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| 1 | # SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE |
| 2 | # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 3 | # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. |
| 4 | # FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR. |
| 5 | # |
| 6 | #, fuzzy |
| 7 | msgid "" |
| 8 | msgstr "" |
| 9 | "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" |
| 10 | "POT-Creation-Date: 2009-08-22 23:36+0900\n" |
| 11 | "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" |
| 12 | "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" |
| 13 | "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" |
| 14 | "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" |
| 15 | "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" |
| 16 | "Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING" |
| 17 | |
| 18 | # type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book> |
| 19 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17 |
| 20 | msgid "en" |
| 21 | msgstr "" |
| 22 | |
| 23 | # type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title> |
| 24 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19 |
| 25 | msgid "Debian Reference" |
| 26 | msgstr "" |
| 27 | |
| 28 | # type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> |
| 29 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20 |
| 30 | msgid "" |
| 31 | "<author> <firstname>Osamu</firstname> <surname>Aoki</surname> </author> " |
| 32 | "<authorinitials>OA</authorinitials>" |
| 33 | msgstr "" |
| 34 | |
| 35 | # type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> |
| 36 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26 |
| 37 | msgid "" |
| 38 | "This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms " |
| 39 | "of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian " |
| 40 | "Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)." |
| 41 | msgstr "" |
| 42 | |
| 43 | # type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><copyright><holder> |
| 44 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30 |
| 45 | msgid "Osamu Aoki" |
| 46 | msgstr "" |
| 47 | |
| 48 | # type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> |
| 49 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:33 |
| 50 | msgid "" |
| 51 | "This Debian Reference (v2) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad " |
| 52 | "overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers " |
| 53 | "many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for " |
| 54 | "non-developers." |
| 55 | msgstr "" |
| 56 | |
| 57 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><title> |
| 58 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:37 |
| 59 | msgid "Preface" |
| 60 | msgstr "" |
| 61 | |
| 62 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><simpara> |
| 63 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:38 |
| 64 | msgid "" |
| 65 | "This <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversionc;\">Debian Reference (version " |
| 66 | "2)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of Debian " |
| 67 | "system administration as a post-installation user guide." |
| 68 | msgstr "" |
| 69 | |
| 70 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><simpara> |
| 71 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:39 |
| 72 | msgid "" |
| 73 | "The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who " |
| 74 | "is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink " |
| 75 | "url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> system works." |
| 76 | msgstr "" |
| 77 | |
| 78 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> |
| 79 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:41 |
| 80 | msgid "Disclaimer" |
| 81 | msgstr "" |
| 82 | |
| 83 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> |
| 84 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:42 |
| 85 | msgid "" |
| 86 | "All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their " |
| 87 | "respective trademark owners." |
| 88 | msgstr "" |
| 89 | |
| 90 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> |
| 91 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:43 |
| 92 | msgid "" |
| 93 | "The Debian system itself is a moving target. This makes its documentation " |
| 94 | "difficult to be current and correct. Although the current unstable version " |
| 95 | "of Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may " |
| 96 | "be already outdated by the time you read this." |
| 97 | msgstr "" |
| 98 | |
| 99 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> |
| 100 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:44 |
| 101 | msgid "" |
| 102 | "Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does " |
| 103 | "not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not " |
| 104 | "take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in " |
| 105 | "this document." |
| 106 | msgstr "" |
| 107 | |
| 108 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> |
| 109 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:47 |
| 110 | msgid "What is Debian" |
| 111 | msgstr "" |
| 112 | |
| 113 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> |
| 114 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:48 |
| 115 | msgid "" |
| 116 | "The <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Debian Project</ulink> is an association " |
| 117 | "of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating " |
| 118 | "system. It's distribution is characterized by the following." |
| 119 | msgstr "" |
| 120 | |
| 121 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 122 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:52 |
| 123 | msgid "" |
| 124 | "Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink " |
| 125 | "url=\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Debian Social Contract and Debian " |
| 126 | "Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>" |
| 127 | msgstr "" |
| 128 | |
| 129 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 130 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:57 |
| 131 | msgid "" |
| 132 | "Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink " |
| 133 | "url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>" |
| 134 | msgstr "" |
| 135 | |
| 136 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 137 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:62 |
| 138 | msgid "Large number of pre-compiled high quality softwares" |
| 139 | msgstr "" |
| 140 | |
| 141 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 142 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:67 |
| 143 | msgid "Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates" |
| 144 | msgstr "" |
| 145 | |
| 146 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 147 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:72 |
| 148 | msgid "" |
| 149 | "Focus on smooth upgrade to latest softwares with <literal>unstable</literal> " |
| 150 | "and <literal>testing</literal> archives" |
| 151 | msgstr "" |
| 152 | |
| 153 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 154 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:77 |
| 155 | msgid "Large number of supported hardware architectures" |
| 156 | msgstr "" |
| 157 | |
| 158 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> |
| 159 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:81 |
| 160 | msgid "" |
| 161 | "Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>, " |
| 162 | "<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink>, " |
| 163 | "<ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 164 | "url=\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 165 | "url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 166 | "url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, " |
| 167 | "<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, " |
| 168 | "<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, " |
| 169 | "<ulink url=\"&openofficeorg;\">OpenOffice.org</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 170 | "url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 171 | "url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink>, " |
| 172 | "<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>, " |
| 173 | "<ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;\">Java</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 174 | "url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 175 | "url=\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 176 | "url=\"&mysql;\">MySQL</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 177 | "url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</ulink>, " |
| 178 | "<ulink url=\"&postfix;\">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 179 | "url=\"&mutt;\">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&freebsd;\">FreeBSD</ulink>, " |
| 180 | "<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&planj;\">Plan " |
| 181 | "9</ulink> and many more independent free software projects. Debian " |
| 182 | "integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system." |
| 183 | msgstr "" |
| 184 | |
| 185 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> |
| 186 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:84 |
| 187 | msgid "About this document" |
| 188 | msgstr "" |
| 189 | |
| 190 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 191 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:86 |
| 192 | msgid "Guiding rules" |
| 193 | msgstr "" |
| 194 | |
| 195 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 196 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:87 |
| 197 | msgid "Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document." |
| 198 | msgstr "" |
| 199 | |
| 200 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 201 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:91 |
| 202 | msgid "" |
| 203 | "Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">Big " |
| 204 | "Picture</emphasis>)" |
| 205 | msgstr "" |
| 206 | |
| 207 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 208 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:96 |
| 209 | msgid "Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>)" |
| 210 | msgstr "" |
| 211 | |
| 212 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 213 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:101 |
| 214 | msgid "" |
| 215 | "Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role=\"strong\">the " |
| 216 | "existing references</emphasis>)" |
| 217 | msgstr "" |
| 218 | |
| 219 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 220 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:106 |
| 221 | msgid "" |
| 222 | "Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">shell " |
| 223 | "examples</emphasis>)" |
| 224 | msgstr "" |
| 225 | |
| 226 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 227 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:111 |
| 228 | msgid "Be objective. (Use <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> etc.)" |
| 229 | msgstr "" |
| 230 | |
| 231 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 232 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:116 |
| 233 | msgid "I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system." |
| 234 | msgstr "" |
| 235 | |
| 236 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 237 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:120 |
| 238 | msgid "Prerequisites" |
| 239 | msgstr "" |
| 240 | |
| 241 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><simpara> |
| 242 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:122 |
| 243 | msgid "" |
| 244 | "You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond " |
| 245 | "this documentation. This document only gives efficient starting points." |
| 246 | msgstr "" |
| 247 | |
| 248 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 249 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:124 |
| 250 | msgid "You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources." |
| 251 | msgstr "" |
| 252 | |
| 253 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 254 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:128 |
| 255 | msgid "" |
| 256 | "The Debian site at <ulink " |
| 257 | "url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general " |
| 258 | "information" |
| 259 | msgstr "" |
| 260 | |
| 261 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 262 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:133 |
| 263 | msgid "" |
| 264 | "The documentation under the " |
| 265 | "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<package_name></literal>\" directory" |
| 266 | msgstr "" |
| 267 | |
| 268 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 269 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:138 |
| 270 | msgid "" |
| 271 | "The Unix style <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis>: \"<literal>dpkg " |
| 272 | "-L <package_name> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\"" |
| 273 | msgstr "" |
| 274 | |
| 275 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 276 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:143 |
| 277 | msgid "" |
| 278 | "The GNU style <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis>: " |
| 279 | "\"<literal>dpkg -L <package_name> |grep '/info/'</literal>\"" |
| 280 | msgstr "" |
| 281 | |
| 282 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 283 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:148 |
| 284 | msgid "" |
| 285 | "The bug report: <ulink " |
| 286 | "url=\"&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\">http://bugs.debian.org/<package_name></ulink>" |
| 287 | msgstr "" |
| 288 | |
| 289 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 290 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:153 |
| 291 | msgid "" |
| 292 | "The Debian Wiki at <ulink " |
| 293 | "url=\"&httpwikidebianorg;\">http://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving " |
| 294 | "and specific topics" |
| 295 | msgstr "" |
| 296 | |
| 297 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 298 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:158 |
| 299 | msgid "" |
| 300 | "The HOWTOs from The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) at <ulink " |
| 301 | "url=\"&httptldporg;\">http://tldp.org/</ulink>" |
| 302 | msgstr "" |
| 303 | |
| 304 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 305 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:163 |
| 306 | msgid "" |
| 307 | "The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's The UNIX System Home " |
| 308 | "Page at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwunixorg;\">http://www.unix.org/</ulink>" |
| 309 | msgstr "" |
| 310 | |
| 311 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 312 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:168 |
| 313 | msgid "" |
| 314 | "The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink " |
| 315 | "url=\"&httpwikipediaorg;\">http://wikipedia.org/</ulink>" |
| 316 | msgstr "" |
| 317 | |
| 318 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 319 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:173 |
| 320 | msgid "" |
| 321 | "For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding " |
| 322 | "documentation package named with \"<literal>-doc</literal>\" as its suffix." |
| 323 | msgstr "" |
| 324 | |
| 325 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 326 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:177 |
| 327 | msgid "Conventions" |
| 328 | msgstr "" |
| 329 | |
| 330 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 331 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:178 |
| 332 | msgid "" |
| 333 | "This document provides information through the following simplified " |
| 334 | "presentation style with <literal>bash</literal>(1) shell command examples." |
| 335 | msgstr "" |
| 336 | |
| 337 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 338 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:179 |
| 339 | #, no-wrap |
| 340 | msgid "" |
| 341 | "# <command in root account>\n" |
| 342 | "$ <command in user account>" |
| 343 | msgstr "" |
| 344 | |
| 345 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 346 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:181 |
| 347 | msgid "" |
| 348 | "These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set " |
| 349 | "environment variables as: \"<literal>PS1='\\$'</literal>\" and " |
| 350 | "\"<literal>PS2=' '</literal>\". These values are chosen for the sake of " |
| 351 | "readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system." |
| 352 | msgstr "" |
| 353 | |
| 354 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 355 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:183 |
| 356 | msgid "" |
| 357 | "See the meaning of the \"<literal>$PS1</literal>\" and " |
| 358 | "\"<literal>$PS2</literal>\" environment variables in " |
| 359 | "<literal>bash</literal>(1)." |
| 360 | msgstr "" |
| 361 | |
| 362 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 363 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:185 |
| 364 | msgid "" |
| 365 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Action</emphasis> required by the system " |
| 366 | "administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. \"Type Enter-key " |
| 367 | "after typing each command string to the shell.\"" |
| 368 | msgstr "" |
| 369 | |
| 370 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 371 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:186 |
| 372 | msgid "" |
| 373 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> column and similar ones " |
| 374 | "in the table may contain a <emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> " |
| 375 | "following <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;\">the package " |
| 376 | "short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as " |
| 377 | "\"a\" and \"the\". They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a " |
| 378 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading \"to\" " |
| 379 | "following the short command description convention in manpages. These may " |
| 380 | "look funy to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep " |
| 381 | "this documentation as simple as possible. These <emphasis " |
| 382 | "role=\"strong\">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their startings " |
| 383 | "nor end with periods following theese short description convention." |
| 384 | msgstr "" |
| 385 | |
| 386 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 387 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:188 |
| 388 | msgid "" |
| 389 | "Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their " |
| 390 | "location." |
| 391 | msgstr "" |
| 392 | |
| 393 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 394 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:190 |
| 395 | msgid "" |
| 396 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text " |
| 397 | "paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, " |
| 398 | "such as \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\"." |
| 399 | msgstr "" |
| 400 | |
| 401 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 402 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:191 |
| 403 | msgid "" |
| 404 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file " |
| 405 | "quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double " |
| 406 | "quotation marks, such as \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\"." |
| 407 | msgstr "" |
| 408 | |
| 409 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 410 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:192 |
| 411 | msgid "" |
| 412 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in " |
| 413 | "the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in " |
| 414 | "parenthesis, such as <literal>bash</literal>(1). You are encouraged to " |
| 415 | "obtain information by typing the following." |
| 416 | msgstr "" |
| 417 | |
| 418 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 419 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:193 |
| 420 | #, no-wrap |
| 421 | msgid "$ man 1 bash" |
| 422 | msgstr "" |
| 423 | |
| 424 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 425 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:194 |
| 426 | msgid "" |
| 427 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in " |
| 428 | "the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, " |
| 429 | "such as <literal>sources.list</literal>(5). You are encouraged to obtain " |
| 430 | "information by typing the following." |
| 431 | msgstr "" |
| 432 | |
| 433 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 434 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:195 |
| 435 | #, no-wrap |
| 436 | msgid "$ man 5 sources.list" |
| 437 | msgstr "" |
| 438 | |
| 439 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 440 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:196 |
| 441 | msgid "" |
| 442 | "An <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command " |
| 443 | "snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " |
| 444 | "\"<literal>info make</literal>\". You are encouraged to obtain information " |
| 445 | "by typing the following." |
| 446 | msgstr "" |
| 447 | |
| 448 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 449 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:197 |
| 450 | #, no-wrap |
| 451 | msgid "$ info make" |
| 452 | msgstr "" |
| 453 | |
| 454 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 455 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:198 |
| 456 | msgid "" |
| 457 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">filename</emphasis> is referred by the " |
| 458 | "typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " |
| 459 | "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\". For configuration files, you are " |
| 460 | "encouraged to obtain information by typing the following." |
| 461 | msgstr "" |
| 462 | |
| 463 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 464 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:199 |
| 465 | #, no-wrap |
| 466 | msgid "$ sensible-pager \"/etc/passwd\"" |
| 467 | msgstr "" |
| 468 | |
| 469 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 470 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:200 |
| 471 | msgid "" |
| 472 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the " |
| 473 | "typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " |
| 474 | "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\". You are encouraged to explore its " |
| 475 | "contents by typing the following." |
| 476 | msgstr "" |
| 477 | |
| 478 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 479 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:201 |
| 480 | #, no-wrap |
| 481 | msgid "$ mc \"/etc/init.d/\"" |
| 482 | msgstr "" |
| 483 | |
| 484 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 485 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:202 |
| 486 | msgid "" |
| 487 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name " |
| 488 | "in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>. You are encouraged " |
| 489 | "to obtain information by typing the following." |
| 490 | msgstr "" |
| 491 | |
| 492 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 493 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:203 |
| 494 | #, no-wrap |
| 495 | msgid "" |
| 496 | "$ dpkg -L vim\n" |
| 497 | "$ apt-cache show vim\n" |
| 498 | "$ aptitude show vim" |
| 499 | msgstr "" |
| 500 | |
| 501 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 502 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:206 |
| 503 | msgid "" |
| 504 | "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its " |
| 505 | "location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation " |
| 506 | "marks, such as " |
| 507 | "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>\" and " |
| 508 | "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\"; or " |
| 509 | "by its <ulink url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink " |
| 510 | "url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>. You are " |
| 511 | "encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following." |
| 512 | msgstr "" |
| 513 | |
| 514 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 515 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:207 |
| 516 | #, no-wrap |
| 517 | msgid "" |
| 518 | "$ zcat \"/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz\" | sensible-pager\n" |
| 519 | "$ sensible-browser \"/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html\"\n" |
| 520 | "$ sensible-browse \"http://www.debian.org\"" |
| 521 | msgstr "" |
| 522 | |
| 523 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 524 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:210 |
| 525 | msgid "" |
| 526 | "An <emphasis role=\"strong\">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by " |
| 527 | "its name with leading \"<literal>$</literal>\" in the typewriter font " |
| 528 | "between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\". You " |
| 529 | "are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following." |
| 530 | msgstr "" |
| 531 | |
| 532 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> |
| 533 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:211 |
| 534 | #, no-wrap |
| 535 | msgid "$ echo \"$TERM\"" |
| 536 | msgstr "" |
| 537 | |
| 538 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 539 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:214 |
| 540 | msgid "Debian BTS" |
| 541 | msgstr "" |
| 542 | |
| 543 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 544 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:215 |
| 545 | msgid "" |
| 546 | "Astarisk \"*\" placed right after each package name is linked to <ulink " |
| 547 | "url=\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Debian bug tracking system " |
| 548 | "(BTS)</ulink> of each package." |
| 549 | msgstr "" |
| 550 | |
| 551 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 552 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:218 |
| 553 | msgid "The popcon" |
| 554 | msgstr "" |
| 555 | |
| 556 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 557 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:219 |
| 558 | msgid "" |
| 559 | "The <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the " |
| 560 | "objective measure for the popularity of each package. It was downloaded on " |
| 561 | "&pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports " |
| 562 | "over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures." |
| 563 | msgstr "" |
| 564 | |
| 565 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 566 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:221 |
| 567 | msgid "" |
| 568 | "Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> " |
| 569 | "archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently. The popcon data " |
| 570 | "contains reports from many old system installations." |
| 571 | msgstr "" |
| 572 | |
| 573 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 574 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:223 |
| 575 | msgid "" |
| 576 | "The popcon number preceded with \"V:\" for \"votes\" is calculated by \"100 " |
| 577 | "* (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the " |
| 578 | "total popcon submissions)\"." |
| 579 | msgstr "" |
| 580 | |
| 581 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 582 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:224 |
| 583 | msgid "" |
| 584 | "The popcon number preceded with \"I:\" for \"installs\" is calculated by " |
| 585 | "\"100 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the " |
| 586 | "total popcon submissions)\"." |
| 587 | msgstr "" |
| 588 | |
| 589 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 590 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:226 |
| 591 | msgid "" |
| 592 | "The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the " |
| 593 | "importance of packages. There are many factors which can skew statistics. " |
| 594 | "For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories " |
| 595 | "such as \"<literal>/bin</literal>\" with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" " |
| 596 | "option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled \"vote\" " |
| 597 | "from such system." |
| 598 | msgstr "" |
| 599 | |
| 600 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 601 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:230 |
| 602 | msgid "The package size" |
| 603 | msgstr "" |
| 604 | |
| 605 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 606 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:231 |
| 607 | msgid "" |
| 608 | "The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each " |
| 609 | "package. It is based on the \"<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>\" reported " |
| 610 | "by \"<literal>apt-cache show</literal>\" or \"<literal>aptitude " |
| 611 | "show</literal>\" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> " |
| 612 | "architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release). The reported " |
| 613 | "size is in KiB (<ulink url=\"&kibibyte;\">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 " |
| 614 | "bytes)." |
| 615 | msgstr "" |
| 616 | |
| 617 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 618 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:233 |
| 619 | msgid "" |
| 620 | "A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package " |
| 621 | "in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs " |
| 622 | "other packages with significant contents by the dependency. The dummy " |
| 623 | "package enables a smooth transition or split of the package." |
| 624 | msgstr "" |
| 625 | |
| 626 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 627 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:236 |
| 628 | msgid "" |
| 629 | "A package size followed by \"(*)\" indicates that the package in the " |
| 630 | "<literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the " |
| 631 | "<literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead." |
| 632 | msgstr "" |
| 633 | |
| 634 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> |
| 635 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:240 |
| 636 | msgid "Bug reports on this document" |
| 637 | msgstr "" |
| 638 | |
| 639 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> |
| 640 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:241 |
| 641 | msgid "" |
| 642 | "Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package " |
| 643 | "using <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) if you find any issues on this " |
| 644 | "document. Please include correction suggestion by \"<literal>diff " |
| 645 | "-u</literal>\" to the plain text version or to the source." |
| 646 | msgstr "" |
| 647 | |
| 648 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> |
| 649 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:245 |
| 650 | msgid "Some quotes for new users" |
| 651 | msgstr "" |
| 652 | |
| 653 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> |
| 654 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:246 |
| 655 | msgid "" |
| 656 | "Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help " |
| 657 | "enlighten new users." |
| 658 | msgstr "" |
| 659 | |
| 660 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 661 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:250 |
| 662 | msgid "" |
| 663 | "\"This is Unix. It gives you enough rope to hang yourself.\" --- Miquel van " |
| 664 | "Smoorenburg <literal><miquels at cistron.nl></literal>" |
| 665 | msgstr "" |
| 666 | |
| 667 | # type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 668 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:255 |
| 669 | msgid "" |
| 670 | "\"Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are.\" " |
| 671 | "--- Tollef Fog Heen <literal><tollef at add.no></literal>" |
| 672 | msgstr "" |
| 673 | |
| 674 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> |
| 675 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:262 |
| 676 | msgid "GNU/Linux tutorials" |
| 677 | msgstr "" |
| 678 | |
| 679 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> |
| 680 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:263 |
| 681 | msgid "" |
| 682 | "I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language. " |
| 683 | "Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice " |
| 684 | "it yourself. In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few " |
| 685 | "basic points." |
| 686 | msgstr "" |
| 687 | |
| 688 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> |
| 689 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:264 |
| 690 | msgid "" |
| 691 | "The powerful design of <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> <ulink " |
| 692 | "url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> comes from " |
| 693 | "the <ulink url=\"&unix;\">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink " |
| 694 | "url=\"&multiuser;\">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 695 | "url=\"&multitasking;\">multitasking</ulink> operating system. You must " |
| 696 | "learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities " |
| 697 | "between Unix and GNU/Linux." |
| 698 | msgstr "" |
| 699 | |
| 700 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> |
| 701 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:265 |
| 702 | msgid "" |
| 703 | "Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux " |
| 704 | "texts, as this robs you of much useful information." |
| 705 | msgstr "" |
| 706 | |
| 707 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> |
| 708 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:266 |
| 709 | msgid "" |
| 710 | "\"<ulink url=\"&ruteuserstutorialandexposition;\">Rute User's Tutorial and " |
| 711 | "Exposition</ulink>\", in the Debian non-free archive as the " |
| 712 | "<literal>rutebook</literal> package (popcon: &pop-rutebook;), provides a " |
| 713 | "good online resource to the generic system administration." |
| 714 | msgstr "" |
| 715 | |
| 716 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><simpara> |
| 717 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:268 |
| 718 | msgid "" |
| 719 | "If you have been using any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " |
| 720 | "system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I " |
| 721 | "explain here. Please use this as a reality check and refresher." |
| 722 | msgstr "" |
| 723 | |
| 724 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> |
| 725 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:271 |
| 726 | msgid "Console basics" |
| 727 | msgstr "" |
| 728 | |
| 729 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 730 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:273 |
| 731 | msgid "The shell prompt" |
| 732 | msgstr "" |
| 733 | |
| 734 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 735 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:274 |
| 736 | msgid "" |
| 737 | "Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login " |
| 738 | "screen if you did not install <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window " |
| 739 | "System</ulink> with the display manager such as " |
| 740 | "<literal>gdm</literal>. Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the " |
| 741 | "login prompt looks as follows." |
| 742 | msgstr "" |
| 743 | |
| 744 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 745 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:275 |
| 746 | #, no-wrap |
| 747 | msgid "foo login:" |
| 748 | msgstr "" |
| 749 | |
| 750 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 751 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:276 |
| 752 | msgid "" |
| 753 | "If you did install a <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> environment such as " |
| 754 | "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, " |
| 755 | "then you can get to a login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F1, and you can return to the " |
| 756 | "GUI environment via Alt-F7 (see <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> below " |
| 757 | "for more)." |
| 758 | msgstr "" |
| 759 | |
| 760 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 761 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:277 |
| 762 | msgid "" |
| 763 | "At the login prompt, you type your username, " |
| 764 | "e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your " |
| 765 | "password and press the Enter-key again." |
| 766 | msgstr "" |
| 767 | |
| 768 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 769 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:279 |
| 770 | msgid "" |
| 771 | "Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system " |
| 772 | "are case sensitive. The username is usually chosen only from the " |
| 773 | "lowercase. The first user account is usually created during the " |
| 774 | "installation. Additional user accounts can be created with " |
| 775 | "<literal>adduser</literal>(8) by root." |
| 776 | msgstr "" |
| 777 | |
| 778 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 779 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:281 |
| 780 | msgid "" |
| 781 | "The system starts with the greeting message stored in " |
| 782 | "\"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command " |
| 783 | "prompt." |
| 784 | msgstr "" |
| 785 | |
| 786 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 787 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:282 |
| 788 | #, no-wrap |
| 789 | msgid "" |
| 790 | "Debian GNU/Linux lenny/sid foo tty1\n" |
| 791 | "foo login: penguin\n" |
| 792 | "Password:\n" |
| 793 | "Last login: Sun Apr 22 09:29:34 2007 on tty1\n" |
| 794 | "Linux snoopy 2.6.20-1-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Apr 15 20:25:49 UTC 2007 x86_64\n" |
| 795 | "\n" |
| 796 | "The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n" |
| 797 | "the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n" |
| 798 | "individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n" |
| 799 | "\n" |
| 800 | "Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n" |
| 801 | "permitted by applicable law.\n" |
| 802 | "foo:~$" |
| 803 | msgstr "" |
| 804 | |
| 805 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 806 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:295 |
| 807 | msgid "" |
| 808 | "Here, the main part of the greeting message can be customized by editing the " |
| 809 | "\"<literal>/etc/motd.tail</literal>\" file. The first line is generated from " |
| 810 | "the system information using \"<literal>uname -snrvm</literal>\"." |
| 811 | msgstr "" |
| 812 | |
| 813 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 814 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:296 |
| 815 | msgid "" |
| 816 | "Now you are in the <ulink url=\"&shell;\">shell</ulink>. The shell " |
| 817 | "interprets your commands." |
| 818 | msgstr "" |
| 819 | |
| 820 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 821 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:299 |
| 822 | msgid "The shell prompt under X" |
| 823 | msgstr "" |
| 824 | |
| 825 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 826 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:300 |
| 827 | msgid "" |
| 828 | "If you installed <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window System</ulink> with " |
| 829 | "a display manager such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s " |
| 830 | "<literal>gdm</literal> by selecting \"Desktop environment\" task during the " |
| 831 | "installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon " |
| 832 | "starting your system. You type your username and your password to login to " |
| 833 | "the non-privileged user account. Use tab to navigate between username and " |
| 834 | "password, or use the mouse and primary click." |
| 835 | msgstr "" |
| 836 | |
| 837 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 838 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:301 |
| 839 | msgid "" |
| 840 | "You can gain the shell prompt under X by starting a " |
| 841 | "<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as " |
| 842 | "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) or " |
| 843 | "<literal>xterm</literal>(1). Under the GNOME Desktop environment, clicking " |
| 844 | "\"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Terminal\" does the trick." |
| 845 | msgstr "" |
| 846 | |
| 847 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 848 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:302 |
| 849 | msgid "You can also see the section below <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/>." |
| 850 | msgstr "" |
| 851 | |
| 852 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 853 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:303 |
| 854 | msgid "" |
| 855 | "Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there " |
| 856 | "may be no obvious starting point for the menu. If this happens, just try " |
| 857 | "(right) clicking the center of the screen and hope for a menu to pop-up." |
| 858 | msgstr "" |
| 859 | |
| 860 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 861 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:306 |
| 862 | msgid "The root account" |
| 863 | msgstr "" |
| 864 | |
| 865 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 866 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:307 |
| 867 | msgid "" |
| 868 | "The root account is also called <ulink url=\"&superuser;\">superuser</ulink> " |
| 869 | "or privileged user. From this account, you can perform the following system " |
| 870 | "administration tasks." |
| 871 | msgstr "" |
| 872 | |
| 873 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 874 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:311 |
| 875 | msgid "" |
| 876 | "Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file " |
| 877 | "permissions" |
| 878 | msgstr "" |
| 879 | |
| 880 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 881 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:316 |
| 882 | msgid "Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system" |
| 883 | msgstr "" |
| 884 | |
| 885 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 886 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:321 |
| 887 | msgid "Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system" |
| 888 | msgstr "" |
| 889 | |
| 890 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 891 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:326 |
| 892 | msgid "Login to any accounts without their passwords" |
| 893 | msgstr "" |
| 894 | |
| 895 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 896 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:330 |
| 897 | msgid "" |
| 898 | "This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and " |
| 899 | "responsible when using it." |
| 900 | msgstr "" |
| 901 | |
| 902 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> |
| 903 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:332 |
| 904 | msgid "Never share the root password with others." |
| 905 | msgstr "" |
| 906 | |
| 907 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 908 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:335 |
| 909 | msgid "" |
| 910 | "File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM " |
| 911 | "etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it " |
| 912 | "unusable or inaccessible by non-root users. Although the use of root " |
| 913 | "account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should " |
| 914 | "be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group " |
| 915 | "membership (see <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)." |
| 916 | msgstr "" |
| 917 | |
| 918 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 919 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:339 |
| 920 | msgid "The root shell prompt" |
| 921 | msgstr "" |
| 922 | |
| 923 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 924 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:340 |
| 925 | msgid "" |
| 926 | "Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root " |
| 927 | "password." |
| 928 | msgstr "" |
| 929 | |
| 930 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 931 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:344 |
| 932 | msgid "Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt." |
| 933 | msgstr "" |
| 934 | |
| 935 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 936 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:349 |
| 937 | msgid "" |
| 938 | "Click \"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Root Terminal\", under the " |
| 939 | "GNOME Desktop environment." |
| 940 | msgstr "" |
| 941 | |
| 942 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 943 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:354 |
| 944 | msgid "Type \"<literal>su -l</literal>\" from any user shell prompt." |
| 945 | msgstr "" |
| 946 | |
| 947 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 948 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:359 |
| 949 | msgid "This does not preserve the environment of the current user." |
| 950 | msgstr "" |
| 951 | |
| 952 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 953 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:366 |
| 954 | msgid "Type \"<literal>su</literal>\" from any user shell prompt." |
| 955 | msgstr "" |
| 956 | |
| 957 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 958 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:371 |
| 959 | msgid "This preserves some of the environment of the current user." |
| 960 | msgstr "" |
| 961 | |
| 962 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 963 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:379 |
| 964 | msgid "GUI system administration tools" |
| 965 | msgstr "" |
| 966 | |
| 967 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 968 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:380 |
| 969 | msgid "" |
| 970 | "When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools " |
| 971 | "automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the " |
| 972 | "root shell prompt of the X terminal emulator, such as " |
| 973 | "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), or " |
| 974 | "<literal>xterm</literal>(1). See <xref linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> " |
| 975 | "and <xref linkend=\"_running_x_clients_as_root\"/>." |
| 976 | msgstr "" |
| 977 | |
| 978 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> |
| 979 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:382 |
| 980 | msgid "" |
| 981 | "Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing " |
| 982 | "in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as " |
| 983 | "<literal>gdm</literal>(1)." |
| 984 | msgstr "" |
| 985 | |
| 986 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> |
| 987 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:385 |
| 988 | msgid "" |
| 989 | "Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical " |
| 990 | "information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen." |
| 991 | msgstr "" |
| 992 | |
| 993 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 994 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:389 |
| 995 | msgid "Virtual consoles" |
| 996 | msgstr "" |
| 997 | |
| 998 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 999 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:390 |
| 1000 | msgid "" |
| 1001 | "In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink " |
| 1002 | "url=\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start " |
| 1003 | "the command shell directly on the Linux host. Unless you are in a GUI " |
| 1004 | "environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the " |
| 1005 | "<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — " |
| 1006 | "<literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously. Each character console allows " |
| 1007 | "independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment. This " |
| 1008 | "multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive." |
| 1009 | msgstr "" |
| 1010 | |
| 1011 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1012 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:391 |
| 1013 | msgid "" |
| 1014 | "If you are under the X Window System, you gain access to the character " |
| 1015 | "console 1 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal> key, i.e., the " |
| 1016 | "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and " |
| 1017 | "the <literal>F1-key</literal> are pressed together. You can get back to the " |
| 1018 | "X Window System, normally running on the virtual console 7, by pressing " |
| 1019 | "<literal>Alt-F7</literal>." |
| 1020 | msgstr "" |
| 1021 | |
| 1022 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1023 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:392 |
| 1024 | msgid "" |
| 1025 | "You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console " |
| 1026 | "1, from the commandline." |
| 1027 | msgstr "" |
| 1028 | |
| 1029 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1030 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:393 |
| 1031 | #, no-wrap |
| 1032 | msgid "# chvt 1" |
| 1033 | msgstr "" |
| 1034 | |
| 1035 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1036 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:396 |
| 1037 | msgid "How to leave the command prompt" |
| 1038 | msgstr "" |
| 1039 | |
| 1040 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1041 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:397 |
| 1042 | msgid "" |
| 1043 | "You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the " |
| 1044 | "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed " |
| 1045 | "together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity. If you are at " |
| 1046 | "the character console, you return to the login prompt with this. Even " |
| 1047 | "though these control characters are referred as \"control D\" with the upper " |
| 1048 | "case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, " |
| 1049 | "<literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>. " |
| 1050 | "Alternately, you can type \"exit\"." |
| 1051 | msgstr "" |
| 1052 | |
| 1053 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1054 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:398 |
| 1055 | msgid "" |
| 1056 | "If you are at <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), you can close " |
| 1057 | "<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this." |
| 1058 | msgstr "" |
| 1059 | |
| 1060 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1061 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:401 |
| 1062 | msgid "How to shutdown the system" |
| 1063 | msgstr "" |
| 1064 | |
| 1065 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1066 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:402 |
| 1067 | msgid "" |
| 1068 | "Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink " |
| 1069 | "url=\"&cachingdata;\">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved " |
| 1070 | "performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before " |
| 1071 | "power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, " |
| 1072 | "by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software " |
| 1073 | "power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off " |
| 1074 | "power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few " |
| 1075 | "seconds after the shutdown procedure.)" |
| 1076 | msgstr "" |
| 1077 | |
| 1078 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1079 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:403 |
| 1080 | msgid "" |
| 1081 | "You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the " |
| 1082 | "commandline." |
| 1083 | msgstr "" |
| 1084 | |
| 1085 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1086 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:404 |
| 1087 | #, no-wrap |
| 1088 | msgid "# shutdown -h now" |
| 1089 | msgstr "" |
| 1090 | |
| 1091 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1092 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:405 |
| 1093 | msgid "You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline." |
| 1094 | msgstr "" |
| 1095 | |
| 1096 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1097 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:406 |
| 1098 | #, no-wrap |
| 1099 | msgid "# poweroff -i -f" |
| 1100 | msgstr "" |
| 1101 | |
| 1102 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1103 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:407 |
| 1104 | msgid "" |
| 1105 | "Alternatively, you may type <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Delete</literal> (The " |
| 1106 | "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-Key</literal>, and " |
| 1107 | "the <literal>Delete</literal> are pressed together) to shutdown if " |
| 1108 | "\"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" contains " |
| 1109 | "\"<literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -h now</literal>\" in " |
| 1110 | "it. See <literal>inittab</literal>(5) for details." |
| 1111 | msgstr "" |
| 1112 | |
| 1113 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1114 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:408 |
| 1115 | msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>." |
| 1116 | msgstr "" |
| 1117 | |
| 1118 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1119 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:411 |
| 1120 | msgid "Recovering a sane console" |
| 1121 | msgstr "" |
| 1122 | |
| 1123 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1124 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:412 |
| 1125 | msgid "" |
| 1126 | "When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as " |
| 1127 | "\"<literal>cat <some-binary-file></literal>\", type " |
| 1128 | "\"<literal>reset</literal>\" at the command prompt. You may not be able to " |
| 1129 | "see the command echoed as you type. You may also issue " |
| 1130 | "\"<literal>clear</literal>\" to clean up the screen." |
| 1131 | msgstr "" |
| 1132 | |
| 1133 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1134 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:415 |
| 1135 | msgid "Additional package suggestions for the newbie" |
| 1136 | msgstr "" |
| 1137 | |
| 1138 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1139 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:416 |
| 1140 | msgid "" |
| 1141 | "Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any " |
| 1142 | "desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a " |
| 1143 | "good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character " |
| 1144 | "terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> " |
| 1145 | "with <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) for beginners to get started by the " |
| 1146 | "following." |
| 1147 | msgstr "" |
| 1148 | |
| 1149 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1150 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:417 |
| 1151 | #, no-wrap |
| 1152 | msgid "" |
| 1153 | "# aptitude update\n" |
| 1154 | " ...\n" |
| 1155 | "# aptitude install mc vim sudo\n" |
| 1156 | " ..." |
| 1157 | msgstr "" |
| 1158 | |
| 1159 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1160 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:421 |
| 1161 | msgid "If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed." |
| 1162 | msgstr "" |
| 1163 | |
| 1164 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 1165 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:423 |
| 1166 | msgid "List of interesting text-mode program packages" |
| 1167 | msgstr "" |
| 1168 | |
| 1169 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 1170 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:432 debian-reference.en.xmlt:524 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1903 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4287 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7949 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8308 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9365 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9435 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9982 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12910 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13066 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13269 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13363 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13859 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13949 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14058 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14196 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14323 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14425 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14908 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15100 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15648 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16055 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16619 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16918 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17214 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17582 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17838 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18176 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18236 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18299 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18436 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18750 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18928 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19651 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19746 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19974 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20311 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20466 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20719 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21025 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21256 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21612 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21980 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22427 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22541 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22589 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22660 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22948 debian-reference.en.xmlt:23456 debian-reference.en.xmlt:23789 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24753 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24959 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25435 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25602 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25941 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26039 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26143 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26296 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26358 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26493 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26736 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26874 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26954 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27072 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27587 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27646 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28590 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28664 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29129 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29230 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29353 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29519 |
| 1171 | msgid "package" |
| 1172 | msgstr "" |
| 1173 | |
| 1174 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
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| 1176 | msgid "popcon" |
| 1177 | msgstr "" |
| 1178 | |
| 1179 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
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| 1181 | msgid "size" |
| 1182 | msgstr "" |
| 1183 | |
| 1184 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
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| 1186 | msgid "description" |
| 1187 | msgstr "" |
| 1188 | |
| 1189 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
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| 1191 | msgid "DUMMY" |
| 1192 | msgstr "" |
| 1193 | |
| 1194 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1195 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:451 |
| 1196 | msgid "A text-mode full-screen file manager" |
| 1197 | msgstr "" |
| 1198 | |
| 1199 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1200 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:459 |
| 1201 | msgid "A program to allow limited root privileges to users" |
| 1202 | msgstr "" |
| 1203 | |
| 1204 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1205 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:467 |
| 1206 | msgid "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)" |
| 1207 | msgstr "" |
| 1208 | |
| 1209 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1210 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:475 |
| 1211 | msgid "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)" |
| 1212 | msgstr "" |
| 1213 | |
| 1214 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1215 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:483 |
| 1216 | msgid "GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor (version 22)" |
| 1217 | msgstr "" |
| 1218 | |
| 1219 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1220 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:491 |
| 1221 | msgid "GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor (version 23)" |
| 1222 | msgstr "" |
| 1223 | |
| 1224 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1225 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:499 |
| 1226 | msgid "Text-mode WWW browsers" |
| 1227 | msgstr "" |
| 1228 | |
| 1229 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1230 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:507 |
| 1231 | msgid "The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)" |
| 1232 | msgstr "" |
| 1233 | |
| 1234 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1235 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:513 |
| 1236 | msgid "It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations." |
| 1237 | msgstr "" |
| 1238 | |
| 1239 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 1240 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:515 |
| 1241 | msgid "List of informative documentation packages" |
| 1242 | msgstr "" |
| 1243 | |
| 1244 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1245 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:543 |
| 1246 | msgid "Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents" |
| 1247 | msgstr "" |
| 1248 | |
| 1249 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1250 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:551 |
| 1251 | msgid "Debian Policy Manual and related documents" |
| 1252 | msgstr "" |
| 1253 | |
| 1254 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1255 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:559 |
| 1256 | msgid "Guidelines and information for Debian developers" |
| 1257 | msgstr "" |
| 1258 | |
| 1259 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1260 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:567 |
| 1261 | msgid "Debian New Maintainers' Guide" |
| 1262 | msgstr "" |
| 1263 | |
| 1264 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1265 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:575 |
| 1266 | msgid "History of the Debian Project" |
| 1267 | msgstr "" |
| 1268 | |
| 1269 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1270 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:583 |
| 1271 | msgid "Debian FAQ" |
| 1272 | msgstr "" |
| 1273 | |
| 1274 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1275 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:591 |
| 1276 | msgid "Linux HOWTOs and FAQ (text)" |
| 1277 | msgstr "" |
| 1278 | |
| 1279 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1280 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:599 |
| 1281 | msgid "Linux HOWTOs and FAQ (html)" |
| 1282 | msgstr "" |
| 1283 | |
| 1284 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1285 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:607 |
| 1286 | msgid "The Linux System Administrators' Guide" |
| 1287 | msgstr "" |
| 1288 | |
| 1289 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1290 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:615 |
| 1291 | msgid "Linux: Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition (non-free)" |
| 1292 | msgstr "" |
| 1293 | |
| 1294 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1295 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:621 |
| 1296 | msgid "You can install some of these packages by the following." |
| 1297 | msgstr "" |
| 1298 | |
| 1299 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1300 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:622 |
| 1301 | #, no-wrap |
| 1302 | msgid "# aptitude install package_name" |
| 1303 | msgstr "" |
| 1304 | |
| 1305 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1306 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:625 |
| 1307 | msgid "An extra user account" |
| 1308 | msgstr "" |
| 1309 | |
| 1310 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1311 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:626 |
| 1312 | msgid "" |
| 1313 | "If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training " |
| 1314 | "activities, you can create a training user account, " |
| 1315 | "e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following." |
| 1316 | msgstr "" |
| 1317 | |
| 1318 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1319 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:627 |
| 1320 | #, no-wrap |
| 1321 | msgid "# adduser fish" |
| 1322 | msgstr "" |
| 1323 | |
| 1324 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1325 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:628 |
| 1326 | msgid "Answer all questions." |
| 1327 | msgstr "" |
| 1328 | |
| 1329 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1330 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:629 |
| 1331 | msgid "" |
| 1332 | "This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>. After your " |
| 1333 | "practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the " |
| 1334 | "following." |
| 1335 | msgstr "" |
| 1336 | |
| 1337 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1338 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:630 |
| 1339 | #, no-wrap |
| 1340 | msgid "# deluser --remove-home fish" |
| 1341 | msgstr "" |
| 1342 | |
| 1343 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1344 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:633 |
| 1345 | msgid "sudo configuration" |
| 1346 | msgstr "" |
| 1347 | |
| 1348 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1349 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:634 |
| 1350 | msgid "" |
| 1351 | "For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on " |
| 1352 | "the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of " |
| 1353 | "<literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, " |
| 1354 | "e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with " |
| 1355 | "his user password but without the root password." |
| 1356 | msgstr "" |
| 1357 | |
| 1358 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1359 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:635 |
| 1360 | #, no-wrap |
| 1361 | msgid "# echo \"penguin ALL=(ALL) ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" |
| 1362 | msgstr "" |
| 1363 | |
| 1364 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1365 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:636 |
| 1366 | msgid "" |
| 1367 | "This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you " |
| 1368 | "administer and where you are the only user." |
| 1369 | msgstr "" |
| 1370 | |
| 1371 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> |
| 1372 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:638 |
| 1373 | msgid "" |
| 1374 | "Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this " |
| 1375 | "because it would be very bad for system security." |
| 1376 | msgstr "" |
| 1377 | |
| 1378 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> |
| 1379 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:641 |
| 1380 | msgid "" |
| 1381 | "The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above " |
| 1382 | "example requires as much protection as the root password and the root " |
| 1383 | "account." |
| 1384 | msgstr "" |
| 1385 | |
| 1386 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> |
| 1387 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:644 |
| 1388 | msgid "" |
| 1389 | "Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to " |
| 1390 | "perform the system administration task on the workstation. Never give some " |
| 1391 | "manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege " |
| 1392 | "unless they are authorized and capable." |
| 1393 | msgstr "" |
| 1394 | |
| 1395 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 1396 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:647 |
| 1397 | msgid "" |
| 1398 | "For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you " |
| 1399 | "should consider to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> to provide " |
| 1400 | "limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via " |
| 1401 | "<literal>sudo</literal>(8)." |
| 1402 | msgstr "" |
| 1403 | |
| 1404 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 1405 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:650 |
| 1406 | msgid "" |
| 1407 | "With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) " |
| 1408 | "can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared " |
| 1409 | "system without sharing the root password. This can help with accountability " |
| 1410 | "with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what. On " |
| 1411 | "the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges." |
| 1412 | msgstr "" |
| 1413 | |
| 1414 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1415 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:654 |
| 1416 | msgid "Play time" |
| 1417 | msgstr "" |
| 1418 | |
| 1419 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1420 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:655 |
| 1421 | msgid "" |
| 1422 | "Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as " |
| 1423 | "you use the non-privileged user account." |
| 1424 | msgstr "" |
| 1425 | |
| 1426 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1427 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:656 |
| 1428 | msgid "" |
| 1429 | "This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, " |
| 1430 | "configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users " |
| 1431 | "from damaging the system. Of course, there may still be some holes which " |
| 1432 | "can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be " |
| 1433 | "reading this section but should be reading <ulink " |
| 1434 | "url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>." |
| 1435 | msgstr "" |
| 1436 | |
| 1437 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1438 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:657 |
| 1439 | msgid "" |
| 1440 | "We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " |
| 1441 | "system with the following." |
| 1442 | msgstr "" |
| 1443 | |
| 1444 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1445 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:660 |
| 1446 | msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (basic concept)" |
| 1447 | msgstr "" |
| 1448 | |
| 1449 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1450 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:664 |
| 1451 | msgid "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (survival method)" |
| 1452 | msgstr "" |
| 1453 | |
| 1454 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1455 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:668 |
| 1456 | msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (basic method)" |
| 1457 | msgstr "" |
| 1458 | |
| 1459 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1460 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:672 |
| 1461 | msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (shell mechanism)" |
| 1462 | msgstr "" |
| 1463 | |
| 1464 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1465 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:676 |
| 1466 | msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (text processing method)" |
| 1467 | msgstr "" |
| 1468 | |
| 1469 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> |
| 1470 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:683 |
| 1471 | msgid "Unix-like filesystem" |
| 1472 | msgstr "" |
| 1473 | |
| 1474 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 1475 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:684 |
| 1476 | msgid "" |
| 1477 | "In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> operating " |
| 1478 | "systems, <ulink url=\"&files;\">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink " |
| 1479 | "url=\"&directories;\">directories</ulink>. All files and directories are " |
| 1480 | "arranged in one big tree rooted at \"<literal>/</literal>\". It's called a " |
| 1481 | "tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is " |
| 1482 | "upside down." |
| 1483 | msgstr "" |
| 1484 | |
| 1485 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 1486 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:685 |
| 1487 | msgid "" |
| 1488 | "These files and directories can be spread out over several " |
| 1489 | "devices. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serves to attach the filesystem found " |
| 1490 | "on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, " |
| 1491 | "<literal>umount</literal>(8) detaches it again. On recent Linux kernels, " |
| 1492 | "<literal>mount</literal>(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree " |
| 1493 | "somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or " |
| 1494 | "unbindable. Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in " |
| 1495 | "\"<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>\"." |
| 1496 | msgstr "" |
| 1497 | |
| 1498 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 1499 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:686 |
| 1500 | msgid "" |
| 1501 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called " |
| 1502 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">folders</emphasis> on some other systems. Please " |
| 1503 | "also note that there is no concept for <emphasis " |
| 1504 | "role=\"strong\">drive</emphasis> such as \"<literal>A:</literal>\" on any " |
| 1505 | "Unix system. There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a " |
| 1506 | "huge advantage compared to Windows." |
| 1507 | msgstr "" |
| 1508 | |
| 1509 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1510 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:688 |
| 1511 | msgid "Unix file basics" |
| 1512 | msgstr "" |
| 1513 | |
| 1514 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1515 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:689 |
| 1516 | msgid "Here are some Unix file basics." |
| 1517 | msgstr "" |
| 1518 | |
| 1519 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1520 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:693 |
| 1521 | msgid "" |
| 1522 | "Filenames are <emphasis role=\"strong\">case sensitive</emphasis>. That is, " |
| 1523 | "\"<literal>MYFILE</literal>\" and \"<literal>MyFile</literal>\" are " |
| 1524 | "different files." |
| 1525 | msgstr "" |
| 1526 | |
| 1527 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1528 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:698 |
| 1529 | msgid "" |
| 1530 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">root directory</emphasis> means root of the " |
| 1531 | "filesystem referred as simply \"<literal>/</literal>\". Don't confuse this " |
| 1532 | "with the home directory for the root user: \"<literal>/root</literal>\"." |
| 1533 | msgstr "" |
| 1534 | |
| 1535 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1536 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:703 |
| 1537 | msgid "" |
| 1538 | "Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols " |
| 1539 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">except \"<literal>/</literal>\"</emphasis>. The " |
| 1540 | "root directory is an exception; its name is \"<literal>/</literal>\" " |
| 1541 | "(pronounced \"slash\" or \"the root directory\") and it cannot be renamed." |
| 1542 | msgstr "" |
| 1543 | |
| 1544 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1545 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:708 |
| 1546 | msgid "" |
| 1547 | "Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis " |
| 1548 | "role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis " |
| 1549 | "role=\"strong\">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis " |
| 1550 | "role=\"strong\">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which " |
| 1551 | "must be passed through to reach it. The three terms are synonymous." |
| 1552 | msgstr "" |
| 1553 | |
| 1554 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1555 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:713 |
| 1556 | msgid "" |
| 1557 | "All <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin " |
| 1558 | "with the \"<literal>/</literal>\" directory, and there's a " |
| 1559 | "\"<literal>/</literal>\" between each directory or file in the filename. " |
| 1560 | "The first \"<literal>/</literal>\" is the top level directory, and the other " |
| 1561 | "\"<literal>/</literal>\"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we " |
| 1562 | "reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file. The words used " |
| 1563 | "here can be confusing. Take the following <emphasis " |
| 1564 | "role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: " |
| 1565 | "\"<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>\". However, people also " |
| 1566 | "refers to its basename \"<literal>us.map.gz</literal>\" alone as a filename." |
| 1567 | msgstr "" |
| 1568 | |
| 1569 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1570 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:718 |
| 1571 | msgid "" |
| 1572 | "The root directory has a number of branches, such as " |
| 1573 | "\"<literal>/etc/</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/</literal>\". These " |
| 1574 | "subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as " |
| 1575 | "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\". " |
| 1576 | "The whole thing viewed collectively is called the <emphasis " |
| 1577 | "role=\"strong\">directory tree</emphasis>. You can think of an absolute " |
| 1578 | "filename as a route from the base of the tree (\"<literal>/</literal>\") to " |
| 1579 | "the end of some branch (a file). You also hear people talk about the " |
| 1580 | "directory tree as if it were a <emphasis role=\"strong\">family</emphasis> " |
| 1581 | "tree: thus subdirectories have <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis>, " |
| 1582 | "and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file. There are also relative " |
| 1583 | "paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory. You should " |
| 1584 | "remember that the directory \"<literal>../</literal>\" refers to the parent " |
| 1585 | "directory. This terminology also applies to other directory like " |
| 1586 | "structures, such as hierarchical data structures." |
| 1587 | msgstr "" |
| 1588 | |
| 1589 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1590 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:723 |
| 1591 | msgid "" |
| 1592 | "There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a " |
| 1593 | "physical device, such as your hard disk. This differs from <ulink " |
| 1594 | "url=\"&rtbb;\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink " |
| 1595 | "url=\"&openvms;\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, " |
| 1596 | "<ulink url=\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink " |
| 1597 | "url=\"µsoftwindows;\">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path " |
| 1598 | "contains a device name such as \"<literal>C:\\</literal>\". (However, " |
| 1599 | "directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the " |
| 1600 | "normal filesystem. See <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_internals\"/>.)" |
| 1601 | msgstr "" |
| 1602 | |
| 1603 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 1604 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:728 |
| 1605 | msgid "" |
| 1606 | "While you <emphasis role=\"strong\">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or " |
| 1607 | "symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so. It is better " |
| 1608 | "to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command " |
| 1609 | "line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: " |
| 1610 | "<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @ $</literal> " |
| 1611 | ". If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, " |
| 1612 | "hyphen, and underscore. You could also capitalize each word, " |
| 1613 | "\"<literal>LikeThis</literal>\". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid " |
| 1614 | "spaces in filenames." |
| 1615 | msgstr "" |
| 1616 | |
| 1617 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 1618 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:731 |
| 1619 | msgid "" |
| 1620 | "The word \"root\" can mean either \"root user\" or \"root directory\". The " |
| 1621 | "context of their usage should make it clear." |
| 1622 | msgstr "" |
| 1623 | |
| 1624 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 1625 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:734 |
| 1626 | msgid "" |
| 1627 | "The word <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis> is used not only for " |
| 1628 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but " |
| 1629 | "also for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">command search path</emphasis>. The " |
| 1630 | "intended meaning is usually clear from the context." |
| 1631 | msgstr "" |
| 1632 | |
| 1633 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1634 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:736 |
| 1635 | msgid "" |
| 1636 | "The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the " |
| 1637 | "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard " |
| 1638 | "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>\" and " |
| 1639 | "<literal>hier</literal>(7)). You should remember the following facts as the " |
| 1640 | "starter." |
| 1641 | msgstr "" |
| 1642 | |
| 1643 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 1644 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:738 |
| 1645 | msgid "List of usage of key directories" |
| 1646 | msgstr "" |
| 1647 | |
| 1648 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 1649 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:745 debian-reference.en.xmlt:922 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8563 |
| 1650 | msgid "directory" |
| 1651 | msgstr "" |
| 1652 | |
| 1653 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 1654 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:748 |
| 1655 | msgid "usage of the directory" |
| 1656 | msgstr "" |
| 1657 | |
| 1658 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1659 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:755 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3139 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5638 |
| 1660 | msgid "<literal>/</literal>" |
| 1661 | msgstr "" |
| 1662 | |
| 1663 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1664 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:758 |
| 1665 | msgid "the root directory" |
| 1666 | msgstr "" |
| 1667 | |
| 1668 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1669 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:763 |
| 1670 | msgid "<literal>/etc/</literal>" |
| 1671 | msgstr "" |
| 1672 | |
| 1673 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1674 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:766 |
| 1675 | msgid "system wide configuration files" |
| 1676 | msgstr "" |
| 1677 | |
| 1678 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1679 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:771 |
| 1680 | msgid "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" |
| 1681 | msgstr "" |
| 1682 | |
| 1683 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1684 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:774 |
| 1685 | msgid "system log files" |
| 1686 | msgstr "" |
| 1687 | |
| 1688 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1689 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:779 |
| 1690 | msgid "<literal>/home/</literal>" |
| 1691 | msgstr "" |
| 1692 | |
| 1693 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1694 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:782 |
| 1695 | msgid "all the home directories for all non-privileged users" |
| 1696 | msgstr "" |
| 1697 | |
| 1698 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1699 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:790 |
| 1700 | msgid "Filesystem internals" |
| 1701 | msgstr "" |
| 1702 | |
| 1703 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1704 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:791 |
| 1705 | msgid "" |
| 1706 | "Following the <emphasis role=\"strong\">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the " |
| 1707 | "Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink " |
| 1708 | "url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard " |
| 1709 | "disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the " |
| 1710 | "hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are " |
| 1711 | "represented in an unified manner under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\"." |
| 1712 | msgstr "" |
| 1713 | |
| 1714 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1715 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:792 |
| 1716 | msgid "" |
| 1717 | "Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or " |
| 1718 | "physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an " |
| 1719 | "<ulink url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> which describes its associated " |
| 1720 | "attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs " |
| 1721 | "to, the time last accessed, etc. If you are really interested, see " |
| 1722 | "\"<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal>\" for the exact definition of " |
| 1723 | "\"<literal>struct inode</literal>\" in the Debian GNU/Linux system. The idea " |
| 1724 | "of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix " |
| 1725 | "innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever " |
| 1726 | "further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can " |
| 1727 | "be found in the filesystem." |
| 1728 | msgstr "" |
| 1729 | |
| 1730 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1731 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:793 |
| 1732 | msgid "" |
| 1733 | "This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal " |
| 1734 | "processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for " |
| 1735 | "the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even " |
| 1736 | "possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files " |
| 1737 | "that are linked to running processes." |
| 1738 | msgstr "" |
| 1739 | |
| 1740 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 1741 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:795 |
| 1742 | msgid "" |
| 1743 | "If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the " |
| 1744 | "physical entity, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) with no arguments." |
| 1745 | msgstr "" |
| 1746 | |
| 1747 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 1748 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:799 |
| 1749 | msgid "Filesystem permissions" |
| 1750 | msgstr "" |
| 1751 | |
| 1752 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1753 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:800 |
| 1754 | msgid "" |
| 1755 | "<ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of " |
| 1756 | "<ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three " |
| 1757 | "categories of affected users." |
| 1758 | msgstr "" |
| 1759 | |
| 1760 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1761 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:804 |
| 1762 | msgid "" |
| 1763 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis " |
| 1764 | "role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>)" |
| 1765 | msgstr "" |
| 1766 | |
| 1767 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1768 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:809 |
| 1769 | msgid "" |
| 1770 | "Other users in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file " |
| 1771 | "belongs to (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>)" |
| 1772 | msgstr "" |
| 1773 | |
| 1774 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1775 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:814 |
| 1776 | msgid "" |
| 1777 | "All <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis " |
| 1778 | "role=\"strong\">o</emphasis>) also referred to as \"world\" and \"everyone\"" |
| 1779 | msgstr "" |
| 1780 | |
| 1781 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1782 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:818 |
| 1783 | msgid "For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions." |
| 1784 | msgstr "" |
| 1785 | |
| 1786 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1787 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:822 |
| 1788 | msgid "" |
| 1789 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis " |
| 1790 | "role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of " |
| 1791 | "the file." |
| 1792 | msgstr "" |
| 1793 | |
| 1794 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1795 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:827 |
| 1796 | msgid "" |
| 1797 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis " |
| 1798 | "role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file." |
| 1799 | msgstr "" |
| 1800 | |
| 1801 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1802 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:832 |
| 1803 | msgid "" |
| 1804 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis " |
| 1805 | "role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a " |
| 1806 | "command." |
| 1807 | msgstr "" |
| 1808 | |
| 1809 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1810 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:836 |
| 1811 | msgid "For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions." |
| 1812 | msgstr "" |
| 1813 | |
| 1814 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1815 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:840 |
| 1816 | msgid "" |
| 1817 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis " |
| 1818 | "role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of " |
| 1819 | "the directory." |
| 1820 | msgstr "" |
| 1821 | |
| 1822 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1823 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:845 |
| 1824 | msgid "" |
| 1825 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis " |
| 1826 | "role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files " |
| 1827 | "in the directory." |
| 1828 | msgstr "" |
| 1829 | |
| 1830 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1831 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:850 |
| 1832 | msgid "" |
| 1833 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis " |
| 1834 | "role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the " |
| 1835 | "directory." |
| 1836 | msgstr "" |
| 1837 | |
| 1838 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1839 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:854 |
| 1840 | msgid "" |
| 1841 | "Here, the <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> permission on a " |
| 1842 | "directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but " |
| 1843 | "also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the " |
| 1844 | "modification time." |
| 1845 | msgstr "" |
| 1846 | |
| 1847 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1848 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:855 |
| 1849 | msgid "" |
| 1850 | "<literal>ls</literal>(1) is used to display permission information (and " |
| 1851 | "more) for files and directories. When it is invoked with the " |
| 1852 | "\"<literal>-l</literal>\" option, it displays the following information in " |
| 1853 | "the order given." |
| 1854 | msgstr "" |
| 1855 | |
| 1856 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1857 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:858 |
| 1858 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)" |
| 1859 | msgstr "" |
| 1860 | |
| 1861 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1862 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:863 |
| 1863 | msgid "" |
| 1864 | "Access <emphasis role=\"strong\">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine " |
| 1865 | "characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other " |
| 1866 | "in this order)" |
| 1867 | msgstr "" |
| 1868 | |
| 1869 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1870 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:867 |
| 1871 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file" |
| 1872 | msgstr "" |
| 1873 | |
| 1874 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1875 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:872 |
| 1876 | msgid "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file" |
| 1877 | msgstr "" |
| 1878 | |
| 1879 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1880 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:877 |
| 1881 | msgid "" |
| 1882 | "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file " |
| 1883 | "belongs to" |
| 1884 | msgstr "" |
| 1885 | |
| 1886 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1887 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:881 |
| 1888 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)" |
| 1889 | msgstr "" |
| 1890 | |
| 1891 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1892 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:885 |
| 1893 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)" |
| 1894 | msgstr "" |
| 1895 | |
| 1896 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 1897 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:889 |
| 1898 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Name</emphasis> of the file" |
| 1899 | msgstr "" |
| 1900 | |
| 1901 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 1902 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:894 |
| 1903 | msgid "List of the first character of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output" |
| 1904 | msgstr "" |
| 1905 | |
| 1906 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 1907 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:901 |
| 1908 | msgid "character" |
| 1909 | msgstr "" |
| 1910 | |
| 1911 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 1912 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:904 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1022 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1290 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2903 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8466 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8842 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9134 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10981 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11400 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11564 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17691 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24401 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24639 |
| 1913 | msgid "meaning" |
| 1914 | msgstr "" |
| 1915 | |
| 1916 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1917 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:911 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5558 debian-reference.en.xmlt:23193 |
| 1918 | msgid "<literal>-</literal>" |
| 1919 | msgstr "" |
| 1920 | |
| 1921 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1922 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:914 |
| 1923 | msgid "normal file" |
| 1924 | msgstr "" |
| 1925 | |
| 1926 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1927 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:919 |
| 1928 | msgid "<literal>d</literal>" |
| 1929 | msgstr "" |
| 1930 | |
| 1931 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1932 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:927 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5630 |
| 1933 | msgid "<literal>l</literal>" |
| 1934 | msgstr "" |
| 1935 | |
| 1936 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1937 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:930 |
| 1938 | msgid "symlink" |
| 1939 | msgstr "" |
| 1940 | |
| 1941 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1942 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:935 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3758 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3761 |
| 1943 | msgid "<literal>c</literal>" |
| 1944 | msgstr "" |
| 1945 | |
| 1946 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1947 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:938 |
| 1948 | msgid "character device node" |
| 1949 | msgstr "" |
| 1950 | |
| 1951 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1952 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:943 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19586 |
| 1953 | msgid "<literal>b</literal>" |
| 1954 | msgstr "" |
| 1955 | |
| 1956 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1957 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:946 |
| 1958 | msgid "block device node" |
| 1959 | msgstr "" |
| 1960 | |
| 1961 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1962 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:951 |
| 1963 | msgid "<literal>p</literal>" |
| 1964 | msgstr "" |
| 1965 | |
| 1966 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1967 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:954 |
| 1968 | msgid "named pipe" |
| 1969 | msgstr "" |
| 1970 | |
| 1971 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1972 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:959 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19571 |
| 1973 | msgid "<literal>s</literal>" |
| 1974 | msgstr "" |
| 1975 | |
| 1976 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 1977 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:962 |
| 1978 | msgid "socket" |
| 1979 | msgstr "" |
| 1980 | |
| 1981 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 1982 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:968 |
| 1983 | msgid "" |
| 1984 | "<literal>chown</literal>(1) is used from the root account to change the " |
| 1985 | "owner of the file. <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) is used from the file's " |
| 1986 | "owner or root account to change the group of the file. " |
| 1987 | "<literal>chmod</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to " |
| 1988 | "change file and directory access permissions. Basic syntax to manipulate a " |
| 1989 | "<literal>foo</literal> file is the following." |
| 1990 | msgstr "" |
| 1991 | |
| 1992 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 1993 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:969 |
| 1994 | #, no-wrap |
| 1995 | msgid "" |
| 1996 | "# chown <newowner> foo\n" |
| 1997 | "# chgrp <newgroup> foo\n" |
| 1998 | "# chmod [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] foo" |
| 1999 | msgstr "" |
| 2000 | |
| 2001 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2002 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:972 |
| 2003 | msgid "" |
| 2004 | "For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user " |
| 2005 | "<literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the " |
| 2006 | "following." |
| 2007 | msgstr "" |
| 2008 | |
| 2009 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2010 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:973 |
| 2011 | #, no-wrap |
| 2012 | msgid "" |
| 2013 | "# cd /some/location/\n" |
| 2014 | "# chown -R foo:bar .\n" |
| 2015 | "# chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX ." |
| 2016 | msgstr "" |
| 2017 | |
| 2018 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2019 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:976 |
| 2020 | msgid "There are three more special permission bits." |
| 2021 | msgstr "" |
| 2022 | |
| 2023 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2024 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:980 |
| 2025 | msgid "" |
| 2026 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis " |
| 2027 | "role=\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> " |
| 2028 | "instead of user's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" |
| 2029 | msgstr "" |
| 2030 | |
| 2031 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2032 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:985 |
| 2033 | msgid "" |
| 2034 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis " |
| 2035 | "role=\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> " |
| 2036 | "instead of group's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" |
| 2037 | msgstr "" |
| 2038 | |
| 2039 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2040 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:990 |
| 2041 | msgid "" |
| 2042 | "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis " |
| 2043 | "role=\"strong\">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">T</emphasis> " |
| 2044 | "instead of other's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" |
| 2045 | msgstr "" |
| 2046 | |
| 2047 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2048 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:994 |
| 2049 | msgid "" |
| 2050 | "Here the output of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" for these bits is <emphasis " |
| 2051 | "role=\"strong\">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these " |
| 2052 | "outputs are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unset</emphasis>." |
| 2053 | msgstr "" |
| 2054 | |
| 2055 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2056 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:995 |
| 2057 | msgid "" |
| 2058 | "Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable " |
| 2059 | "file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the " |
| 2060 | "file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Similarly, " |
| 2061 | "setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable " |
| 2062 | "file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the " |
| 2063 | "file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Because these " |
| 2064 | "settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution." |
| 2065 | msgstr "" |
| 2066 | |
| 2067 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2068 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:996 |
| 2069 | msgid "" |
| 2070 | "Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory " |
| 2071 | "enables the <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme " |
| 2072 | "where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis " |
| 2073 | "role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> of the directory." |
| 2074 | msgstr "" |
| 2075 | |
| 2076 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2077 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:997 |
| 2078 | msgid "" |
| 2079 | "Setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory " |
| 2080 | "prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the " |
| 2081 | "owner of the file. In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable " |
| 2082 | "directories such as \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" or in group-writable " |
| 2083 | "directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis " |
| 2084 | "role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the " |
| 2085 | "<emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory. " |
| 2086 | "Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the " |
| 2087 | "same name by any user who has write access to the directory." |
| 2088 | msgstr "" |
| 2089 | |
| 2090 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2091 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:998 |
| 2092 | msgid "Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions." |
| 2093 | msgstr "" |
| 2094 | |
| 2095 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2096 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:999 |
| 2097 | #, no-wrap |
| 2098 | msgid "" |
| 2099 | "$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4\n" |
| 2100 | "crw------- 1 root root 108, 0 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/ppp\n" |
| 2101 | "-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1427 2007-04-16 00:19 /etc/passwd\n" |
| 2102 | "-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 943 2007-04-16 00:19 /etc/shadow\n" |
| 2103 | "-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 700056 2007-04-22 05:29 /usr/sbin/exim4\n" |
| 2104 | "$ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src\n" |
| 2105 | "drwxrwxrwt 10 root root 4096 2007-04-29 07:59 /tmp\n" |
| 2106 | "drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff 4096 2007-03-24 18:48 /usr/local\n" |
| 2107 | "drwxrwsr-x 4 root src 4096 2007-04-27 00:31 /usr/src\n" |
| 2108 | "drwxrwsr-x 2 root mail 4096 2007-03-28 23:33 /var/mail\n" |
| 2109 | "drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 2007-04-29 07:11 /var/tmp" |
| 2110 | msgstr "" |
| 2111 | |
| 2112 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2113 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1010 |
| 2114 | msgid "" |
| 2115 | "There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with " |
| 2116 | "<literal>chmod</literal>(1). This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal " |
| 2117 | "(radix=8) numbers." |
| 2118 | msgstr "" |
| 2119 | |
| 2120 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 2121 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1012 |
| 2122 | msgid "" |
| 2123 | "The numeric mode for file permissions in <literal>chmod</literal>(1) " |
| 2124 | "commands" |
| 2125 | msgstr "" |
| 2126 | |
| 2127 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2128 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1019 |
| 2129 | msgid "digit" |
| 2130 | msgstr "" |
| 2131 | |
| 2132 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2133 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1029 |
| 2134 | msgid "1st optional digit" |
| 2135 | msgstr "" |
| 2136 | |
| 2137 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2138 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1032 |
| 2139 | msgid "" |
| 2140 | "sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis " |
| 2141 | "role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis " |
| 2142 | "role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)" |
| 2143 | msgstr "" |
| 2144 | |
| 2145 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2146 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1037 |
| 2147 | msgid "2nd digit" |
| 2148 | msgstr "" |
| 2149 | |
| 2150 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2151 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1040 |
| 2152 | msgid "" |
| 2153 | "sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis " |
| 2154 | "role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis " |
| 2155 | "role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis " |
| 2156 | "role=\"strong\">user</emphasis>" |
| 2157 | msgstr "" |
| 2158 | |
| 2159 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2160 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1045 |
| 2161 | msgid "3rd digit" |
| 2162 | msgstr "" |
| 2163 | |
| 2164 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2165 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1048 |
| 2166 | msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis>" |
| 2167 | msgstr "" |
| 2168 | |
| 2169 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2170 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1053 |
| 2171 | msgid "4th digit" |
| 2172 | msgstr "" |
| 2173 | |
| 2174 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2175 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1056 |
| 2176 | msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis>" |
| 2177 | msgstr "" |
| 2178 | |
| 2179 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2180 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1062 |
| 2181 | msgid "" |
| 2182 | "This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple. If you look at the " |
| 2183 | "first few (2-10) columns from \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" command output " |
| 2184 | "and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions (\"-\" " |
| 2185 | "being \"0\" and \"rwx\" being \"1\"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode " |
| 2186 | "value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file " |
| 2187 | "permissions to you." |
| 2188 | msgstr "" |
| 2189 | |
| 2190 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2191 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1063 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1429 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2266 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2289 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2829 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3271 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3483 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3558 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3566 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3915 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3963 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4028 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4043 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12658 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15297 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18134 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22887 |
| 2192 | msgid "For example, try the following" |
| 2193 | msgstr "" |
| 2194 | |
| 2195 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2196 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1064 |
| 2197 | #, no-wrap |
| 2198 | msgid "" |
| 2199 | "$ touch foo bar\n" |
| 2200 | "$ chmod u=rw,go=r foo\n" |
| 2201 | "$ chmod 644 bar\n" |
| 2202 | "$ ls -l foo bar\n" |
| 2203 | "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:22 bar\n" |
| 2204 | "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 2007-04-29 08:22 foo" |
| 2205 | msgstr "" |
| 2206 | |
| 2207 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 2208 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1071 |
| 2209 | msgid "" |
| 2210 | "If you need to access information displayed by \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" " |
| 2211 | "in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as " |
| 2212 | "<literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) and " |
| 2213 | "<literal>readlink</literal>(1). The shell builtin such as " |
| 2214 | "\"<literal>[</literal>\" or \"<literal>test</literal>\" may be used too." |
| 2215 | msgstr "" |
| 2216 | |
| 2217 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2218 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1075 |
| 2219 | msgid "Control of permissions for newly created files: umask" |
| 2220 | msgstr "" |
| 2221 | |
| 2222 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2223 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1076 |
| 2224 | msgid "" |
| 2225 | "What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is " |
| 2226 | "restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command. See " |
| 2227 | "<literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), and " |
| 2228 | "<literal>builtins</literal>(7)." |
| 2229 | msgstr "" |
| 2230 | |
| 2231 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2232 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1077 |
| 2233 | #, no-wrap |
| 2234 | msgid " (file permissions) = (requested file permissions) & ~(umask value)" |
| 2235 | msgstr "" |
| 2236 | |
| 2237 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 2238 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1079 |
| 2239 | msgid "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis> value examples" |
| 2240 | msgstr "" |
| 2241 | |
| 2242 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2243 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1088 |
| 2244 | msgid "umask" |
| 2245 | msgstr "" |
| 2246 | |
| 2247 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2248 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1091 |
| 2249 | msgid "file permissions created" |
| 2250 | msgstr "" |
| 2251 | |
| 2252 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2253 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1094 |
| 2254 | msgid "directory permissions created" |
| 2255 | msgstr "" |
| 2256 | |
| 2257 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2258 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1097 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25086 |
| 2259 | msgid "usage" |
| 2260 | msgstr "" |
| 2261 | |
| 2262 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2263 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1104 |
| 2264 | msgid "<literal>0022</literal>" |
| 2265 | msgstr "" |
| 2266 | |
| 2267 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2268 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1107 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9030 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9064 |
| 2269 | msgid "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>" |
| 2270 | msgstr "" |
| 2271 | |
| 2272 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2273 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1110 |
| 2274 | msgid "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>" |
| 2275 | msgstr "" |
| 2276 | |
| 2277 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2278 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1113 |
| 2279 | msgid "writable only by the user" |
| 2280 | msgstr "" |
| 2281 | |
| 2282 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2283 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1118 |
| 2284 | msgid "<literal>0002</literal>" |
| 2285 | msgstr "" |
| 2286 | |
| 2287 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2288 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1121 |
| 2289 | msgid "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>" |
| 2290 | msgstr "" |
| 2291 | |
| 2292 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2293 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1124 |
| 2294 | msgid "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>" |
| 2295 | msgstr "" |
| 2296 | |
| 2297 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2298 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1127 |
| 2299 | msgid "writable by the group" |
| 2300 | msgstr "" |
| 2301 | |
| 2302 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2303 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1133 |
| 2304 | msgid "" |
| 2305 | "The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A " |
| 2306 | "UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the " |
| 2307 | "same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only " |
| 2308 | "member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it is safe to set umask to " |
| 2309 | "<literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group. (In " |
| 2310 | "some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging " |
| 2311 | "to a single <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> " |
| 2312 | "group and is good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security " |
| 2313 | "in such cases.)" |
| 2314 | msgstr "" |
| 2315 | |
| 2316 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2317 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1136 |
| 2318 | msgid "Permissions for groups of users (group)" |
| 2319 | msgstr "" |
| 2320 | |
| 2321 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2322 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1137 |
| 2323 | msgid "" |
| 2324 | "In order to make group permissions to be applied to a particular user, that " |
| 2325 | "user needs to be made a member of the group using \"<literal>sudo " |
| 2326 | "vigr</literal>\"." |
| 2327 | msgstr "" |
| 2328 | |
| 2329 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 2330 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1139 |
| 2331 | msgid "" |
| 2332 | "Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the " |
| 2333 | "authentication process by adding \"<literal>auth optional " |
| 2334 | "pam_group.so</literal>\" line to " |
| 2335 | "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and setting " |
| 2336 | "\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\". (See <xref " |
| 2337 | "linkend=\"_authentication\"/>.)" |
| 2338 | msgstr "" |
| 2339 | |
| 2340 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2341 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1141 |
| 2342 | msgid "" |
| 2343 | "The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system. If " |
| 2344 | "you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from " |
| 2345 | "a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group." |
| 2346 | msgstr "" |
| 2347 | |
| 2348 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2349 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1142 |
| 2350 | msgid "" |
| 2351 | "Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular " |
| 2352 | "files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege." |
| 2353 | msgstr "" |
| 2354 | |
| 2355 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 2356 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1144 |
| 2357 | msgid "List of notable system-provided groups for file access" |
| 2358 | msgstr "" |
| 2359 | |
| 2360 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2361 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1151 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1238 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9017 |
| 2362 | msgid "group" |
| 2363 | msgstr "" |
| 2364 | |
| 2365 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2366 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1154 |
| 2367 | msgid "description for accessible files and devices" |
| 2368 | msgstr "" |
| 2369 | |
| 2370 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2371 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1161 |
| 2372 | msgid "<literal>dialout</literal>" |
| 2373 | msgstr "" |
| 2374 | |
| 2375 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2376 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1164 |
| 2377 | msgid "" |
| 2378 | "full and direct access to serial ports " |
| 2379 | "(\"<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>\")" |
| 2380 | msgstr "" |
| 2381 | |
| 2382 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2383 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1169 |
| 2384 | msgid "<literal>dip</literal>" |
| 2385 | msgstr "" |
| 2386 | |
| 2387 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2388 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1172 |
| 2389 | msgid "" |
| 2390 | "limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup " |
| 2391 | "IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers" |
| 2392 | msgstr "" |
| 2393 | |
| 2394 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2395 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1177 |
| 2396 | msgid "<literal>cdrom</literal>" |
| 2397 | msgstr "" |
| 2398 | |
| 2399 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2400 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1180 |
| 2401 | msgid "CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives" |
| 2402 | msgstr "" |
| 2403 | |
| 2404 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2405 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1185 |
| 2406 | msgid "<literal>audio</literal>" |
| 2407 | msgstr "" |
| 2408 | |
| 2409 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2410 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1188 |
| 2411 | msgid "audio device" |
| 2412 | msgstr "" |
| 2413 | |
| 2414 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2415 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1193 |
| 2416 | msgid "<literal>video</literal>" |
| 2417 | msgstr "" |
| 2418 | |
| 2419 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2420 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1196 |
| 2421 | msgid "video device" |
| 2422 | msgstr "" |
| 2423 | |
| 2424 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2425 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1201 |
| 2426 | msgid "<literal>scanner</literal>" |
| 2427 | msgstr "" |
| 2428 | |
| 2429 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2430 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1204 |
| 2431 | msgid "scanner(s)" |
| 2432 | msgstr "" |
| 2433 | |
| 2434 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2435 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1209 |
| 2436 | msgid "<literal>adm</literal>" |
| 2437 | msgstr "" |
| 2438 | |
| 2439 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2440 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1212 |
| 2441 | msgid "system monitoring logs" |
| 2442 | msgstr "" |
| 2443 | |
| 2444 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2445 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1217 |
| 2446 | msgid "<literal>staff</literal>" |
| 2447 | msgstr "" |
| 2448 | |
| 2449 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2450 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1220 |
| 2451 | msgid "" |
| 2452 | "some directories for junior administrative work: " |
| 2453 | "\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\", \"<literal>/home</literal>\"" |
| 2454 | msgstr "" |
| 2455 | |
| 2456 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 2457 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1227 |
| 2458 | msgid "" |
| 2459 | "You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure " |
| 2460 | "modem, dial anywhere, etc. But if <literal>root</literal> creates " |
| 2461 | "pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in " |
| 2462 | "\"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>\", you only need to belong to the " |
| 2463 | "<literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup " |
| 2464 | "IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using " |
| 2465 | "<literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), and " |
| 2466 | "<literal>poff</literal>(1) commands." |
| 2467 | msgstr "" |
| 2468 | |
| 2469 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2470 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1229 |
| 2471 | msgid "" |
| 2472 | "Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute " |
| 2473 | "particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege." |
| 2474 | msgstr "" |
| 2475 | |
| 2476 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 2477 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1231 |
| 2478 | msgid "List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions" |
| 2479 | msgstr "" |
| 2480 | |
| 2481 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2482 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1241 |
| 2483 | msgid "accessible commands" |
| 2484 | msgstr "" |
| 2485 | |
| 2486 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2487 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1248 |
| 2488 | msgid "<literal>sudo</literal>" |
| 2489 | msgstr "" |
| 2490 | |
| 2491 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2492 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1251 |
| 2493 | msgid "execute <literal>sudo</literal> without their password" |
| 2494 | msgstr "" |
| 2495 | |
| 2496 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2497 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1256 |
| 2498 | msgid "<literal>lpadmin</literal>" |
| 2499 | msgstr "" |
| 2500 | |
| 2501 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2502 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1259 |
| 2503 | msgid "execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases" |
| 2504 | msgstr "" |
| 2505 | |
| 2506 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2507 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1264 |
| 2508 | msgid "<literal>plugdev</literal>" |
| 2509 | msgstr "" |
| 2510 | |
| 2511 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2512 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1267 |
| 2513 | msgid "" |
| 2514 | "execute <literal>pmount</literal>(1) for removable devices such as USB " |
| 2515 | "memories" |
| 2516 | msgstr "" |
| 2517 | |
| 2518 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2519 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1273 |
| 2520 | msgid "" |
| 2521 | "For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent " |
| 2522 | "version of the \"Users and Groups\" document in " |
| 2523 | "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\" " |
| 2524 | "provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package." |
| 2525 | msgstr "" |
| 2526 | |
| 2527 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2528 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1274 |
| 2529 | msgid "" |
| 2530 | "See <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), " |
| 2531 | "<literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), " |
| 2532 | "<literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), and " |
| 2533 | "<literal>pam_group</literal>(8) for management commands of the user and " |
| 2534 | "group system." |
| 2535 | msgstr "" |
| 2536 | |
| 2537 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2538 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1277 |
| 2539 | msgid "Timestamps" |
| 2540 | msgstr "" |
| 2541 | |
| 2542 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2543 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1278 |
| 2544 | msgid "There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file." |
| 2545 | msgstr "" |
| 2546 | |
| 2547 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 2548 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1280 |
| 2549 | msgid "List of types of timestamps" |
| 2550 | msgstr "" |
| 2551 | |
| 2552 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2553 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1287 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10318 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12919 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13868 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14205 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15567 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16628 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16927 |
| 2554 | msgid "type" |
| 2555 | msgstr "" |
| 2556 | |
| 2557 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2558 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1297 |
| 2559 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>" |
| 2560 | msgstr "" |
| 2561 | |
| 2562 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2563 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1300 |
| 2564 | msgid "the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)" |
| 2565 | msgstr "" |
| 2566 | |
| 2567 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2568 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1305 |
| 2569 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>" |
| 2570 | msgstr "" |
| 2571 | |
| 2572 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2573 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1308 |
| 2574 | msgid "the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)" |
| 2575 | msgstr "" |
| 2576 | |
| 2577 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2578 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1313 |
| 2579 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>" |
| 2580 | msgstr "" |
| 2581 | |
| 2582 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 2583 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1316 |
| 2584 | msgid "the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)" |
| 2585 | msgstr "" |
| 2586 | |
| 2587 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 2588 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1323 |
| 2589 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time." |
| 2590 | msgstr "" |
| 2591 | |
| 2592 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2593 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1328 |
| 2594 | msgid "" |
| 2595 | "Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis " |
| 2596 | "role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis " |
| 2597 | "role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis " |
| 2598 | "role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file." |
| 2599 | msgstr "" |
| 2600 | |
| 2601 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2602 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1333 |
| 2603 | msgid "" |
| 2604 | "Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis " |
| 2605 | "role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis " |
| 2606 | "role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file." |
| 2607 | msgstr "" |
| 2608 | |
| 2609 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2610 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1338 |
| 2611 | msgid "" |
| 2612 | "Reading a file changes the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> of the " |
| 2613 | "file." |
| 2614 | msgstr "" |
| 2615 | |
| 2616 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 2617 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1343 |
| 2618 | msgid "" |
| 2619 | "Even simply reading a file on the Debian system normally causes a file write " |
| 2620 | "operation to update <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> information " |
| 2621 | "in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">inode</emphasis>. Mounting a filesystem " |
| 2622 | "with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" " |
| 2623 | "option makes the system skip this operation and results in faster file " |
| 2624 | "access for the read. This is often recommended for laptops, because it " |
| 2625 | "reduces hard drive activity and saves power. See " |
| 2626 | "<literal>mount</literal>(8)." |
| 2627 | msgstr "" |
| 2628 | |
| 2629 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2630 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1345 |
| 2631 | msgid "" |
| 2632 | "Use <literal>touch</literal>(1) command to change timestamps of existing " |
| 2633 | "files." |
| 2634 | msgstr "" |
| 2635 | |
| 2636 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2637 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1346 |
| 2638 | msgid "" |
| 2639 | "For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs different strings " |
| 2640 | "under the modern English locale (\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\") from " |
| 2641 | "under the old one (\"<literal>C</literal>\")." |
| 2642 | msgstr "" |
| 2643 | |
| 2644 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2645 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1347 |
| 2646 | #, no-wrap |
| 2647 | msgid "" |
| 2648 | "$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ls -l foo\n" |
| 2649 | "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 3 2008-03-05 00:47 foo\n" |
| 2650 | "$ LANG=C ls -l foo\n" |
| 2651 | "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 3 Mar 5 00:47 foo" |
| 2652 | msgstr "" |
| 2653 | |
| 2654 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 2655 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1352 |
| 2656 | msgid "" |
| 2657 | "See <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> to customize " |
| 2658 | "\"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output." |
| 2659 | msgstr "" |
| 2660 | |
| 2661 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2662 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1356 |
| 2663 | msgid "Links" |
| 2664 | msgstr "" |
| 2665 | |
| 2666 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2667 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1357 |
| 2668 | msgid "" |
| 2669 | "There are two methods of associating a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with " |
| 2670 | "a different filename \"<literal>bar</literal>\"." |
| 2671 | msgstr "" |
| 2672 | |
| 2673 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2674 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1361 |
| 2675 | msgid "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Hard link</ulink>" |
| 2676 | msgstr "" |
| 2677 | |
| 2678 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2679 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1366 |
| 2680 | msgid "Duplicate name for an existing file" |
| 2681 | msgstr "" |
| 2682 | |
| 2683 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2684 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1371 |
| 2685 | msgid "\"<literal>ln foo bar</literal>\"" |
| 2686 | msgstr "" |
| 2687 | |
| 2688 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2689 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1378 |
| 2690 | msgid "<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>" |
| 2691 | msgstr "" |
| 2692 | |
| 2693 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2694 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1383 |
| 2695 | msgid "Special file that points to another file by name" |
| 2696 | msgstr "" |
| 2697 | |
| 2698 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2699 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1388 |
| 2700 | msgid "\"<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>\"" |
| 2701 | msgstr "" |
| 2702 | |
| 2703 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2704 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1394 |
| 2705 | msgid "" |
| 2706 | "See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle " |
| 2707 | "differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command." |
| 2708 | msgstr "" |
| 2709 | |
| 2710 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2711 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1395 |
| 2712 | #, no-wrap |
| 2713 | msgid "" |
| 2714 | "$ echo \"Original Content\" > foo\n" |
| 2715 | "$ ls -li foo\n" |
| 2716 | "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 foo\n" |
| 2717 | "$ ln foo bar # hard link\n" |
| 2718 | "$ ln -s foo baz # symlink\n" |
| 2719 | "$ ls -li foo bar baz\n" |
| 2720 | "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 bar\n" |
| 2721 | "2398538 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin 3 2007-04-29 08:16 baz -> foo\n" |
| 2722 | "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 foo\n" |
| 2723 | "$ rm foo\n" |
| 2724 | "$ echo \"New Content\" > foo\n" |
| 2725 | "$ ls -li foo bar baz\n" |
| 2726 | "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 bar\n" |
| 2727 | "2398538 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin 3 2007-04-29 08:16 baz -> foo\n" |
| 2728 | "2398540 -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 2007-04-29 08:17 foo\n" |
| 2729 | "$ cat bar\n" |
| 2730 | "Original Content\n" |
| 2731 | "$ cat baz\n" |
| 2732 | "New Content" |
| 2733 | msgstr "" |
| 2734 | |
| 2735 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2736 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1414 |
| 2737 | msgid "" |
| 2738 | "The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same " |
| 2739 | "inode number which the \"<literal>-i</literal>\" option with " |
| 2740 | "<literal>ls</literal>(1) reveals." |
| 2741 | msgstr "" |
| 2742 | |
| 2743 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2744 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1415 |
| 2745 | msgid "" |
| 2746 | "The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of " |
| 2747 | "\"<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>\", as shown in the above example, with the " |
| 2748 | "effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it " |
| 2749 | "points to." |
| 2750 | msgstr "" |
| 2751 | |
| 2752 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> |
| 2753 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1417 |
| 2754 | msgid "" |
| 2755 | "It is generally good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or " |
| 2756 | "hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason. It may cause " |
| 2757 | "nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in " |
| 2758 | "loops in the filesystem." |
| 2759 | msgstr "" |
| 2760 | |
| 2761 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 2762 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1420 |
| 2763 | msgid "" |
| 2764 | "It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks " |
| 2765 | "unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink." |
| 2766 | msgstr "" |
| 2767 | |
| 2768 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2769 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1422 |
| 2770 | msgid "" |
| 2771 | "The \"<literal>.</literal>\" directory links to the directory that it " |
| 2772 | "appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2. The " |
| 2773 | "\"<literal>..</literal>\" directory links to the parent directory, thus the " |
| 2774 | "link count of the directory increases with the addition of new " |
| 2775 | "subdirectories." |
| 2776 | msgstr "" |
| 2777 | |
| 2778 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2779 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1423 |
| 2780 | msgid "" |
| 2781 | "If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how " |
| 2782 | "well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest " |
| 2783 | "Windows equivalent of \"shortcuts\". Because it is implemented in the " |
| 2784 | "filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and " |
| 2785 | "the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference." |
| 2786 | msgstr "" |
| 2787 | |
| 2788 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2789 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1426 |
| 2790 | msgid "Named pipes (FIFOs)" |
| 2791 | msgstr "" |
| 2792 | |
| 2793 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2794 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1427 |
| 2795 | msgid "" |
| 2796 | "A <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a " |
| 2797 | "pipe. You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end. " |
| 2798 | "Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in " |
| 2799 | "the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end." |
| 2800 | msgstr "" |
| 2801 | |
| 2802 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2803 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1428 |
| 2804 | msgid "" |
| 2805 | "If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe " |
| 2806 | "doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the " |
| 2807 | "pipe. If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there " |
| 2808 | "is nothing to read before terminating. The size of the pipe is always zero " |
| 2809 | "--- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the shell " |
| 2810 | "\"<literal>|</literal>\". However, since this pipe has a name, the two " |
| 2811 | "processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the " |
| 2812 | "same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix." |
| 2813 | msgstr "" |
| 2814 | |
| 2815 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2816 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1430 |
| 2817 | #, no-wrap |
| 2818 | msgid "" |
| 2819 | "$ cd; mkfifo mypipe\n" |
| 2820 | "$ echo \"hello\" >mypipe & # put into background\n" |
| 2821 | "[1] 8022\n" |
| 2822 | "$ ls -l mypipe\n" |
| 2823 | "prw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 2007-04-29 08:25 mypipe\n" |
| 2824 | "$ cat mypipe\n" |
| 2825 | "hello\n" |
| 2826 | "[1]+ Done echo \"hello\" >mypipe\n" |
| 2827 | "$ ls mypipe\n" |
| 2828 | "mypipe\n" |
| 2829 | "$ rm mypipe" |
| 2830 | msgstr "" |
| 2831 | |
| 2832 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2833 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1443 |
| 2834 | msgid "Sockets" |
| 2835 | msgstr "" |
| 2836 | |
| 2837 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2838 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1444 |
| 2839 | msgid "" |
| 2840 | "Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, " |
| 2841 | "and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and " |
| 2842 | "allows processes to exchange information even between different computers. " |
| 2843 | "For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time " |
| 2844 | "nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process. This is the " |
| 2845 | "endpoint for <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;\">the inter " |
| 2846 | "process communication (IPC)</ulink>. The exchange of information may occur " |
| 2847 | "over the network between different hosts. The two most common ones are " |
| 2848 | "<ulink url=\"&theinternetsocket;\">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink " |
| 2849 | "url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">the Unix domain socket</ulink>." |
| 2850 | msgstr "" |
| 2851 | |
| 2852 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 2853 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1446 |
| 2854 | msgid "" |
| 2855 | "\"<literal>netstat -an</literal>\" provides a very useful overview of " |
| 2856 | "sockets that are open on a given system." |
| 2857 | msgstr "" |
| 2858 | |
| 2859 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2860 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1450 |
| 2861 | msgid "Device files" |
| 2862 | msgstr "" |
| 2863 | |
| 2864 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2865 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1451 |
| 2866 | msgid "" |
| 2867 | "<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or " |
| 2868 | "virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, " |
| 2869 | "or keyboard. An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by " |
| 2870 | "\"<literal>/dev/console</literal>\"." |
| 2871 | msgstr "" |
| 2872 | |
| 2873 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2874 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1452 |
| 2875 | msgid "There are 2 types of device files." |
| 2876 | msgstr "" |
| 2877 | |
| 2878 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2879 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1456 |
| 2880 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Character device</emphasis>" |
| 2881 | msgstr "" |
| 2882 | |
| 2883 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2884 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1461 |
| 2885 | msgid "Accessed one character at a time" |
| 2886 | msgstr "" |
| 2887 | |
| 2888 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2889 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1466 |
| 2890 | msgid "1 character = 1 byte" |
| 2891 | msgstr "" |
| 2892 | |
| 2893 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2894 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1471 |
| 2895 | msgid "E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …" |
| 2896 | msgstr "" |
| 2897 | |
| 2898 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2899 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1478 |
| 2900 | msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Block device</emphasis>" |
| 2901 | msgstr "" |
| 2902 | |
| 2903 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2904 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1483 |
| 2905 | msgid "accessed in larger units called blocks" |
| 2906 | msgstr "" |
| 2907 | |
| 2908 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2909 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1488 |
| 2910 | msgid "1 block > 1 byte" |
| 2911 | msgstr "" |
| 2912 | |
| 2913 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2914 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1493 |
| 2915 | msgid "E.g. hard disk, …" |
| 2916 | msgstr "" |
| 2917 | |
| 2918 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2919 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1499 |
| 2920 | msgid "" |
| 2921 | "You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary " |
| 2922 | "data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish. Writing data " |
| 2923 | "directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of " |
| 2924 | "hardware connections. For example, you can dump a text file to the printer " |
| 2925 | "device \"<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>\" or send modem commands to the " |
| 2926 | "appropriate serial port \"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\". But, unless this " |
| 2927 | "is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster. So be cautious." |
| 2928 | msgstr "" |
| 2929 | |
| 2930 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 2931 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1501 |
| 2932 | msgid "For the normal access to a printer, use <literal>lp</literal>(1)." |
| 2933 | msgstr "" |
| 2934 | |
| 2935 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2936 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1503 |
| 2937 | msgid "" |
| 2938 | "The device node number are displayed by executing <literal>ls</literal>(1) " |
| 2939 | "as the following." |
| 2940 | msgstr "" |
| 2941 | |
| 2942 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 2943 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1504 |
| 2944 | #, no-wrap |
| 2945 | msgid "" |
| 2946 | "$ ls -l /dev/hda /dev/ttyS0 /dev/zero\n" |
| 2947 | "brw-rw---- 1 root cdrom 3, 0 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/hda\n" |
| 2948 | "crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 64 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/ttyS0\n" |
| 2949 | "crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/zero" |
| 2950 | msgstr "" |
| 2951 | |
| 2952 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2953 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1511 |
| 2954 | msgid "" |
| 2955 | "\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" has the major device number 3 and the minor " |
| 2956 | "device number 0. This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to " |
| 2957 | "<literal>disk</literal> group." |
| 2958 | msgstr "" |
| 2959 | |
| 2960 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2961 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1516 |
| 2962 | msgid "" |
| 2963 | "\"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\" has the major device number 4 and the " |
| 2964 | "minor device number 64. This is read/write accessible by the user who " |
| 2965 | "belongs to <literal>dialout</literal> group." |
| 2966 | msgstr "" |
| 2967 | |
| 2968 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 2969 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1521 |
| 2970 | msgid "" |
| 2971 | "\"<literal>/dev/zero</literal>\" has the major device number 1 and the minor " |
| 2972 | "device number 5. This is read/write accessible by anyone." |
| 2973 | msgstr "" |
| 2974 | |
| 2975 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2976 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1525 |
| 2977 | msgid "" |
| 2978 | "In the Linux 2.6 system, the filesystem under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\" " |
| 2979 | "is automatically populated by the <literal>udev</literal>(7) mechanism." |
| 2980 | msgstr "" |
| 2981 | |
| 2982 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 2983 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1528 |
| 2984 | msgid "Special device files" |
| 2985 | msgstr "" |
| 2986 | |
| 2987 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 2988 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1529 |
| 2989 | msgid "There are some special device files." |
| 2990 | msgstr "" |
| 2991 | |
| 2992 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 2993 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1531 |
| 2994 | msgid "List of special device files" |
| 2995 | msgstr "" |
| 2996 | |
| 2997 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 2998 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1539 |
| 2999 | msgid "device file" |
| 3000 | msgstr "" |
| 3001 | |
| 3002 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3003 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1542 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2194 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6526 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11355 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11957 |
| 3004 | msgid "action" |
| 3005 | msgstr "" |
| 3006 | |
| 3007 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3008 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1545 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19163 |
| 3009 | msgid "description of response" |
| 3010 | msgstr "" |
| 3011 | |
| 3012 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3013 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1552 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1563 |
| 3014 | msgid "<literal>/dev/null</literal>" |
| 3015 | msgstr "" |
| 3016 | |
| 3017 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3018 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1555 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1577 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1588 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1599 |
| 3019 | msgid "read" |
| 3020 | msgstr "" |
| 3021 | |
| 3022 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3023 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1558 |
| 3024 | msgid "return \"end-of-file (EOF) character\"" |
| 3025 | msgstr "" |
| 3026 | |
| 3027 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3028 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1566 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1610 |
| 3029 | msgid "write" |
| 3030 | msgstr "" |
| 3031 | |
| 3032 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3033 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1569 |
| 3034 | msgid "return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)" |
| 3035 | msgstr "" |
| 3036 | |
| 3037 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3038 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1574 |
| 3039 | msgid "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" |
| 3040 | msgstr "" |
| 3041 | |
| 3042 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3043 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1580 |
| 3044 | msgid "" |
| 3045 | "return \"the <literal>\\0</literal> (NUL) character\" (not the same as the " |
| 3046 | "number zero ASCII)" |
| 3047 | msgstr "" |
| 3048 | |
| 3049 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3050 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1585 |
| 3051 | msgid "<literal>/dev/random</literal>" |
| 3052 | msgstr "" |
| 3053 | |
| 3054 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3055 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1591 |
| 3056 | msgid "" |
| 3057 | "return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering " |
| 3058 | "real entropy (slow)" |
| 3059 | msgstr "" |
| 3060 | |
| 3061 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3062 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1596 |
| 3063 | msgid "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>" |
| 3064 | msgstr "" |
| 3065 | |
| 3066 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3067 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1602 |
| 3068 | msgid "" |
| 3069 | "return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number " |
| 3070 | "generator" |
| 3071 | msgstr "" |
| 3072 | |
| 3073 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3074 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1607 |
| 3075 | msgid "<literal>/dev/full</literal>" |
| 3076 | msgstr "" |
| 3077 | |
| 3078 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3079 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1613 |
| 3080 | msgid "return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error" |
| 3081 | msgstr "" |
| 3082 | |
| 3083 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3084 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1619 |
| 3085 | msgid "" |
| 3086 | "These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see " |
| 3087 | "<xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection\"/>)." |
| 3088 | msgstr "" |
| 3089 | |
| 3090 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3091 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1622 |
| 3092 | msgid "procfs and sysfs" |
| 3093 | msgstr "" |
| 3094 | |
| 3095 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3096 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1623 |
| 3097 | msgid "" |
| 3098 | "The <ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> and <ulink " |
| 3099 | "url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> mounted on \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" and " |
| 3100 | "\"<literal>/sys</literal>\" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal " |
| 3101 | "data structures of the kernel to the userspace. In other word, these " |
| 3102 | "entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the " |
| 3103 | "operation of the operating system." |
| 3104 | msgstr "" |
| 3105 | |
| 3106 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3107 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1624 |
| 3108 | msgid "" |
| 3109 | "The directory \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" contains (among other things) one " |
| 3110 | "subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after " |
| 3111 | "the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such " |
| 3112 | "as <literal>ps</literal>(1), get their information from this directory " |
| 3113 | "structure." |
| 3114 | msgstr "" |
| 3115 | |
| 3116 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3117 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1625 |
| 3118 | msgid "" |
| 3119 | "The directories under \"<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>\" contain interface to " |
| 3120 | "change certain kernel parameters at run time. (You may do the same through " |
| 3121 | "specialized <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) command or its " |
| 3122 | "preload/configuration file \"<literal>/etc/sysctrl.conf</literal>\".)" |
| 3123 | msgstr "" |
| 3124 | |
| 3125 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 3126 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1627 |
| 3127 | msgid "" |
| 3128 | "The Linux kernel may complain \"Too many open files\". You can fix this by " |
| 3129 | "increasing \"<literal>file-max</literal>\" value to a larger value from the " |
| 3130 | "root shell, e.g., \"<literal>echo \"65536\" > " |
| 3131 | "/proc/sys/fs/file-max</literal>\" (This was needed on older kernels)." |
| 3132 | msgstr "" |
| 3133 | |
| 3134 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3135 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1629 |
| 3136 | msgid "" |
| 3137 | "People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - " |
| 3138 | "\"<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>\" - which is generally huge. This is (more " |
| 3139 | "or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory. It's used to " |
| 3140 | "debug the kernel. It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so " |
| 3141 | "don't worry about its size." |
| 3142 | msgstr "" |
| 3143 | |
| 3144 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3145 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1630 |
| 3146 | msgid "" |
| 3147 | "The directory under \"<literal>/sys</literal>\" contains exported kernel " |
| 3148 | "data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also " |
| 3149 | "contains interface to change certain kernel parameters at run time." |
| 3150 | msgstr "" |
| 3151 | |
| 3152 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3153 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1631 |
| 3154 | msgid "" |
| 3155 | "See \"<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>\", " |
| 3156 | "\"<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>\" and other related documents in the " |
| 3157 | "Linux kernel documentation " |
| 3158 | "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>\") " |
| 3159 | "provided by the <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal> package." |
| 3160 | msgstr "" |
| 3161 | |
| 3162 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> |
| 3163 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1635 |
| 3164 | msgid "Midnight Commander (MC)" |
| 3165 | msgstr "" |
| 3166 | |
| 3167 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 3168 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1636 |
| 3169 | msgid "" |
| 3170 | "<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a " |
| 3171 | "GNU \"Swiss army knife\" for the Linux console and other terminal " |
| 3172 | "environments. This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is " |
| 3173 | "much easier to learn than standard Unix commands." |
| 3174 | msgstr "" |
| 3175 | |
| 3176 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 3177 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1637 |
| 3178 | msgid "" |
| 3179 | "You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled " |
| 3180 | "\"<literal>mc</literal>\" by the following." |
| 3181 | msgstr "" |
| 3182 | |
| 3183 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> |
| 3184 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1638 |
| 3185 | #, no-wrap |
| 3186 | msgid "$ sudo aptitude install mc" |
| 3187 | msgstr "" |
| 3188 | |
| 3189 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 3190 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1639 |
| 3191 | msgid "" |
| 3192 | "Use the <literal>mc</literal>(1) command to explore the Debian system. This " |
| 3193 | "is the best way to learn. Please explore few interesting locations just " |
| 3194 | "using the cursor keys and Enter key." |
| 3195 | msgstr "" |
| 3196 | |
| 3197 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3198 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1643 |
| 3199 | msgid "\"<literal>/etc</literal>\" and its subdirectories" |
| 3200 | msgstr "" |
| 3201 | |
| 3202 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3203 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1648 |
| 3204 | msgid "\"<literal>/var/log</literal>\" and its subdirectories" |
| 3205 | msgstr "" |
| 3206 | |
| 3207 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3208 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1653 |
| 3209 | msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" and its subdirectories" |
| 3210 | msgstr "" |
| 3211 | |
| 3212 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3213 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1658 |
| 3214 | msgid "\"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/bin</literal>\"" |
| 3215 | msgstr "" |
| 3216 | |
| 3217 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3218 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1663 |
| 3219 | msgid "Customization of MC" |
| 3220 | msgstr "" |
| 3221 | |
| 3222 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3223 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1664 |
| 3224 | msgid "" |
| 3225 | "In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and " |
| 3226 | "<literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify " |
| 3227 | "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\" to include a script provided by the " |
| 3228 | "<literal>mc</literal> package." |
| 3229 | msgstr "" |
| 3230 | |
| 3231 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3232 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1665 |
| 3233 | #, no-wrap |
| 3234 | msgid ". /usr/share/mc/bin/mc.sh" |
| 3235 | msgstr "" |
| 3236 | |
| 3237 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3238 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1666 |
| 3239 | msgid "" |
| 3240 | "See <literal>mc</literal>(1) (under the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option) " |
| 3241 | "for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, " |
| 3242 | "you can do this later.)" |
| 3243 | msgstr "" |
| 3244 | |
| 3245 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3246 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1669 |
| 3247 | msgid "Starting MC" |
| 3248 | msgstr "" |
| 3249 | |
| 3250 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3251 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1670 |
| 3252 | msgid "MC can be started by the following." |
| 3253 | msgstr "" |
| 3254 | |
| 3255 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3256 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1671 |
| 3257 | #, no-wrap |
| 3258 | msgid "$ mc" |
| 3259 | msgstr "" |
| 3260 | |
| 3261 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3262 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1672 |
| 3263 | msgid "" |
| 3264 | "MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal " |
| 3265 | "user effort. Just press F1 to get the help screen. You can play with MC " |
| 3266 | "just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys." |
| 3267 | msgstr "" |
| 3268 | |
| 3269 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> |
| 3270 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1674 |
| 3271 | msgid "" |
| 3272 | "In some consoles such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), key strokes " |
| 3273 | "of function-keys may be stolen by the console program. You can disable " |
| 3274 | "these features by \"Edit\" → \"Keyboard Shortcuts\" for " |
| 3275 | "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>." |
| 3276 | msgstr "" |
| 3277 | |
| 3278 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3279 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1676 |
| 3280 | msgid "" |
| 3281 | "If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage " |
| 3282 | "characters, adding \"<literal>-a</literal>\" to MC's command line may help " |
| 3283 | "prevent problems." |
| 3284 | msgstr "" |
| 3285 | |
| 3286 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3287 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1677 |
| 3288 | msgid "" |
| 3289 | "If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref " |
| 3290 | "linkend=\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>." |
| 3291 | msgstr "" |
| 3292 | |
| 3293 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3294 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1680 |
| 3295 | msgid "File manager in MC" |
| 3296 | msgstr "" |
| 3297 | |
| 3298 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3299 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1681 |
| 3300 | msgid "" |
| 3301 | "The default is two directory panels containing file lists. Another useful " |
| 3302 | "mode is to set the right window to \"information\" to see file access " |
| 3303 | "privilege information, etc. Following are some essential keystrokes. With " |
| 3304 | "the <literal>gpm</literal>(8) daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux " |
| 3305 | "character consoles, too. (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the " |
| 3306 | "normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)" |
| 3307 | msgstr "" |
| 3308 | |
| 3309 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 3310 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1683 |
| 3311 | msgid "The key bindings of MC" |
| 3312 | msgstr "" |
| 3313 | |
| 3314 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3315 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1690 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2064 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5510 |
| 3316 | msgid "key" |
| 3317 | msgstr "" |
| 3318 | |
| 3319 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3320 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1693 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5513 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17688 |
| 3321 | msgid "key binding" |
| 3322 | msgstr "" |
| 3323 | |
| 3324 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3325 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1700 |
| 3326 | msgid "<literal>F1</literal>" |
| 3327 | msgstr "" |
| 3328 | |
| 3329 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3330 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1703 |
| 3331 | msgid "help menu" |
| 3332 | msgstr "" |
| 3333 | |
| 3334 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3335 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1708 |
| 3336 | msgid "<literal>F3</literal>" |
| 3337 | msgstr "" |
| 3338 | |
| 3339 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3340 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1711 |
| 3341 | msgid "internal file viewer" |
| 3342 | msgstr "" |
| 3343 | |
| 3344 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3345 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1716 |
| 3346 | msgid "<literal>F4</literal>" |
| 3347 | msgstr "" |
| 3348 | |
| 3349 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3350 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1719 |
| 3351 | msgid "internal editor" |
| 3352 | msgstr "" |
| 3353 | |
| 3354 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3355 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1724 |
| 3356 | msgid "<literal>F9</literal>" |
| 3357 | msgstr "" |
| 3358 | |
| 3359 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3360 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1727 |
| 3361 | msgid "activate pull down menu" |
| 3362 | msgstr "" |
| 3363 | |
| 3364 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3365 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1732 |
| 3366 | msgid "<literal>F10</literal>" |
| 3367 | msgstr "" |
| 3368 | |
| 3369 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3370 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1735 |
| 3371 | msgid "exit Midnight Commander" |
| 3372 | msgstr "" |
| 3373 | |
| 3374 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3375 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1740 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2161 |
| 3376 | msgid "<literal>Tab</literal>" |
| 3377 | msgstr "" |
| 3378 | |
| 3379 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3380 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1743 |
| 3381 | msgid "move between two windows" |
| 3382 | msgstr "" |
| 3383 | |
| 3384 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3385 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1747 |
| 3386 | msgid "<literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>" |
| 3387 | msgstr "" |
| 3388 | |
| 3389 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3390 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1750 |
| 3391 | msgid "mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy" |
| 3392 | msgstr "" |
| 3393 | |
| 3394 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3395 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1755 |
| 3396 | msgid "<literal>Del</literal>" |
| 3397 | msgstr "" |
| 3398 | |
| 3399 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3400 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1758 |
| 3401 | msgid "delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)" |
| 3402 | msgstr "" |
| 3403 | |
| 3404 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3405 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1763 |
| 3406 | msgid "Cursor keys" |
| 3407 | msgstr "" |
| 3408 | |
| 3409 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3410 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1766 |
| 3411 | msgid "self-explanatory" |
| 3412 | msgstr "" |
| 3413 | |
| 3414 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3415 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1774 |
| 3416 | msgid "Command-line tricks in MC" |
| 3417 | msgstr "" |
| 3418 | |
| 3419 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3420 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1777 |
| 3421 | msgid "" |
| 3422 | "<literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected " |
| 3423 | "screen." |
| 3424 | msgstr "" |
| 3425 | |
| 3426 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3427 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1781 |
| 3428 | msgid "" |
| 3429 | "<literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a " |
| 3430 | "filename to the command line. Use this with <literal>cp</literal>(1) and " |
| 3431 | "<literal>mv</literal>(1) commands together with command-line editing." |
| 3432 | msgstr "" |
| 3433 | |
| 3434 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3435 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1785 |
| 3436 | msgid "<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices." |
| 3437 | msgstr "" |
| 3438 | |
| 3439 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3440 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1790 |
| 3441 | msgid "" |
| 3442 | "One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; " |
| 3443 | "for example, \"<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>\"." |
| 3444 | msgstr "" |
| 3445 | |
| 3446 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3447 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1794 |
| 3448 | msgid "" |
| 3449 | "<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> " |
| 3450 | "(i.e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → " |
| 3451 | "<literal>F1</literal>, etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → " |
| 3452 | "<literal>F10</literal>)" |
| 3453 | msgstr "" |
| 3454 | |
| 3455 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> |
| 3456 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1799 |
| 3457 | msgid "" |
| 3458 | "Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as " |
| 3459 | "pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type " |
| 3460 | "<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>. " |
| 3461 | "<literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as " |
| 3462 | "\"<literal>M-</literal>\"." |
| 3463 | msgstr "" |
| 3464 | |
| 3465 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3466 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1805 |
| 3467 | msgid "The internal editor in MC" |
| 3468 | msgstr "" |
| 3469 | |
| 3470 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3471 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1806 |
| 3472 | msgid "" |
| 3473 | "The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme. Pressing " |
| 3474 | "<literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second " |
| 3475 | "<literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the " |
| 3476 | "selection. Then you can move your cursor. If you press F6, the selected " |
| 3477 | "area is moved to the cursor location. If you press F5, the selected area is " |
| 3478 | "copied and inserted at the cursor location. <literal>F2</literal> saves the " |
| 3479 | "file. <literal>F10</literal> gets you out. Most cursor keys work " |
| 3480 | "intuitively." |
| 3481 | msgstr "" |
| 3482 | |
| 3483 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3484 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1807 |
| 3485 | msgid "" |
| 3486 | "This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following " |
| 3487 | "commands." |
| 3488 | msgstr "" |
| 3489 | |
| 3490 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3491 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1808 |
| 3492 | #, no-wrap |
| 3493 | msgid "$ mc -e filename_to_edit" |
| 3494 | msgstr "" |
| 3495 | |
| 3496 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3497 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1809 |
| 3498 | #, no-wrap |
| 3499 | msgid "$ mcedit filename_to_edit" |
| 3500 | msgstr "" |
| 3501 | |
| 3502 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3503 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1810 |
| 3504 | msgid "" |
| 3505 | "This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles " |
| 3506 | "to achieve the same effect. To copy between windows, use Alt-F<n> " |
| 3507 | "keys to switch virtual consoles and use \"File→Insert file\" or \"File→Copy " |
| 3508 | "to file\" to move a portion of a file to another file." |
| 3509 | msgstr "" |
| 3510 | |
| 3511 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3512 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1811 |
| 3513 | msgid "This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice." |
| 3514 | msgstr "" |
| 3515 | |
| 3516 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3517 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1812 |
| 3518 | msgid "" |
| 3519 | "Also, many programs use the environment variables " |
| 3520 | "\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide " |
| 3521 | "which editor to use. If you are uncomfortable with " |
| 3522 | "<literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>nano</literal>(1) initially, you may " |
| 3523 | "set these to \"<literal>mcedit</literal>\" by adding the following lines to " |
| 3524 | "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." |
| 3525 | msgstr "" |
| 3526 | |
| 3527 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3528 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1813 |
| 3529 | #, no-wrap |
| 3530 | msgid "" |
| 3531 | "export EDITOR=mcedit\n" |
| 3532 | "export VISUAL=mcedit" |
| 3533 | msgstr "" |
| 3534 | |
| 3535 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3536 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1815 |
| 3537 | msgid "I do recommend setting these to \"<literal>vim</literal>\" if possible." |
| 3538 | msgstr "" |
| 3539 | |
| 3540 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3541 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1816 |
| 3542 | msgid "" |
| 3543 | "If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1), you can keep using " |
| 3544 | "<literal>mcedit</literal>(1) for most system maintenance tasks." |
| 3545 | msgstr "" |
| 3546 | |
| 3547 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3548 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1819 |
| 3549 | msgid "The internal viewer in MC" |
| 3550 | msgstr "" |
| 3551 | |
| 3552 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3553 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1820 |
| 3554 | msgid "" |
| 3555 | "MC is a very smart viewer. This is a great tool for searching words in " |
| 3556 | "documents. I always use this for files in the " |
| 3557 | "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" directory. This is the fastest way to " |
| 3558 | "browse through masses of Linux information. This viewer can be directly " |
| 3559 | "started using one of the following commands." |
| 3560 | msgstr "" |
| 3561 | |
| 3562 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3563 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1821 |
| 3564 | #, no-wrap |
| 3565 | msgid "$ mc -v path/to/filename_to_view" |
| 3566 | msgstr "" |
| 3567 | |
| 3568 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3569 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1822 |
| 3570 | #, no-wrap |
| 3571 | msgid "$ mcview path/to/filename_to_view" |
| 3572 | msgstr "" |
| 3573 | |
| 3574 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3575 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1825 |
| 3576 | msgid "Auto-start features of MC" |
| 3577 | msgstr "" |
| 3578 | |
| 3579 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3580 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1826 |
| 3581 | msgid "" |
| 3582 | "Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of " |
| 3583 | "the file (see <xref linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). This " |
| 3584 | "is a very convenient MC feature." |
| 3585 | msgstr "" |
| 3586 | |
| 3587 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 3588 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1828 |
| 3589 | msgid "The reaction to the enter key in MC" |
| 3590 | msgstr "" |
| 3591 | |
| 3592 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3593 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1835 |
| 3594 | msgid "file type" |
| 3595 | msgstr "" |
| 3596 | |
| 3597 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3598 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1838 |
| 3599 | msgid "reaction to enter key" |
| 3600 | msgstr "" |
| 3601 | |
| 3602 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3603 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1845 |
| 3604 | msgid "executable file" |
| 3605 | msgstr "" |
| 3606 | |
| 3607 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3608 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1848 |
| 3609 | msgid "execute command" |
| 3610 | msgstr "" |
| 3611 | |
| 3612 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3613 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1853 |
| 3614 | msgid "man file" |
| 3615 | msgstr "" |
| 3616 | |
| 3617 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3618 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1856 |
| 3619 | msgid "pipe content to viewer software" |
| 3620 | msgstr "" |
| 3621 | |
| 3622 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3623 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1861 |
| 3624 | msgid "html file" |
| 3625 | msgstr "" |
| 3626 | |
| 3627 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3628 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1864 |
| 3629 | msgid "pipe content to web browser" |
| 3630 | msgstr "" |
| 3631 | |
| 3632 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3633 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1869 |
| 3634 | msgid "\"<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>\" and \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" file" |
| 3635 | msgstr "" |
| 3636 | |
| 3637 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3638 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1872 |
| 3639 | msgid "browse its contents as if subdirectory" |
| 3640 | msgstr "" |
| 3641 | |
| 3642 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3643 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1878 |
| 3644 | msgid "" |
| 3645 | "In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, " |
| 3646 | "viewable files should not be set as executable. Change their status using " |
| 3647 | "<literal>chmod</literal>(1) or via the MC file menu." |
| 3648 | msgstr "" |
| 3649 | |
| 3650 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3651 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1881 |
| 3652 | msgid "FTP virtual filesystem of MC" |
| 3653 | msgstr "" |
| 3654 | |
| 3655 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3656 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1882 |
| 3657 | msgid "" |
| 3658 | "MC can be used to access files over the Internet using FTP. Go to the menu " |
| 3659 | "by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, then type \"<literal>p</literal>\" to " |
| 3660 | "activate the FTP virtual filesystem. Enter a URL in the form " |
| 3661 | "\"<literal>username:passwd@hostname.domainname</literal>\", which retrieves " |
| 3662 | "a remote directory that appears like a local one." |
| 3663 | msgstr "" |
| 3664 | |
| 3665 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3666 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1883 |
| 3667 | msgid "" |
| 3668 | "Try \"[http.us.debian.org/debian]\" as the URL and browse the Debian " |
| 3669 | "archive." |
| 3670 | msgstr "" |
| 3671 | |
| 3672 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> |
| 3673 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1887 |
| 3674 | msgid "The basic Unix-like work environment" |
| 3675 | msgstr "" |
| 3676 | |
| 3677 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> |
| 3678 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1888 |
| 3679 | msgid "" |
| 3680 | "Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for " |
| 3681 | "you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt " |
| 3682 | "and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment." |
| 3683 | msgstr "" |
| 3684 | |
| 3685 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3686 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1890 |
| 3687 | msgid "The login shell" |
| 3688 | msgstr "" |
| 3689 | |
| 3690 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3691 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1891 |
| 3692 | msgid "You can select your login shell with <literal>chsh</literal>(1)." |
| 3693 | msgstr "" |
| 3694 | |
| 3695 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 3696 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1893 |
| 3697 | msgid "List of shell programs" |
| 3698 | msgstr "" |
| 3699 | |
| 3700 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3701 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1912 |
| 3702 | msgid "POSIX shell" |
| 3703 | msgstr "" |
| 3704 | |
| 3705 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3706 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1925 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1944 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1955 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1965 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1986 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1996 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2018 |
| 3707 | msgid "Yes" |
| 3708 | msgstr "" |
| 3709 | |
| 3710 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3711 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1927 |
| 3712 | msgid "" |
| 3713 | "<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto " |
| 3714 | "standard)" |
| 3715 | msgstr "" |
| 3716 | |
| 3717 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3718 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1935 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1976 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2007 |
| 3719 | msgid "No" |
| 3720 | msgstr "" |
| 3721 | |
| 3722 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3723 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1937 |
| 3724 | msgid "" |
| 3725 | "<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of " |
| 3726 | "<ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>" |
| 3727 | msgstr "" |
| 3728 | |
| 3729 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3730 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1947 |
| 3731 | msgid "" |
| 3732 | "Debian <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell " |
| 3733 | "script" |
| 3734 | msgstr "" |
| 3735 | |
| 3736 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3737 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1957 |
| 3738 | msgid "" |
| 3739 | "<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many " |
| 3740 | "enhancements" |
| 3741 | msgstr "" |
| 3742 | |
| 3743 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3744 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1968 |
| 3745 | msgid "public domain version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</ulink>" |
| 3746 | msgstr "" |
| 3747 | |
| 3748 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3749 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1978 |
| 3750 | msgid "" |
| 3751 | "<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink " |
| 3752 | "url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>" |
| 3753 | msgstr "" |
| 3754 | |
| 3755 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3756 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1988 |
| 3757 | msgid "" |
| 3758 | "<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin " |
| 3759 | "commands (Not meant for standard \"<literal>/bin/sh</literal>\")" |
| 3760 | msgstr "" |
| 3761 | |
| 3762 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3763 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1999 |
| 3764 | msgid "" |
| 3765 | "the real, AT&T version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn " |
| 3766 | "shell</ulink>" |
| 3767 | msgstr "" |
| 3768 | |
| 3769 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3770 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2010 |
| 3771 | msgid "" |
| 3772 | "implementation of the <ulink url=\"&attplanj;\">AT&T Plan 9</ulink> " |
| 3773 | "<ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">rc shell</ulink>" |
| 3774 | msgstr "" |
| 3775 | |
| 3776 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3777 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2021 |
| 3778 | msgid "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)" |
| 3779 | msgstr "" |
| 3780 | |
| 3781 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3782 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2027 |
| 3783 | msgid "" |
| 3784 | "In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means " |
| 3785 | "<literal>bash</literal>." |
| 3786 | msgstr "" |
| 3787 | |
| 3788 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3789 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2030 |
| 3790 | msgid "Customizing bash" |
| 3791 | msgstr "" |
| 3792 | |
| 3793 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3794 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2031 |
| 3795 | msgid "" |
| 3796 | "You can customize <literal>bash</literal>(1) behavior by " |
| 3797 | "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." |
| 3798 | msgstr "" |
| 3799 | |
| 3800 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3801 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2032 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3342 |
| 3802 | msgid "For example, try the following." |
| 3803 | msgstr "" |
| 3804 | |
| 3805 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> |
| 3806 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2033 |
| 3807 | #, no-wrap |
| 3808 | msgid "" |
| 3809 | "# CD upon exiting MC\n" |
| 3810 | ". /usr/share/mc/bin/mc.sh\n" |
| 3811 | "\n" |
| 3812 | "# set CDPATH to good one\n" |
| 3813 | "CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~/Desktop/src:~/Desktop:~\n" |
| 3814 | "export CDPATH\n" |
| 3815 | "\n" |
| 3816 | "PATH=\"${PATH}\":/usr/sbin:/sbin\n" |
| 3817 | "# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists\n" |
| 3818 | "if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then\n" |
| 3819 | " PATH=~/bin:\"${PATH}\"\n" |
| 3820 | "fi\n" |
| 3821 | "export PATH\n" |
| 3822 | "\n" |
| 3823 | "EDITOR=vim\n" |
| 3824 | "export EDITOR" |
| 3825 | msgstr "" |
| 3826 | |
| 3827 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> |
| 3828 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2050 |
| 3829 | msgid "" |
| 3830 | "You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref " |
| 3831 | "linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>, in <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>." |
| 3832 | msgstr "" |
| 3833 | |
| 3834 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> |
| 3835 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2054 |
| 3836 | msgid "Special key strokes" |
| 3837 | msgstr "" |
| 3838 | |
| 3839 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> |
| 3840 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2055 |
| 3841 | msgid "" |
| 3842 | "In the <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are " |
| 3843 | "few key strokes which have special meanings. Please note that on a normal " |
| 3844 | "Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and " |
| 3845 | "<literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected. Here are few notable key " |
| 3846 | "strokes to remember." |
| 3847 | msgstr "" |
| 3848 | |
| 3849 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> |
| 3850 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2057 |
| 3851 | msgid "List of key bindings for bash" |
| 3852 | msgstr "" |
| 3853 | |
| 3854 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> |
| 3855 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2067 |
| 3856 | msgid "description of key binding" |
| 3857 | msgstr "" |
| 3858 | |
| 3859 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3860 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2074 |
| 3861 | msgid "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>" |
| 3862 | msgstr "" |
| 3863 | |
| 3864 | # type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> |
| 3865 | #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2077 |