + 24 != TxLength) /* ulDataLength field coherency */
        {
                DEBUG_INFO3("Wrong lengths: %d %d", dw2i(TxBuffer, 20) + 24, TxLength);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        /* Make sure in the beginning if bNumberMessage is valid or not.
         * 0xFF is the default value. */
        if ((TxBuffer[11] > 3) && (TxBuffer[11] != 0xFF))
        {
                DEBUG_INFO2("Wrong bNumberMessage: %d", TxBuffer[11]);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        /* Make sure bEntryValidationCondition is valid
         * The Cherry XX44 reader crashes with a wrong value */
        if ((0x00 == TxBuffer[10]) || (TxBuffer[10] > 0x07))
        {
                DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bEntryValidationCondition (was 0x%02X)",
                        TxBuffer[10]);
                TxBuffer[10] = 0x02;
        }

#ifdef BOGUS_PINPAD_FIRMWARE
        /* some firmwares are buggy so we try to "correct" the frame */
        /*
         * SPR 532 and Cherry ST 2000C has no display but requires _all_
         * bMsgIndex fields with bNumberMessage set to 0.
         */
        if ((SPR532 == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                || (CHERRYST2000 == ccid_descriptor->readerID))
        {
                TxBuffer[11] = 0x03; /* set bNumberMessages to 3 so that
                                                                all bMsgIndex123 are filled */
                TxBuffer[14] = TxBuffer[15] = TxBuffer[16] = 0; /* bMsgIndex123 */
        }

        /* the bug is a bit different than for the Cherry ST 2000C
         * with bNumberMessages < 3 the command seems to be accepted
         * and the card sends 6B 80 */
        if (CHERRYXX44 == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
        {
                TxBuffer[11] = 0x03; /* set bNumberMessages to 3 so that
                                                                all bMsgIndex123 are filled */
        }

        /* bug circumvention for the GemPC Pinpad */
        if ((GEMPCPINPAD == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                || (VEGAALPHA == ccid_descriptor->readerID))
        {
                /* The reader does not support, and actively reject, "max size reached"
                 * and "timeout occured" validation conditions */
                if (0x02 != TxBuffer[10])
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bEntryValidationCondition for GemPC Pinpad (was %d)",
                                TxBuffer[10]);
                        TxBuffer[10] = 0x02;    /* validation key pressed */
                }

                /* the reader does not support any other value than 3 for the number
                 * of messages */
                bNumberMessages = TxBuffer[11];
                if (0x03 != TxBuffer[11])
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("Correct bNumberMessages for GemPC Pinpad (was %d)",
                                TxBuffer[11]);
                        TxBuffer[11] = 0x03; /* 3 messages */
                }
        }
#endif

        /* T=1 Protocol Management for a TPDU reader */
        if ((SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1 == ccid_descriptor->cardProtocol)
                && (CCID_CLASS_TPDU == (ccid_descriptor->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_EXCHANGE_MASK)))
        {
                ct_buf_t sbuf;
                unsigned char sdata[T1_BUFFER_SIZE];

                /* Initialize send buffer with the APDU */
                ct_buf_set(&sbuf,
                        (void *)(TxBuffer + offsetof(PIN_MODIFY_STRUCTURE, abData)),
                        TxLength - offsetof(PIN_MODIFY_STRUCTURE, abData));

                /* Create T=1 block */
                ret = t1_build(&((get_ccid_slot(reader_index))->t1),
                        sdata, 0, T1_I_BLOCK, &sbuf, NULL);

                /* Increment the sequence numbers  */
                get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.ns ^= 1;
                get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.nr ^= 1;

                /* Copy the generated T=1 block prologue into the teoprologue
                 * of the CCID command */
                memcpy(TxBuffer + offsetof(PIN_MODIFY_STRUCTURE, bTeoPrologue),
                        sdata, 3);
        }

        /* Build a CCID block from a PC/SC V2.02.05 Part 10 block */

        /* Do adjustments as needed - CCID spec is not exact with some
         * details in the format of the structure, per-reader adaptions
         * might be needed.
         */
        for (a = 11, b = 0; b < TxLength; b++)
        {
                if (1 == b) /* bTimeOut2 */
                        /* Ignore the second timeout as there's nothing we can do with it
                         * currently */
                        continue;

                if (15 == b) /* bMsgIndex2 */
                {
                        /* in CCID the bMsgIndex2 is present only if bNumberMessage != 0 */
                        if (0 == TxBuffer[11])
                                continue;
                }

                if (16 == b) /* bMsgIndex3 */
                {
                        /* in CCID the bMsgIndex3 is present only if bNumberMessage == 3 */
                        if (TxBuffer[11] < 3)
                                continue;
                }

                if ((b >= 20) && (b <= 23)) /* ulDataLength field (4 bytes) */
                        /* the ulDataLength field is not present in the CCID frame
                         * so do not copy */
                        continue;

                /* copy to the CCID block 'verbatim' */
                cmd[a] = TxBuffer[b];
                a++;
        }

#ifdef BOGUS_PINPAD_FIRMWARE
        if ((SPR532 == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                || (CHERRYST2000 == ccid_descriptor->readerID))
        {
                cmd[21] = 0x00; /* set bNumberMessages to 0 */
        }

        if ((GEMPCPINPAD == ccid_descriptor->readerID)
                || (VEGAALPHA == ccid_descriptor->readerID))
                cmd[21] = bNumberMessages;      /* restore the real value */
#endif

        /* We know the size of the CCID message now */
        i2dw(a - 10, cmd + 1);  /* command length (includes bPINOperation) */

        old_read_timeout = ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout;
        ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout = max(30, TxBuffer[0]+10)*1000;  /* at least 30 seconds */

        if (WritePort(reader_index, a, cmd) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
        {
                ret = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        ret = CCID_Receive(reader_index, RxLength, RxBuffer, NULL);

        /* T=1 Protocol Management for a TPDU reader */
        if ((SCARD_PROTOCOL_T1 == ccid_descriptor->cardProtocol)
                && (CCID_CLASS_TPDU == (ccid_descriptor->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_EXCHANGE_MASK)))
        {
                /* timeout and cancel cases are faked by CCID_Receive() */
                if ((2 == *RxLength)
                        /* the CCID command is rejected or failed */
                        || (IFD_SUCCESS != ret))
                {
                        /* Decrement the sequence numbers since no TPDU was sent */
                        get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.ns ^= 1;
                        get_ccid_slot(reader_index)->t1.nr ^= 1;
                }
                else
                {
                        /* get only the T=1 data */
                        /* FIXME: manage T=1 error blocks */
                        memmove(RxBuffer, RxBuffer+3, *RxLength -4);
                        *RxLength -= 4; /* remove NAD, PCB, LEN and CRC */
                }
        }

end:
        ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout = old_read_timeout;
        return ret;
} /* SecurePINModify */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      Escape
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CmdEscape(unsigned int reader_index,
        const unsigned char TxBuffer[], unsigned int TxLength,
        unsigned char RxBuffer[], unsigned int *RxLength)
{
        unsigned char *cmd_in, *cmd_out;
        status_t res;
        unsigned int length_in, length_out;
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        int old_read_timeout;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

        old_read_timeout = ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout;
        ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout = 30*1000;       /* 30 seconds */

again:
        /* allocate buffers */
        length_in = 10 + TxLength;
        if (NULL == (cmd_in = malloc(length_in)))
        {
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        length_out = 10 + *RxLength;
        if (NULL == (cmd_out = malloc(length_out)))
        {
                free(cmd_in);
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        cmd_in[0] = 0x6B; /* PC_to_RDR_Escape */
        i2dw(length_in - 10, cmd_in+1); /* dwLength */
        cmd_in[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex; /* slot number */
        cmd_in[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd_in[7] = cmd_in[8] = cmd_in[9] = 0; /* RFU */

        /* copy the command */
        memcpy(&cmd_in[10], TxBuffer, TxLength);

        res = WritePort(reader_index, length_in, cmd_in);
        free(cmd_in);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
        {
                free(cmd_out);
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        res = ReadPort(reader_index, &length_out, cmd_out);

        /* replay the command if NAK
         * This (generally) happens only for the first command sent to the reader
         * with the serial protocol so it is not really needed for all the other
         * ReadPort() calls */
        if (STATUS_COMM_NAK == res)
        {
                free(cmd_out);
                goto again;
        }

        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
        {
                free(cmd_out);
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        if (length_out < STATUS_OFFSET+1)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Not enough data received: %d bytes", length_out);
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                goto end;
        }

        if (cmd_out[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_COMMAND_FAILED)
        {
                ccid_error(cmd_out[ERROR_OFFSET], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);    /* bError */
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        /* copy the response */
        length_out = dw2i(cmd_out, 1);
        if (length_out > *RxLength)
                length_out = *RxLength;
        *RxLength = length_out;
        memcpy(RxBuffer, &cmd_out[10], length_out);

        free(cmd_out);

end:
        ccid_descriptor -> readTimeout = old_read_timeout;
        return return_value;
} /* Escape */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdPowerOff
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CmdPowerOff(unsigned int reader_index)
{
        unsigned char cmd[10];
        status_t res;
        unsigned int length;
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

#ifndef TWIN_SERIAL
        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_A == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;

                /* PowerOff */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0x21, 0x63, 0, NULL, 0);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Power Off failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_B == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;
                unsigned char buffer[3];

                /* PowerOff */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0x21, 0x63, 0, NULL, 0);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Power Off failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                /* SlotStatus */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0x81, 0, buffer, sizeof(buffer));

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC SlotStatus failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }
#endif

        cmd[0] = 0x63; /* IccPowerOff */
        cmd[1] = cmd[2] = cmd[3] = cmd[4] = 0;  /* dwLength */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = cmd[8] = cmd[9] = 0; /* RFU */

        res = WritePort(reader_index, sizeof(cmd), cmd);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        length = sizeof(cmd);
        res = ReadPort(reader_index, &length, cmd);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        if (length < STATUS_OFFSET+1)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Not enough data received: %d bytes", length);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if (cmd[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_COMMAND_FAILED)
        {
                ccid_error(cmd[ERROR_OFFSET], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);    /* bError */
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        return return_value;
} /* CmdPowerOff */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdGetSlotStatus
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CmdGetSlotStatus(unsigned int reader_index, unsigned char buffer[])
{
        unsigned char cmd[10];
        status_t res;
        unsigned int length;
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

#ifndef TWIN_SERIAL
        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_A == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;
                unsigned char status[1];

again_status:
                /* SlotStatus */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0xA0, 0, status, sizeof(status));

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Slot Status failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        if (ENODEV == errno)
                                return IFD_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                /* busy */
                if (status[0] & 0x40)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("Busy: 0x%02X", status[0]);
                        (void)usleep(1000 * 10);
                        goto again_status;
                }

                /* simulate a CCID bStatus */
                /* present and active by default */
                buffer[7] = CCID_ICC_PRESENT_ACTIVE;

                /* mute */
                if (0x80 == status[0])
                        buffer[7] = CCID_ICC_ABSENT;

                /* store the status for CmdXfrBlockCHAR_T0() */
                buffer[0] = status[0];

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_B == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;
                unsigned char buffer_tmp[3];

                /* SlotStatus */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0x81, 0, buffer_tmp,
                        sizeof(buffer_tmp));

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Slot Status failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        if (ENODEV == errno)
                                return IFD_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                /* simulate a CCID bStatus */
                switch (buffer_tmp[1] & 0x03)
                {
                        case 0:
                                buffer[7] = CCID_ICC_PRESENT_ACTIVE;
                                break;
                        case 1:
                                buffer[7] = CCID_ICC_PRESENT_INACTIVE;
                                break;
                        case 2:
                        case 3:
                                buffer[7] = CCID_ICC_ABSENT;
                }
                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }
#endif

        cmd[0] = 0x65; /* GetSlotStatus */
        cmd[1] = cmd[2] = cmd[3] = cmd[4] = 0;  /* dwLength */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = cmd[8] = cmd[9] = 0; /* RFU */

        res = WritePort(reader_index, sizeof(cmd), cmd);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
        {
                if (STATUS_NO_SUCH_DEVICE == res)
                        return IFD_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        length = SIZE_GET_SLOT_STATUS;
        res = ReadPort(reader_index, &length, buffer);
        if (res != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        if (length < STATUS_OFFSET+1)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Not enough data received: %d bytes", length);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if ((buffer[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_COMMAND_FAILED)
                /* card absent or mute is not an communication error */
                && (buffer[ERROR_OFFSET] != 0xFE))
        {
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                ccid_error(buffer[ERROR_OFFSET], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);    /* bError */
        }

        return return_value;
} /* CmdGetSlotStatus */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdXfrBlock
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlock(unsigned int reader_index, unsigned int tx_length,
        unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[], int protocol)
{
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

        /* APDU or TPDU? */
        switch (ccid_descriptor->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_EXCHANGE_MASK)
        {
                case CCID_CLASS_TPDU:
                        if (protocol == T_0)
                                return_value = CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T0(reader_index,
                                        tx_length, tx_buffer, rx_length, rx_buffer);
                        else
                                if (protocol == T_1)
                                        return_value = CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T1(reader_index, tx_length,
                                                tx_buffer, rx_length, rx_buffer);
                                else
                                        return_value = IFD_PROTOCOL_NOT_SUPPORTED;
                        break;

                case CCID_CLASS_SHORT_APDU:
                        return_value = CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T0(reader_index,
                                tx_length, tx_buffer, rx_length, rx_buffer);
                        break;

                case CCID_CLASS_EXTENDED_APDU:
                        return_value = CmdXfrBlockAPDU_extended(reader_index,
                                tx_length, tx_buffer, rx_length, rx_buffer);
                        break;

                case CCID_CLASS_CHARACTER:
                        if (protocol == T_0)
                                return_value = CmdXfrBlockCHAR_T0(reader_index, tx_length,
                                        tx_buffer, rx_length, rx_buffer);
                        else
                                if (protocol == T_1)
                                        return_value = CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T1(reader_index, tx_length,
                                                tx_buffer, rx_length, rx_buffer);
                                else
                                        return_value = IFD_PROTOCOL_NOT_SUPPORTED;
                        break;

                default:
                        return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        return return_value;
} /* CmdXfrBlock */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CCID_Transmit
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CCID_Transmit(unsigned int reader_index, unsigned int tx_length,
        const unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned short rx_length, unsigned char bBWI)
{
        unsigned char cmd[10+CMD_BUF_SIZE];     /* CCID + APDU buffer */
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);
        status_t ret;

#ifndef TWIN_SERIAL
        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_A == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;

                /* Xfr Block */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0x21, 0x65, 0,
                        (unsigned char *)tx_buffer, tx_length);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Xfr Block failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_B == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;

                /* nul block so we are chaining */
                if (NULL == tx_buffer)
                        rx_length = 0x10;       /* bLevelParameter */

                /* Xfr Block */
                DEBUG_COMM2("chain parameter: %d", rx_length);
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0x21, 0x65, rx_length << 8,
                        (unsigned char *)tx_buffer, tx_length);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Xfr Block failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }
#endif

        cmd[0] = 0x6F; /* XfrBlock */
        i2dw(tx_length, cmd+1); /* APDU length */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = bBWI;  /* extend block waiting timeout */
        cmd[8] = rx_length & 0xFF;      /* Expected length, in character mode only */
        cmd[9] = (rx_length >> 8) & 0xFF;

        /* check that the command is not too large */
        if (tx_length > CMD_BUF_SIZE)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("TX Length too big: %d", tx_length);
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
        }

        memcpy(cmd+10, tx_buffer, tx_length);

        ret = WritePort(reader_index, 10+tx_length, cmd);
        if (STATUS_NO_SUCH_DEVICE == ret)
                return IFD_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
        if (ret != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        return IFD_SUCCESS;
} /* CCID_Transmit */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CCID_Receive
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE CCID_Receive(unsigned int reader_index, unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[], unsigned char *chain_parameter)
{
        unsigned char cmd[10+CMD_BUF_SIZE];     /* CCID + APDU buffer */
        unsigned int length;
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        status_t ret;

#ifndef TWIN_SERIAL
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_A == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;

                /* Data Block */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0x6F, 0, rx_buffer, *rx_length);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Data Block failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                /* we need to store returned value */
                *rx_length = r;

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_B == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                int r;
                unsigned char rx_tmp[4];
                unsigned char *old_rx_buffer = NULL;
                int old_rx_length = 0;

                /* read a nul block. buffer need to be at least 4-bytes */
                if (NULL == rx_buffer)
                {
                        rx_buffer = rx_tmp;
                        *rx_length = sizeof(rx_tmp);
                }

                /* the buffer must be 4 bytes minimum for ICCD-B */
                if (*rx_length < 4)
                {
                        old_rx_buffer = rx_buffer;
                        old_rx_length = *rx_length;
                        rx_buffer = rx_tmp;
                        *rx_length = sizeof(rx_tmp);
                }

time_request_ICCD_B:
                /* Data Block */
                r = ControlUSB(reader_index, 0xA1, 0x6F, 0, rx_buffer, *rx_length);

                /* we got an error? */
                if (r < 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO2("ICC Data Block failed: %s", strerror(errno));
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                /* copy from the 4 bytes buffer if used */
                if (old_rx_buffer)
                {
                        memcpy(old_rx_buffer, rx_buffer, min(r, old_rx_length));
                        rx_buffer = old_rx_buffer;
                }

                /* bResponseType */
                switch (rx_buffer[0])
                {
                        case 0x00:
                                /* the abData field contains the information created by the
                                 * preceding request */
                                break;

                        case 0x40:
                                /* Status Information */
                                ccid_error(rx_buffer[2], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);
                                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

                        case 0x80:
                                /* Polling */
                        {
                                int delay;

                                delay = (rx_buffer[2] << 8) + rx_buffer[1];
                                DEBUG_COMM2("Pooling delay: %d", delay);

                                if (0 == delay)
                                        /* host select the delay */
                                        delay = 1;
                                (void)usleep(delay * 1000 * 10);
                                goto time_request_ICCD_B;
                        }

                        case 0x01:
                        case 0x02:
                        case 0x03:
                        case 0x10:
                                /* Extended case
                                 * Only valid for Data Block frames */
                                if (chain_parameter)
                                        *chain_parameter = rx_buffer[0];
                                break;

                        default:
                                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Unknown bResponseType: 0x%02X", rx_buffer[0]);
                                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                memmove(rx_buffer, rx_buffer+1, r-1);
                *rx_length = r-1;

                return IFD_SUCCESS;
        }
#endif

time_request:
        length = sizeof(cmd);
        ret = ReadPort(reader_index, &length, cmd);
        if (ret != STATUS_SUCCESS)
        {
                if (STATUS_NO_SUCH_DEVICE == ret)
                        return IFD_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if (length < STATUS_OFFSET+1)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Not enough data received: %d bytes", length);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if (cmd[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_COMMAND_FAILED)
        {
                ccid_error(cmd[ERROR_OFFSET], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);    /* bError */
                switch (cmd[ERROR_OFFSET])
                {
                        case 0xEF:      /* cancel */
                                if (*rx_length < 2)
                                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                                rx_buffer[0]= 0x64;
                                rx_buffer[1]= 0x01;
                                *rx_length = 2;
                                return IFD_SUCCESS;

                        case 0xF0:      /* timeout */
                                if (*rx_length < 2)
                                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                                rx_buffer[0]= 0x64;
                                rx_buffer[1]= 0x00;
                                *rx_length = 2;
                                return IFD_SUCCESS;

                        case 0xFD:      /* Parity error during exchange */
                                return IFD_PARITY_ERROR;

                        default:
                                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }
        }

        if (cmd[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_TIME_EXTENSION)
        {
                DEBUG_COMM2("Time extension requested: 0x%02X", cmd[ERROR_OFFSET]);
                goto time_request;
        }

        /* we have read less (or more) data than the CCID frame says to contain */
        if (length-10 != dw2i(cmd, 1))
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL3("Can't read all data (%d out of %d expected)",
                        length-10, dw2i(cmd, 1));
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        length = dw2i(cmd, 1);
        if (length <= *rx_length)
                *rx_length = length;
        else
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("overrun by %d bytes", length - *rx_length);
                length = *rx_length;
                return_value = IFD_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER;
        }

        /* Kobil firmware bug. No support for chaining */
        if (length && (NULL == rx_buffer))
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Nul block expected but got %d bytes", length);
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }
        else
                memcpy(rx_buffer, cmd+10, length);

        /* Extended case?
         * Only valid for RDR_to_PC_DataBlock frames */
        if (chain_parameter)
                *chain_parameter = cmd[CHAIN_PARAMETER_OFFSET];

        return return_value;
} /* CCID_Receive */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdXfrBlockAPDU_extended
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockAPDU_extended(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[])
{
        RESPONSECODE return_value;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);
        unsigned char chain_parameter;
        unsigned int local_tx_length, sent_length;
        unsigned int local_rx_length, received_length;
        int buffer_overflow = 0;

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_B == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                /* length is on 16-bits only
                 * if a size > 0x1000 is used then usb_control_msg() fails with
                 * "Invalid argument" */
                if (*rx_length > 0x1000)
                        *rx_length = 0x1000;
        }

        DEBUG_COMM2("T=0 (extended): %d bytes", tx_length);

        /* send the APDU */
        sent_length = 0;

        /* we suppose one command is enough */
        chain_parameter = 0x00;

        local_tx_length = tx_length - sent_length;
        if (local_tx_length > CMD_BUF_SIZE)
        {
                local_tx_length = CMD_BUF_SIZE;
                /* the command APDU begins with this command, and continue in the next
                 * PC_to_RDR_XfrBlock */
                chain_parameter = 0x01;
        }
        if (local_tx_length > ccid_descriptor->dwMaxCCIDMessageLength-10)
        {
                local_tx_length = ccid_descriptor->dwMaxCCIDMessageLength-10;
                chain_parameter = 0x01;
        }

send_next_block:
        return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, local_tx_length, tx_buffer,
                chain_parameter, 0);
        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

        sent_length += local_tx_length;
        tx_buffer += local_tx_length;

        /* we just sent the last block (0x02) or only one block was needded (0x00) */
        if ((0x02 == chain_parameter) || (0x00 == chain_parameter))
                goto receive_block;

        /* read a nul block */
        return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &local_rx_length, NULL, NULL);
        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

        /* size of the next block */
        if (tx_length - sent_length > local_tx_length)
        {
                /* the abData field continues a command APDU and
                 * another block is to follow */
                chain_parameter = 0x03;
        }
        else
        {
                /* this abData field continues a command APDU and ends
                 * the APDU command */
                chain_parameter = 0x02;

                /* last (smaller) block */
                local_tx_length = tx_length - sent_length;
        }

        goto send_next_block;

receive_block:
        /* receive the APDU */
        received_length = 0;

receive_next_block:
        local_rx_length = *rx_length - received_length;
        return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &local_rx_length, rx_buffer,
                &chain_parameter);
        if (IFD_ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER == return_value)
        {
                buffer_overflow = 1;

                /* we continue to read all the response APDU */
                return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        }

        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

        /* advance in the reiceiving buffer */
        rx_buffer += local_rx_length;
        received_length += local_rx_length;

        switch (chain_parameter)
        {
                /* the response APDU begins and ends in this command */
                case 0x00:
                /* this abData field continues the response APDU and ends the response
                 * APDU */
                case 0x02:
                        break;

                /* the response APDU begins with this command and is to continue */
                case 0x01:
                /* this abData field continues the response APDU and another block is
                 * to follow */
                case 0x03:
                /* empty abData field, continuation of the command APDU is expected in
                 * next PC_to_RDR_XfrBlock command */
                case 0x10:
                        /* send a nul block */
                        /* set wLevelParameter to 0010h: empty abData field,
                         * continuation of response APDU is
                         * expected in the next RDR_to_PC_DataBlock. */
                        return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 0, NULL, 0x10, 0);
                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                return return_value;

                        goto receive_next_block;
        }

        *rx_length = received_length;

        /* generate an overflow detected by pcscd */
        if (buffer_overflow)
                (*rx_length)++;

        return IFD_SUCCESS;
} /* CmdXfrBlockAPDU_extended */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T0
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T0(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[])
{
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

        DEBUG_COMM2("T=0: %d bytes", tx_length);

        /* command length too big for CCID reader? */
        if (tx_length > ccid_descriptor->dwMaxCCIDMessageLength-10)
        {
#ifdef BOGUS_SCM_FIRMWARE_FOR_dwMaxCCIDMessageLength
                if (263 == ccid_descriptor->dwMaxCCIDMessageLength)
                {
                        DEBUG_INFO3("Command too long (%d bytes) for max: %d bytes."
                                " SCM reader with bogus firmware?",
                                tx_length, ccid_descriptor->dwMaxCCIDMessageLength-10);
                }
                else
#endif
                {
                        DEBUG_CRITICAL3("Command too long (%d bytes) for max: %d bytes",
                                tx_length, ccid_descriptor->dwMaxCCIDMessageLength-10);
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }
        }

        /* command length too big for CCID driver? */
        if (tx_length > CMD_BUF_SIZE)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL3("Command too long (%d bytes) for max: %d bytes",
                                tx_length, CMD_BUF_SIZE);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, tx_length, tx_buffer, 0, 0);
        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

        return CCID_Receive(reader_index, rx_length, rx_buffer, NULL);
} /* CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T0 */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      T0CmdParsing
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE T0CmdParsing(unsigned char *cmd, unsigned int cmd_len,
        /*@out@*/ unsigned int *exp_len)
{
        *exp_len = 0;

        /* Ref: 7816-4 Annex A */
        switch (cmd_len)
        {
                case 4: /* Case 1 */
                        *exp_len = 2; /* SW1 and SW2 only */
                        break;

                case 5: /* Case 2 */
                        if (cmd[4] != 0)
                                *exp_len = cmd[4] + 2;
                        else
                                *exp_len = 256 + 2;
                        break;

                default: /* Case 3 */
                        if (cmd_len > 5 && cmd_len == (unsigned int)(cmd[4] + 5))
                                *exp_len = 2; /* SW1 and SW2 only */
                        else
                                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR; /* situation not supported */
                        break;
        }

        return IFD_SUCCESS;
} /* T0CmdParsing */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      T0ProcACK
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE T0ProcACK(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned char **snd_buf, unsigned int *snd_len,
        unsigned char **rcv_buf, unsigned int *rcv_len,
        unsigned char **in_buf, unsigned int *in_len,
        unsigned int proc_len, int is_rcv)
{
        RESPONSECODE return_value;
        unsigned int remain_len;
        unsigned char tmp_buf[512];
        unsigned int ret_len;

        DEBUG_COMM2("Enter, is_rcv = %d", is_rcv);

        if (is_rcv == 1)
        {       /* Receiving mode */
                if (*in_len > 0)
                {       /* There are still available data in our buffer */
                        if (*in_len >= proc_len)
                        {
                                /* We only need to get the data from our buffer */
                                memcpy(*rcv_buf, *in_buf, proc_len);
                                *rcv_buf += proc_len;
                                *in_buf += proc_len;
                                *rcv_len += proc_len;
                                *in_len -= proc_len;

                                return IFD_SUCCESS;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                /* Move all data in the input buffer to the reply buffer */
                                remain_len = proc_len - *in_len;
                                memcpy(*rcv_buf, *in_buf, *in_len);
                                *rcv_buf += *in_len;
                                *in_buf += *in_len;
                                *rcv_len += *in_len;
                                *in_len = 0;
                        }
                }
                else
                        /* There is no data in our tmp_buf,
                         * we have to read all data we needed */
                        remain_len = proc_len;

                /* Read the expected data from the smartcard */
                if (*in_len != 0)
                {
                        DEBUG_CRITICAL("*in_len != 0");
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }

                memset(tmp_buf, 0, sizeof(tmp_buf));

#ifdef O2MICRO_OZ776_PATCH
                if((0 != remain_len) && (0 == (remain_len + 10) % 64))
        {
                        /* special hack to avoid a command of size modulo 64
                         * we send two commands instead */
            ret_len = 1;
            return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 0, *snd_buf, ret_len, 0);
            if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;
            return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &ret_len, tmp_buf, NULL);
            if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

            ret_len = remain_len - 1;
            return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 0, *snd_buf, ret_len, 0);
            if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;
            return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &ret_len, &tmp_buf[1],
                                NULL);
            if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

            ret_len += 1;
        }
        else
#endif
                {
                        ret_len = remain_len;
                        return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 0, *snd_buf, ret_len, 0);
                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                return return_value;

                        return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &ret_len, tmp_buf, NULL);
                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                return return_value;
                }
                memcpy(*rcv_buf, tmp_buf, remain_len);
                *rcv_buf += remain_len, *rcv_len += remain_len;

                /* If ret_len != remain_len, our logic is erroneous */
                if (ret_len != remain_len)
                {
                        DEBUG_CRITICAL("ret_len != remain_len");
                        return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
                }
        }
        else
        {       /* Sending mode */

                return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, proc_len, *snd_buf, 1, 0);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                *snd_len -= proc_len;
                *snd_buf += proc_len;
        }

        DEBUG_COMM("Exit");

        return IFD_SUCCESS;
} /* T0ProcACK */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      T0ProcSW1
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE T0ProcSW1(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned char *rcv_buf, unsigned int *rcv_len,
        unsigned char *in_buf, unsigned int in_len)
{
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        UCHAR tmp_buf[512];
        unsigned char *rcv_buf_tmp = rcv_buf;
        const unsigned int rcv_len_tmp = *rcv_len;
        unsigned char sw1, sw2;

        /* store the SW1 */
        sw1 = *rcv_buf = *in_buf;
        rcv_buf++;
        in_buf++;
        in_len--;
        (*rcv_len)++;

        /* store the SW2 */
        if (0 == in_len)
        {
                return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 0, rcv_buf, 1, 0);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                in_len = 1;

                return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &in_len, tmp_buf, NULL);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                in_buf = tmp_buf;
        }
        sw2 = *rcv_buf = *in_buf;
        rcv_buf++;
        in_buf++;
        in_len--;
        (*rcv_len)++;

        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
        {
                rcv_buf_tmp[0] = rcv_buf_tmp[1] = 0;
                *rcv_len = rcv_len_tmp;
        }

        DEBUG_COMM3("Exit: SW=%02X %02X", sw1, sw2);

        return return_value;
} /* T0ProcSW1 */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdXfrBlockCHAR_T0
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockCHAR_T0(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int snd_len, unsigned char snd_buf[], unsigned int *rcv_len,
        unsigned char rcv_buf[])
{
        int is_rcv;
        unsigned char cmd[5];
        unsigned char tmp_buf[512];
        unsigned int exp_len, in_len;
        unsigned char ins, *in_buf;
        unsigned char backup_len = *rcv_len;
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

        DEBUG_COMM2("T=0: %d bytes", snd_len);

        if (PROTOCOL_ICCD_A == ccid_descriptor->bInterfaceProtocol)
        {
                unsigned char pcbuffer[SIZE_GET_SLOT_STATUS];

                /* length is on 16-bits only
                 * if a size > 0x1000 is used then usb_control_msg() fails with
                 * "Invalid argument" */
                if (*rcv_len > 0x1000)
                        *rcv_len = 0x1000;

                /* Command to send to the smart card (must be 5 bytes) */
                memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
                if (snd_len == 4)
                {
                        memcpy(cmd, snd_buf, 4);
                        snd_buf += 4;
                        snd_len -= 4;
                }
                else
                {
                        memcpy(cmd, snd_buf, 5);
                        snd_buf += 5;
                        snd_len -= 5;
                }

                /* at most 5 bytes */
                return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 5, cmd, 0, 0);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                /* wait for ready */
                return_value = CmdGetSlotStatus(reader_index, pcbuffer);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                if (0x10 == pcbuffer[0])
                {
                        if (snd_len > 0)
                        {
                                /* continue sending the APDU */
                                return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, snd_len, snd_buf,
                                        0, 0);
                                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                        return return_value;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                /* read apdu data */
                                return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, rcv_len, rcv_buf,
                                                NULL);
                                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                        return return_value;
                        }
                }

                return_value = CmdGetSlotStatus(reader_index, pcbuffer);
                if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        return return_value;

                /* SW1-SW2 available */
                if (0x20 == pcbuffer[0])
                {
                        /* backup apdu data length */
                        /* if no data recieved before - backup length must be zero */
                        backup_len = (backup_len == *rcv_len) ? 0 : *rcv_len;

                        /* wait for 2 bytes (SW1-SW2) */
                        *rcv_len = 2;

                        return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, rcv_len,
                                rcv_buf + backup_len, NULL);
                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                DEBUG_CRITICAL("CCID_Receive failed");

                        /* restore recieved length */
                        *rcv_len += backup_len;
                }
                return return_value;
        }

        in_buf = tmp_buf;
        in_len = 0;
        *rcv_len = 0;

        return_value = T0CmdParsing(snd_buf, snd_len, &exp_len);
        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL("T0CmdParsing failed");
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if (snd_len == 5 || snd_len == 4)
                is_rcv = 1;
        else
                is_rcv = 0;

        /* Command to send to the smart card (must be 5 bytes, from 7816 p.15) */
        memset(cmd, 0, sizeof(cmd));
        if (snd_len == 4)
        {
                memcpy(cmd, snd_buf, 4);
                snd_buf += 4;
                snd_len -= 4;
        }
        else
        {
                memcpy(cmd, snd_buf, 5);
                snd_buf += 5;
                snd_len -= 5;
        }

        /* Make sure this is a valid command by checking the INS field */
        ins = cmd[1];
        if ((ins & 0xF0) == 0x60 ||     /* 7816-3 8.3.2 */
                (ins & 0xF0) == 0x90)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("fatal: INS (0x%02X) = 0x6X or 0x9X", ins);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 5, cmd, 1, 0);
        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                return return_value;

        while (1)
        {
                if (in_len == 0)
                {
                        in_len = 1;
                        return_value = CCID_Receive(reader_index, &in_len, tmp_buf, NULL);
                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                        {
                                DEBUG_CRITICAL("CCID_Receive failed");
                                return return_value;
                        }
                        in_buf = tmp_buf;
                }
                if (in_len == 0)
                {
                        /* Suppose we should be able to get data.
                         * If not, error. Set the time-out error */
                        DEBUG_CRITICAL("error: in_len = 0");
                        return IFD_RESPONSE_TIMEOUT;
                }

                /* Start to process the procedure bytes */
                if (*in_buf == 0x60)
                {
                        in_len = 0;
                        return_value = CCID_Transmit(reader_index, 0, cmd, 1, 0);

                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                return return_value;

                        continue;
                }
                else if (*in_buf == ins || *in_buf == (ins ^ 0x01))
                {
                        /* ACK => To transfer all remaining data bytes */
                        in_buf++, in_len--;
                        if (is_rcv)
                                return_value = T0ProcACK(reader_index, &snd_buf, &snd_len,
                                        &rcv_buf, rcv_len, &in_buf, &in_len, exp_len - *rcv_len, 1);
                        else
                                return_value = T0ProcACK(reader_index, &snd_buf, &snd_len,
                                        &rcv_buf, rcv_len, &in_buf, &in_len, snd_len, 0);

                        if (*rcv_len == exp_len)
                                return return_value;

                        continue;
                }
                else if (*in_buf == (ins ^ 0xFF) || *in_buf == (ins ^ 0xFE))
                {
                        /* ACK => To transfer 1 remaining bytes */
                        in_buf++, in_len--;
                        return_value = T0ProcACK(reader_index, &snd_buf, &snd_len,
                                &rcv_buf, rcv_len, &in_buf, &in_len, 1, is_rcv);

                        if (return_value != IFD_SUCCESS)
                                return return_value;

                        continue;
                }
                else if ((*in_buf & 0xF0) == 0x60 || (*in_buf & 0xF0) == 0x90)
                        /* SW1 */
                        return T0ProcSW1(reader_index, rcv_buf, rcv_len, in_buf, in_len);

                /* Error, unrecognized situation found */
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Unrecognized Procedure byte (0x%02X) found!", *in_buf);
                return return_value;
        }

        return return_value;
} /* CmdXfrBlockCHAR_T0 */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T1
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static RESPONSECODE CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T1(unsigned int reader_index,
        unsigned int tx_length, unsigned char tx_buffer[], unsigned int *rx_length,
        unsigned char rx_buffer[])
{
        RESPONSECODE return_value = IFD_SUCCESS;
        int ret;

        DEBUG_COMM3("T=1: %d and %d bytes", tx_length, *rx_length);

        ret = t1_transceive(&((get_ccid_slot(reader_index)) -> t1), 0,
                tx_buffer, tx_length, rx_buffer, *rx_length);

        if (ret < 0)
                return_value = IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        else
                *rx_length = ret;

        return return_value;
} /* CmdXfrBlockTPDU_T1 */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      SetParameters
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
RESPONSECODE SetParameters(unsigned int reader_index, char protocol,
        unsigned int length, unsigned char buffer[])
{
        unsigned char cmd[10+CMD_BUF_SIZE];     /* CCID + APDU buffer */
        _ccid_descriptor *ccid_descriptor = get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index);

        DEBUG_COMM2("length: %d bytes", length);

        cmd[0] = 0x61; /* SetParameters */
        i2dw(length, cmd+1);    /* APDU length */
        cmd[5] = ccid_descriptor->bCurrentSlotIndex;    /* slot number */
        cmd[6] = (*ccid_descriptor->pbSeq)++;
        cmd[7] = protocol;      /* bProtocolNum */
        cmd[8] = cmd[9] = 0; /* RFU */

        /* check that the command is not too large */
        if (length > CMD_BUF_SIZE)
                return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;

        memcpy(cmd+10, buffer, length);

        if (WritePort(reader_index, 10+length, cmd) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        length = sizeof(cmd);
        if (ReadPort(reader_index, &length, cmd) != STATUS_SUCCESS)
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;

        if (length < STATUS_OFFSET+1)
        {
                DEBUG_CRITICAL2("Not enough data received: %d bytes", length);
                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        if (cmd[STATUS_OFFSET] & CCID_COMMAND_FAILED)
        {
                ccid_error(cmd[ERROR_OFFSET], __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__);    /* bError */
                if (0x00 == cmd[ERROR_OFFSET])  /* command not supported */
                        return IFD_NOT_SUPPORTED;
                else
                        if ((cmd[ERROR_OFFSET] >= 1) && (cmd[ERROR_OFFSET] <= 127))
                                /* a parameter is not changeable */
                                return IFD_SUCCESS;
                        else
                                return IFD_COMMUNICATION_ERROR;
        }

        return IFD_SUCCESS;
} /* SetParameters */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      isCharLevel
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
int isCharLevel(int reader_index)
{
        return CCID_CLASS_CHARACTER == (get_ccid_descriptor(reader_index)->dwFeatures & CCID_CLASS_EXCHANGE_MASK);
} /* isCharLevel */


/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *                                      i2dw
 *
 ****************************************************************************/
static void i2dw(int value, unsigned char buffer[])
{
        buffer[0] = value & 0xFF;
        buffer[1] = (value >> 8) & 0xFF;
        buffer[2] = (value >> 16) & 0xFF;
        buffer[3] = (value >> 24) & 0xFF;
} /* i2dw */

/*****************************************************************************
*
*                  bei2i (big endian integer to host order interger)
*
****************************************************************************/

static unsigned int bei2i(unsigned char buffer[])
{
        return (buffer[0]<<24) + (buffer[1]<<16) + (buffer[2]<<8) + buffer[3];
}
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