# Translatin of debian-reference to French # Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Debian French l10n team . # This file is distributed under the same license as the debian-reference package. # # Jean-Luc Coulon (f5ibh) , 2009, 2010. # David Prévot , 2010-2012. msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: debian-reference\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2013-03-02 22:59+0900\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-11-23 22:48+0900\n" "Last-Translator: David Prévot \n" "Language-Team: French \n" "Language: fr\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the timesnewroman entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Roman" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the abi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface" #. type: Content of the abriefhistoryofdebian entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the acpi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the afireresistantsafe entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffre-fort" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the agp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the aixbyibm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX" #. type: Content of the alioth entity msgid "http://alioth.debian.org" msgstr "http://alioth.debian.org" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the almquistshell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the amanda entity msgid "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Advanced_Maryland_Automatic_Network_Disk_Archiver" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMANDA_(informatique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ascii entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the amigaos entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS" #. type: Content of the announcementofpaenabledbydefault entity msgid "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/05/msg00009.html" msgstr "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2010/05/msg00009.html" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the ansiescapecode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the antispamtechniques entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_anti-spam" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the theapachesoftwarefoundation entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the apm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the applebonjourapplerendezvous entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Bonjour" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the arial entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the arp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" #. type: Content of the asciidoc entity msgid "http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=asciidoc" msgstr "http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=asciidoc" #. type: Content of the asimpleguidetolatexlyx entity msgid "http://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/howto/lyxguide.html" msgstr "http://www.stat.rice.edu/~helpdesk/howto/lyxguide.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the asynchronoustransfermode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_transfer_mode" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the atp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the planj entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" #. type: Content of the atutorialintroductiontogit entity msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial.html" msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial.html" #. type: Content of the atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo entity msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial-2.html" msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gittutorial-2.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the aufs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the autoconf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the awk entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awk" #. type: Content of the httpbackportsdebianorg entity msgid "http://backports.debian.org" msgstr "http://backports.debian.org" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the backuppc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backuppc" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackupPC" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bacula entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula" #. type: Content of the badsideeffectswithjava entity msgid "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376" msgstr "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83376" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the basege entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64" #. type: Content of the basesystem entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.7" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.7" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bash entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne-Again_shell" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bazaar entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_(logiciel)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the berkeleycsh entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csh" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the berkeleydb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bigf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bind entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the binhex entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bios entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Input_Output_System" #. type: Content of the bitstreamvera entity msgid "http://www.gnome.org/fonts/" msgstr "http://www.gnome.org/fonts/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bittorrent entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocole)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bochs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bootloader entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorce_(informatique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bootstrapprocesses entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorce_(informatique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bounceaddress entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_address" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_address" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the broadband entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the bsdlike entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lineprinterdaemon entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the btrfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs" #. type: Content of the btsofnetworkmanager entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager" #. type: Content of the btsofwicd entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=wicd" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=wicd" #. type: Content of the bugdbgajj entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/316099" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/316099" #. type: Content of the bugebbbcd entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/411123" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/411123" #. type: Content of the bugfaffgf entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/505565" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/505565" #. type: Content of the bugfbejda entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/514930" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/514930" #. type: Content of the bugfhadhh entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/570377" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/570377" #. type: Content of the bugfjeeja entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/594490" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/594490" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the burrowswheelerblrtingcompression entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows-Wheeler_transform" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform%C3%A9e_de_Burrows-" "Wheeler" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cachingdata entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9moire_cache" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cardbus entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-Card" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cdrkit entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdrkit" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdrkit" #. type: Content of the cdromdvd entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/CD/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/CD/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the commongatewayinterface entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the chainloading entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_loading" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_loading" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the chap entity msgid "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-handshake_authentication_protocol" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the characterencoding entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codage_de_caract%C3%A8res" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the chromium entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(navigateur_web)" #. type: Content of the chroot entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cprogramminglanguage entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(langage)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cjk entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinois,_japonais_et_cor%C3%A9en" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cloop entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloop" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloop" #. type: Content of the codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer entity msgid "http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/" msgstr "http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/" #. type: Content of the codename entity msgid "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources." "html#codenames" msgstr "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources." "html#codenames" #. type: Content of the codenamestableupdates entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110215" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110215" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the codepage entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_de_code" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the codesetalwayssettoutfi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeset" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codage_de_caract%C3%A8res" #. type: Content of the commandlineprintingandoptions entity msgid "http://localhost:631/help/options.html" msgstr "http://localhost:631/help/options.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the commonunixprintingsystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtual_machines" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtual_machines" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the computerdatastoragemedia entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockage_d%27information" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the computerfonts entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_matricielle" #. type: Content of the couriernew entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(police_d'écriture)" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cpbcfb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cpbcfc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252" #. type: Content of the cpedh entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_de_code_437" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cpifa entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_850" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_de_code_850" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cpjdc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cpjdg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_936" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_936" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cpjej entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_949" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_949" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the cpjfa entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cpld entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_logique_programmable#CPLD" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cpm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Program/Monitor" #. type: Content of the crmbbe entity msgid "http://crm114.sourceforge.net/" msgstr "http://crm114.sourceforge.net/" #. type: Content of the cssc entity msgid "http://cssc.sourceforge.net/" msgstr "http://cssc.sourceforge.net/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cstandardlibrary entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliothèque_standard_de_C" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the cvs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_versions_system" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the daemon entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the darcs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the dbus entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus" #. type: Content of the ddnspageonthedebianwiki entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/DDNS" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/DDNS" #. type: Content of the debianaliothservice entity msgid "http://alioth.debian.org/" msgstr "http://alioth.debian.org/" #. type: Content of the debianbtsgfjcga entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/659260" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/659260" #. type: Content of the debianbugtrackingsystembts entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/Bugs/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/Bugs/" #. type: Content of the debiandevelopersreference entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/" #. type: Content of the debiandevelopersthedebianarchive entity msgid "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html#archive" msgstr "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html#archive" #. type: Content of the debiandocumentationprojectddp entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp" #. type: Content of the debianfaqgdbwhiceenusedinthepast entity msgid "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-ftparchives#s-oldcodenames" msgstr "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-ftparchives#s-oldcodenames" #. type: Content of the debianfaq entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/" #. type: Content of the dfsg entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines" #. type: Content of the debiangnulinuxguallationandusage entity msgid "http://archive.debian.net/woody/debian-guide" msgstr "http://archive.debian.net/woody/debian-guide" #. type: Content of the httpwwwdebianorg entity msgid "http://www.debian.org" msgstr "http://www.debian.org" #. type: Content of the debianinstallercds entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the debianinstaller entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer" #. type: Content of the thedebianinstaller entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/" #. type: Content of the debianinstallersmallcds entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst" #. type: Content of the debiankernel entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/DebianKernel" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/DebianKernel" #. type: Content of the debianleadershiphistory entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ch-leaders" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/ch-leaders" #. type: Content of the debianmenusystem entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/" #. type: Content of the debianmirrorcheckersite entity msgid "http://ftp.de.debian.org/dmc/" msgstr "http://ftp.de.debian.org/dmc/" #. type: Content of the debiannewmaintainersguide entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/maint-guide/" #. type: Content of the debianpolicymanual entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/" #. type: Content of the debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive" #. type: Content of the debianreference entity msgid "" "http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=debian-reference&" "searchon=sourcenames&exact=1&suite=all&section=all" msgstr "" "http://packages.debian.org/search?keywords=debian-reference&" "searchon=sourcenames&exact=1&suite=all&section=all" #. type: Content of the debianreferenceversionc entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/" #. type: Content of the debiansecurityfaq entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/security/faq" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/security/faq" #. type: Content of the debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/social_contract" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/social_contract" #. type: Content of the several entity msgid "" "http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2008/12/msg00019." "html" msgstr "" "http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2008/12/msg00019." "html" #. type: Content of the debiantutorial entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-tutorial/" #. type: Content of the debianwikicontentsonbacktrace entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/HowToGetABacktrace" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/HowToGetABacktrace" #. type: Content of the debianwikiqemu entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/QEMU" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/QEMU" #. type: Content of the debtags entity msgid "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/" msgstr "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the debugger entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9bogueur" #. type: Content of the dejavu entity msgid "http://dejavu-fonts.org" msgstr "http://dejavu-fonts.org" #. type: Content of the designruleforcamerafilesystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCIM" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the desktopenvironment entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement_de_bureau" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the devicefiles entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devfs" #. type: Content of the devicemapper entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_des_périphériques" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_host_configuration_protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the digitalsignaturealgorithm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the dillo entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the directories entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Répertoire_(informatique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the diskpartitioning entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_de_disque_dur" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the divx entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX" #. type: Content of the dmcrypto entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the dmg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the internetdomainnamesystemdns entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the docbook entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl entity msgid "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" msgstr "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the domainkeysidentifiedmail entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the dosbox entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox" #. type: Content of the dosemu entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU" #. type: Content of the dsabfhbb entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571" #. type: Content of the dynamicdns entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support" #. type: Content of the ecryptfs entity msgid "http://ecryptfs.sourceforge.net/" msgstr "http://ecryptfs.sourceforge.net/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the elinks entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks" #. type: Content of the elsewhereontheweb entity msgid "http://www.unknownroad.com/rtfm/gdbtut/gdbtoc.html" msgstr "http://www.unknownroad.com/rtfm/gdbtut/gdbtoc.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the emacs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the emailclient entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_de_messagerie" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the emailfiltering entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_filtering" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_filtering" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the email entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courrier_électronique" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the emulation entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mulation" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the enlightenment entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the environmentvariables entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_d%27environnement" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the epiphany entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany" #. type: Content of the epwing entity msgid "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPWING" msgstr "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPWING" #. type: Content of the essentialpackages entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.8" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-binary#s3.8" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the eucjp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Coding" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the euckr entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-KR" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Coding" #. type: Content of the everydaygitwithcacommandsorso entity msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/everyday.html" msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/everyday.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the exchangeableimagefileformat entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the exim entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the expresscard entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the extc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the extd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the exte entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the extendedbinarycolinterchangecode entity msgid "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language_Transformations" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the extensiblestylesttingobjectxslfo entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL-FO" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fairuse entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vfatfilesystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the faviconico entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon" #. type: Content of the fedra entity msgid "http://fedoraproject.org/" msgstr "http://fedoraproject.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the filelocking entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the files entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_informatique" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the filesystemhierarchystandard entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the filesystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_fichiers" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the filesystempermissions entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissions_Unix" #. type: Content of the filesystemshowto entity msgid "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Filesystems-HOWTO.html" msgstr "http://guidespratiques.traduc.org/vf/Filesystems-HOWTO.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the flash entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the flex entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_lexical_analyser" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(logiciel)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fltk entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fluxbox entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fontconfig entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the freelibreopensourcefloss entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free/Libre_Open_Source_Software" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fpga entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_logique_programmable#FPGA" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the freebsd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the freedesktoporg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org" #. type: Content of the freedos entity msgid "http://www.freedos.org/" msgstr "http://www.freedos.org/" #. type: Content of the freetype entity msgid "http://freetype.sourceforge.net/index.html" msgstr "http://freetype.sourceforge.net/index.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ftp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully_qualified_domain_name" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the fuse entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gbbiada entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB18030" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_18030" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the gbcdbc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB2312" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB2312" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gbk entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBK" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBK_(jeu_de_caract%C3%A8res)" #. type: Content of the getmaildocumentation entity msgid "http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/documentation.html" msgstr "http://pyropus.ca/software/getmail/documentation.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript" #. type: Content of the gitforcvsusers entity msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitcvs-migration.html" msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitcvs-migration.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the git entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git" #. type: Content of the gitmagic entity msgid "http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/" msgstr "http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~blynn/gitmagic/" #. type: Content of the gitsvncrashcourse entity msgid "http://git-scm.com/course/svn.html" msgstr "http://git-scm.com/course/svn.html" #. type: Content of the gitusersmanual entity msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html" msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the glyphs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphe" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnome entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnomestotemmediaplayer entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(media_player)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(logiciel)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnuarch entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_arch" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Arch" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnufreedocumentationlicense entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_de_documentation_libre_GNU" #. type: Content of the gnufreefont entity msgid "http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/freefont/" msgstr "http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/freefont/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnugettextbcommandtoolchain entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnu entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnulalrparsergenerator entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_(GNU)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnuprivacyguard entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gnutexmacs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" #. type: Content of the gnuunifont entity msgid "http://Unifoundry.com" msgstr "http://Unifoundry.com" #. type: Content of the strongpassword entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustesse_des_mots_de_passe" #. type: Content of the google entity msgid "http://www.google.com" msgstr "http://www.google.com" #. type: Content of the guidpartitiontablegpt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gpu entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processeur_graphique" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gui entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environnement_graphique" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the graphicsinterchangeformatgif entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format" #. type: Content of the grubbootloadersutefilesystemwell entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/511121" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/511121" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the grublegacy entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRand_Unified_Bootloader" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the gstreamer entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the hal entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_(software)" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_(software)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hanunification entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_unification" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniHan" #. type: Content of the hanzibitmapfonthbffile entity msgid "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/packages/ccic/software/info/HBF-1.1/" msgstr "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/packages/ccic/software/info/HBF-1.1/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the harddiskdrive entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_dur" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hardlink entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_mat%C3%A9riel" #. type: Content of the hardwareassistedvirtualization entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the hell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the helvetica entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetica" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetica" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hexadecimal entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_hexad%" "C3%A9cimal" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hfsplus entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS%2B" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hig entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Interface_Guidelines" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the hostname entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hpuxbyhewlettpackard entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the html entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Markup_Language" #. type: Content of the thedebianbugtrackingsystembts entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the httpcookies entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(informatique)" #. type: Content of the httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml entity msgid "http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html" msgstr "http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html" #. type: Content of the thedebianarchive entity msgid "http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/" msgstr "http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hypertexttransferprotocol entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" #. type: Content of the httpkernelhandbokaliothdebianorg entity msgid "http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org" msgstr "http://kernel-handbook.alioth.debian.org" #. type: Content of the httplocalhostgdb entity msgid "http://localhost:631/" msgstr "http://localhost:631/" #. type: Content of the httppackagesdebianorg entity msgid "http://packages.debian.org/" msgstr "http://packages.debian.org/" #. type: Content of the httpsecuritydebianorg entity msgid "http://security.debian.org/" msgstr "http://security.debian.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the https entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#HTTPS" #. type: Content of the httpsnapshotdebiannet entity msgid "http://snapshot.debian.net/" msgstr "http://snapshot.debian.net/" #. type: Content of the httptldporg entity msgid "http://tldp.org/" msgstr "http://tldp.org/" #. type: Content of the httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex entity msgid "http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex" msgstr "http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex" #. type: Content of the httpunifontorg entity msgid "http://unifont.org/" msgstr "http://unifont.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the httpwikidebianoremvirtualization entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/SystemVirtualization" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/SystemVirtualization" #. type: Content of the httpwikidebianorgalioth entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth" #. type: Content of the httpwikidebianorg entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/" #. type: Content of the httpwwwchiarkgreguksgtathamputty entity msgid "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/" msgstr "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/" #. type: Content of the httpwwwcygwincom entity msgid "http://www.cygwin.com/" msgstr "http://www.cygwin.com/" #. type: Content of the httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial entity msgid "http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&q=CGI+tutorial" msgstr "http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&q=CGI+tutorial" #. type: Content of the httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml entity msgid "http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html" msgstr "http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html" #. type: Content of the httpwwwmacsshcom entity msgid "http://www.macssh.com/" msgstr "http://www.macssh.com/" #. type: Content of the httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation entity msgid "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/" msgstr "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/" #. type: Content of the httpwwwunixorg entity msgid "http://www.unix.org/" msgstr "http://www.unix.org/" #. type: Content of the httpwwwwikipediaorg entity msgid "http://www.wikipedia.org/" msgstr "http://www.wikipedia.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the hzip entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ieeeiacbb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ibmmainframe entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_mainframe" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Syst%C3%A8me_IBM" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the ibus entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ieeebdjefirewire entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the internetmessageaccessprotocol entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" #. type: Content of the improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags entity msgid "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/todo.html" msgstr "http://debtags.alioth.debian.org/todo.html" #. type: Content of the incoming entity msgid "http://incoming.debian.org/" msgstr "http://incoming.debian.org/" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the infozip entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-ZIP" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-ZIP" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the initrdinitramfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the inode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the inputmethods entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%" "A9thode_d%27entr%C3%A9e" #. type: Content of the installdebian entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual" #. type: Content of the integratingmswinetworkswithsamba entity msgid "" "http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/integrate-ms-" "networks.html" msgstr "" "http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/integrate-ms-" "networks.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the internetprintingprotocol entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Printing_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_d%27impression_Internet" #. type: Content of the introductiontoibin entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/intro-i18n/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the invalid entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.invalid" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.invalid" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ipaddress entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_IP" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ip entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" #. type: Content of the linuxiproutec entity msgid "http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2" msgstr "http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2" #. type: Content of the iproutecutilitysuitehowto entity msgid "http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html" msgstr "http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ipvenetwork entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the irix entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irix" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium" #. type: Content of the isdumpreallydeprecated entity msgid "http://dump.sourceforge.net/isdumpdeprecated.html" msgstr "http://dump.sourceforge.net/isdumpdeprecated.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2022" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-3" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-3" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isoigab entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isoiifjbf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-15" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isoiifjb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859-1" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the isoiifjc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isoiifj entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8859" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isojgga entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the syslinux entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSLINUX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syslinux" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the isp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fournisseur_d%27acc%C3%" "A8s_%C3%A0_Internet" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the jackaudioconnectionkitjack entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the javaprograminglanguage entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(langage)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the javascript entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the javasoftwareplatform entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(technologie)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the jfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the jisxacbd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0213" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0213" #. type: Content of the jisxeaib entity msgid "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_4081" msgstr "http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_4081" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the jpeg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norme_JPEG" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the karmic entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the kde entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE" #. type: Content of the kernelfaq entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/KernelFAQ" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/fr/KernelFAQ" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the kibibyte entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the koiir entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the konqueror entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the kornshell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell" #. type: Content of the kvm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lalrparser entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LALR_parser" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_LALR" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the localareanetworkslans entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_local" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the latex entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lba entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lightweightdireccessprotocolldap entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the lex entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_programming_tool" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_programming_tool" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lexicalanalyzer entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_lexicale" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the liberationfontsproject entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the library entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_logicielle" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the libreoffice entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the libvirt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirt" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirt" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lilo entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_loader" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the links entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the lint entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_programming_tool" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_programming_tool" #. type: Content of the linuxcenathowto entity msgid "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html" msgstr "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html" #. type: Content of the linuxcepacketfilteringhowto entity msgid "" "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO.html" msgstr "" "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO.html" #. type: Content of the linuxcontainers entity msgid "http://lxc.sourceforge.net/" msgstr "http://lxc.sourceforge.net/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the linux entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the linuxkernel entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyau_Linux" #. type: Content of the linuxnetworkadministratorsguide entity msgid "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/" msgstr "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/" #. type: Content of the linuxnetworkingconceptshowto entity msgid "" "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html" msgstr "" "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html" #. type: Content of the linuxnfshowto entity msgid "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NFS-HOWTO/index.html" msgstr "http://fr.tldp.org/HOWTO/lecture/NFS-HOWTO.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the linuxstandardbase entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" #. type: Content of the linuxstandardbaseminitialization entity msgid "" "http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/" "tocsysinit.html" msgstr "" "http://refspecs.linuxbase.org/LSB_3.1.0/LSB-Core-generic/LSB-Core-generic/" "tocsysinit.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the linuxterminalserverproject entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project" #. type: Content of the linuxusersguide entity msgid "" "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-guide/user-" "beta-1.pdf.gz" msgstr "" "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/linux-doc-project/users-guide/user-" "beta-1.pdf.gz" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the livecds entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the loadlin entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadlin" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadlin" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the locale entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param%C3%A8tres_r%" "C3%A9gionaux" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the local entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local" #. type: Content of the localuserguidetotetexlatex entity msgid "" "http://supportweb.cs.bham.ac.uk/documentation/LaTeX/lguide/local-guide/local-" "guide.html" msgstr "" "http://supportweb.cs.bham.ac.uk/documentation/LaTeX/lguide/local-guide/local-" "guide.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lvm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVM" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the loopdevice entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lrparser entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyse_LR" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the luks entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lxde entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lynx entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(navigateur)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lyx entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyX" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lzhh entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_et_LZ78" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lzma entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Markov_chain_algorithm" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZMA" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the lzo entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the macaddress entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_MAC" #. type: Content of the maciacbbapioflinux entity msgid "http://linuxwireless.org/" msgstr "http://linuxwireless.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the macro entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-d%C3%A9finition" #. type: Content of the mailaddressconfieryanduseragents entity msgid "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-customized-programs#s-mail-" "transport-agents" msgstr "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-customized-programs#s-mail-" "transport-agents" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the qmailstylemaildir entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir" #. type: Content of the maildropfilterdocumentation entity msgid "http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html" msgstr "http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html" #. type: Content of the mailheaderanalysis entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/DefaultMTA" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/DefaultMTA" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the make entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make" #. type: Content of the managingaccuratedateandtimehowto entity msgid "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/TimePrecision-HOWTO/index.html" msgstr "" "http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/docs/howto/translations/fr/html-1page/" "TimePrecision-HOWTO.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mandatoryaccesscontrolmac entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contr%C3%" "B4le_d%27acc%C3%A8s_obligatoire" #. type: Content of the manpagegitb entity msgid "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git.html" msgstr "http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git.html" #. type: Content of the manyremotemirrorsites entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/mirror/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/mirror/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mbr entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the maximumsegmentsize entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Segment_Size" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the maximumtransmissionunitmtu entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Transmission_Unit" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mbox entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbox" #. type: Content of the mbrbyneilturton entity msgid "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~neilt/" msgstr "http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~neilt/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mdf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mdns entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDNS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mercurial entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the metalink entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalink" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalink" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the microcode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprogrammation" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the microsoftwindows entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the midnightcommandermc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the multipurposeinteilextensionsmime entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipurpose_Internet_Mail_Extensions" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the minixfilesystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix_file_system" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX_fs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the modem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem" #. type: Content of the modifytheinitscripts entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys#s9.3.2" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-opersys#s9.3.2" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mondorescue entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Rescue" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Rescue" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the monotone entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_(logiciel)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mozillafirefox entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mozilla entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mozillathunderbird entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mpdmpd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1/2_Audio_Layer_3" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mpegc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mpege entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mpeg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mplayer entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the msdos entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(icon_image_file_format)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(format_de_fichier)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mswindowsnt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the multilingualizatelanguagesupport entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalisation_de_logiciel" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the multitasking entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitâche" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the multiuser entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-utilisateur" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mutt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(e-mail_client)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the mysql entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nagios entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the namedpipe entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_pipe" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_nommé" #. type: Content of the netbiosovertcpip entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the netfilteriptables entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter" #. type: Content of the nettools entity msgid "http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools" msgstr "http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the networkaddresstranslationnat entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the networkaudiosystemnas entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Audio_System" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Audio_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the networkblockdevice entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_block_device" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_block_device" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the networkfirewall entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pare-feu" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the networkmanagernm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the newbie entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_file_system" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nirvana entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvāna" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the nis entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS+" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS+" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nisoriginallycalledyp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nmap entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap" #. type: Content of the normaldebianarchives entity msgid "http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/" msgstr "http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/dists/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nouveau entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_(informatique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the nssnameserviceswitch entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ntfsdg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ntfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Technology_File_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ntp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" #. type: Content of the ntppublicservicesproject entity msgid "http://www.ntp.org/" msgstr "http://www.ntp.org/" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the nullterminated entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_character" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_character" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ocaml entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ocr entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_optique_de_caractères" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the octal entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Système_octal" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the oggvorbis entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the openbsd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD" #. type: Content of the openldapsoftware entity msgid "http://www.openldap.org/" msgstr "http://www.openldap.org/" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the sunrpc entity msgid "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" msgstr "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the openofficeorg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org" #. type: Content of the openpgppublickeyserver entity msgid "http://sourceforge.net/projects/pks/" msgstr "http://sourceforge.net/projects/pks/" #. type: Content of the openslp entity msgid "http://www.openslp.org/" msgstr "http://www.openslp.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the opensoundsystemoss entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System" #. type: Content of the openssh entity msgid "http://www.openssh.org/" msgstr "http://www.openssh.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the opentype entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the openvms entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Memory_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the openvz entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVZ" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the opticaldiscdrive entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveur_de_disque_optique" #. type: Content of the optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections entity msgid "http://www.mynetwatchman.com/kb/ADSL/pppoemtu.htm" msgstr "http://www.mynetwatchman.com/kb/ADSL/pppoemtu.htm" #. type: Content of the othergitresourcevailableontheweb entity msgid "http://git-scm.com/documentation" msgstr "http://git-scm.com/documentation" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the outlookpstfiles entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Folders_(.pst)_file" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pst" #. type: Content of the overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems entity msgid "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/100108/" msgstr "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/100108/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pagecache entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pampluggableauthnticationmodules entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pap entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_authentication_protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_Authentication_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the parallels entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the passwordcracking entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassage_de_mot_de_passe" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pathmtupmtudiscovery entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pccard entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_card" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-Card" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pciexpress entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pci entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the portabledocumentformatpdf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Compatible_Regular_Expressions" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE" #. type: Content of the perlgolf entity msgid "http://perlgolf.sourceforge.net" msgstr "http://perlgolf.sourceforge.net" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the perl entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_(langage)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the phonon entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(KDE)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(KDE)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the php entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP:_Hypertext_Preprocessor" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the policykit entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit" #. type: Content of the popcon entity msgid "http://popcon.debian.org/" msgstr "http://popcon.debian.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the popd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the posix entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX" #. type: Content of the postfixdocumentation entity msgid "http://www.postfix.org/documentation.html" msgstr "http://www.postfix.org/documentation.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the postfix entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the postgresql entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the postpoweronselftest entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-On_Self-Test" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ps entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pots entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Old_Telephone_Service" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ppp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocole_point_à_point" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pppoe entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPoE" #. type: Content of the priorities entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-priorities" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-priorities" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the procfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the proxyserver entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the pseudotopleveldomain entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the pulseaudio entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the python entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the qcowcqcow entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow" #. type: Content of the qemu entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the qt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the quicktimemov entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the quotedprintable entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-printable" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-Printable" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the racecondition entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_de_compétition" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the radix entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_(arithmétique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the raid entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID_(informatique)" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the rcshell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the rcs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the readonlymemoryrom entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mémoire_morte" #. type: Content of the reasons entity msgid "" "http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2010/01/msg00000." "html" msgstr "" "http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2010/01/msg00000." "html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the redhatlinux entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the regularexpressions entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression_rationnelle" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the reisere entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the reiserfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiserfs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS" #. type: Content of the releasenotes entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes" #. type: Content of the rfcbbjb entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191" #. type: Content of the rfcbdcb entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1321" #. type: Content of the rfcbjbi entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918" #. type: Content of the rfcbjdj entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1939" #. type: Content of the rfccaef entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045" #. type: Content of the rfccdjg entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396" #. type: Content of the rfcceej entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2449" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2449" #. type: Content of the rfccgag entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2606" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2606" #. type: Content of the rfccgbg entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616" #. type: Content of the rfccicb entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821" #. type: Content of the rfcciccupdatedrfcicc entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" #. type: Content of the rfcdfab entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501" #. type: Content of the rfceeaj entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4409" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4409" #. type: Content of the rfcejfe entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4954" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4954" #. type: Content of the rfcibj entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc819" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc819" #. type: Content of the rfcicb entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821" #. type: Content of the rfcicc entity msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822" msgstr "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822" #. type: Content of the rfcs entity msgid "http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html" msgstr "http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the roff entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the rootkit entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the rtbb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ruby entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the runlevels entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_level" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the secureattentionkeysak entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the samba entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(informatique)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the svgscalablevectorgraphics entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the scim entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the scribus entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the scsi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Computer_System_Interface" #. type: Content of the sections entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-subsections" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-subsections" #. type: Content of the secureapt entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the ssh entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell" #. type: Content of the securingdebianmanual entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/" #. type: Content of the securitydebianarchives entity msgid "http://security.debian.org/dists/" msgstr "http://security.debian.org/dists/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the securityenhancedlinuxselinux entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux" #. type: Content of the securityupdates entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/security/" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/security/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the sender_policy_frameworkspf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the smb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the servicesetidentifier entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the sgml entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the shell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(informatique)" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the shellscript entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the shiftjis entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift-JIS" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the shorewall entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall" #. type: Content of the slp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Location_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Location_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the smart entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T." msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Monitoring," "_Analysis_and_Reporting_Technology" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the smtpauthentication entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP_Authentication" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_message_access_protocol_authentication" #. type: Content of the smtpauth entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP-AUTH" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_message_access_protocol_authentication" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the smtp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the smtps entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the snort entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the softmac entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftMAC" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftMAC" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the softmodem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmodem" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmodem" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the solarisbysunmicrosystems entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(système_d'exploitation)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the solidstatedrivessd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" #. type: Content of the somemailwasnotdownloaded entity msgid "" "http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=13291&topic=1555" msgstr "" "http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=13291&topic=1555" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the sparsefile entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file" #. type: Content of the spoofingtheuseragentstring entity msgid "http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs" msgstr "http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the transportlayerseesocketslayerssl entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the standaloneshell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the starttls entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARTTLS" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARTTLS" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the statefulfirewall entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the staticcodeanalysis entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the steganographic entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stéganographie" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the subversion entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(logiciel)" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the superserver entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the superuser entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur_root" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the swapspace entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mémoire_virtuelle#M.C3.A9moire_virtuelle_pagin." "C3.A9e" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the symboliclinkorsymlink entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien_symbolique" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the sysfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the systemv entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the systemvprintercommands entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_printing_system" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_printing_system" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tcl entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_Command_Language" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tcpdump entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tcp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tcpip entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_des_protocoles_Internet" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tcpipnetwork entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_des_protocoles_Internet" #. type: Content of the tcptuningguide entity msgid "http://dsd.lbl.gov/TCP-tuning/" msgstr "http://dsd.lbl.gov/TCP-tuning/" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the tcptuning entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tcpwrapper entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Wrapper" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Wrapper" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the telnet entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELNET" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tenexcshell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tex entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the texlive entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the thecablemodem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem_câble" #. type: Content of the thedebiandevelmailinglist entity msgid "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/" msgstr "http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/" #. type: Content of the thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-ftparchives" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/ch-ftparchives" #. type: Content of the thedebianusermailinglist entity msgid "http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/" msgstr "http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the thedslmodem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modem" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modem" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Markup_Language" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_stylesheet_language" #. type: Content of the thegoodsecuritywththeperformance entity msgid "http://www.infodrom.org/~joey/Writing/Linux-Journal/secure-apt/" msgstr "http://www.infodrom.org/~joey/Writing/Linux-Journal/secure-apt/" #. type: Content of the theinternetsocket entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_socket" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockets_du_domaine_Internet" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the theinterprocesscommunicationipc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_inter-processus" #. type: Content of the thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg entity msgid "http://ftp-master.debian.org/" msgstr "http://ftp-master.debian.org/" #. type: Content of the theldpxwindowuserhowto entity msgid "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-User-HOWTO.html" msgstr "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XWindow-User-HOWTO.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch" #. type: Content of the thelinuxnisypnysnishowto entity msgid "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NIS-HOWTO/" msgstr "http://fr.tldp.org/HOWTO/lecture/NIS-HOWTO.html" #. type: Content of the thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/mirror/list" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/mirror/list" #. type: Content of the theofficialsambandreferenceguide entity msgid "http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/" msgstr "http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/man/Samba-HOWTO-Collection/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the theopticalnetworkterminalont entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTP" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" #. type: Content of the thepackageshortdiptionconvention entity msgid "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-" "practices#bpp-desc-basics" msgstr "" "http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/best-pkging-" "practices#bpp-desc-basics" #. type: Content of the thepenguinandunicode entity msgid "http://unifont.org/iuc27/html/ICUPresentation.html" msgstr "http://unifont.org/iuc27/html/ICUPresentation.html" #. type: Content of the thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages entity msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-relationships" msgstr "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-relationships" #. type: Content of the thesingleunixspecificationsvc entity msgid "http://www.unix.org/version2/" msgstr "http://www.unix.org/version2/" #. type: Content of the thesingleunixspecificationsvd entity msgid "http://www.unix.org/version3/" msgstr "http://www.unix.org/version3/" #. type: Content of the thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide entity msgid "http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO.html" msgstr "http://fr.tldp.org/HOWTO/lecture/TeTeX-HOWTO.html" #. type: Content of the theubuntuarchive entity msgid "http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/" msgstr "http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the theudevsystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev" #. type: Content of the theunixdomainsocket entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_domain_socket" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockets_du_domaine_UNIX" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the tmpfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs#Linux" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the topleveldomaintld entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_de_premier_niveau" #. type: Content of the treregexlibrary entity msgid "http://www.laurikari.net/tre/" msgstr "http://www.laurikari.net/tre/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the trim entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the troff entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the truetype entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the tuntap entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP" #. type: Content of the ubuntu entity msgid "http://www.ubuntu.com/" msgstr "http://www.ubuntu.com/" #. type: Content of the writingudevrules entity msgid "http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html" msgstr "http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the udf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_universel_de_disque" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the udp entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the uim entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the unbranded entity msgid "" "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" "Mozilla_Corporation_software_rebranded_by_the_Debian_project" msgstr "" "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renommage_des_applications_de_Mozilla_par_Debian" #. type: Content of the unbrandsmozilla entity msgid "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=354622" msgstr "http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=354622" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the unicode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the universalcharactunicodeisobagegb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/CEI_10646" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the unix entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the unixvariants entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Unix" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the unixsccs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the uri entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the url entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" #. type: Content of the urw entity msgid "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/urw.html" msgstr "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/urw.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the usbstorage entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clé_USB" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the usb entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the usermodelinux entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-mode_Linux" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Mode_Linux" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the utfbgucsc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the utfdcucse entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32/UCS-4" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the utfi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the utgmt entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temps_universel" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the uuencode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencoding" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencode" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the uuid entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_Unique_Identifier" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Unique_Identifier" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vdi entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox#Virtual_Desktop_Image" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the versioncontrolsystemsvcs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestion_de_versions" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vim entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the virtualbox entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox" #. type: Content of the virtualboxusermanual entity msgid "http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html" msgstr "http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/UserManual.html" #. type: Content of the virtualboxusermanualpdf entity msgid "http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/UserManual.pdf" msgstr "http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/UserManual.pdf" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the virtualization entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualisation" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the virtualmachinemanager entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Manager" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Manager" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the virtualmemory entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mémoire_virtuelle" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vlcmediaplayer entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vmdk entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMDK" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Machine_Disk" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vpc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHD_(file_format)" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHD_(file_format)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vpn entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réseau_privé_virtuel" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the vtbaalike entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wan entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Réseau_étendu" #. type: Content of the watchdogtimer entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chien_de_garde_(informatique)" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the wavelan entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaveLAN" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wdm entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the webbrowser entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Browsers" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigateur_Web" #. type: Content of the webwmlproject entity msgid "http://alioth.debian.org/projects/webwml/" msgstr "http://alioth.debian.org/projects/webwml/" #. type: Content of the whatisxlink entity msgid "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/09/xlink/index.html" msgstr "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/09/xlink/index.html" #. type: Content of the whatisxml entity msgid "http://www.xml.com/pub/a/98/10/guide0.html" msgstr "http://www.xml.com/pub/a/98/10/guide0.html" #. type: Content of the whatisxslfo entity msgid "http://xml.com/pub/a/2002/03/20/xsl-fo.html" msgstr "http://xml.com/pub/a/2002/03/20/xsl-fo.html" #. type: Content of the whatisxslt entity msgid "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/08/holman/index.html" msgstr "http://xml.com/pub/a/2000/08/holman/index.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wicd entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wifiprotectedaccessc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wifiprotectedaccess entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access" #. type: Content of the windowmanagersforx entity msgid "http://www.xwinman.org" msgstr "http://www.xwinman.org" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the windowsdomain entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_domain" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_(Microsoft)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the windowsmediavideowmv entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wine entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wiredequivalentprivacy entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the wirelessaccesspointsaps entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the wirelesslanwlanforshort entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wireshark entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark" #. type: Content of the wordprocessingusinglatex entity msgid "" "http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_basic/latex_basic." "html" msgstr "" "http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/latex_basic/latex_basic." "html" #. type: Content of the workaroundtransiroblemsofxserver entity msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/XStrikeForce/InputHotplugGuide" msgstr "http://wiki.debian.org/XStrikeForce/InputHotplugGuide" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the wysiwyg entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_You_See_Is_What_You_Get" #. type: Content of the xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles entity msgid "http://fontforge.sourceforge.net/pcf-format.html" msgstr "http://fontforge.sourceforge.net/pcf-format.html" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xdmcpconnection entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xemacs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xen entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xfce entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xfs entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xft entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xft" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFT_(bibliothèque_logicielle)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xwindowsystem entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xine entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xine" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xine" #. type: Content of the xmlcom entity msgid "http://xml.com/" msgstr "http://xml.com/" #. type: Content of the xorg entity msgid "http://www.x.org/" msgstr "http://www.x.org/" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xrenderingextension entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRender" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRender" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the xsession entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_session_manager" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_session_manager" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xwindowmanager entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestionnaire_de_fenêtres" # ################# no-translaton #. type: Content of the xxencode entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode" msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the xz entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xz" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XZ_(format_de_fichier)" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the yacc entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_et_yacc" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the zeroconf entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf" # ----------------- translated #. type: Content of the zshell entity msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell" msgstr "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsh" #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: msgid "en" msgstr "fr" #. type: Content of: msgid "Debian Reference" msgstr "Référence Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> msgid "" "<author> <personname> <othername>Osamu Aoki</othername> </personname> </" "author>" msgstr "" "<author> <personname> <othername>Osamu Aoki</othername> </personname> </" "author>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> msgid "" "This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms " "of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian " "Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)." msgstr "" "Ce livre est libre ; vous pouvez le redistribuer et le modifier selon les " "termes de la Licence Publique Général GNU (« GNU GPL ») à " "n'importe quelle version compatible avec les Règles des Logiciels Libres " "selon Debian (DFSG)." #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> msgid "" "<copyright> <year>2007-2012</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>" msgstr "" "<copyright> <year>2007-2012</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "" "This Debian Reference (v2) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad " "overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers " "many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for non-" "developers." msgstr "" "Ce guide de référence Debian (v2) (&build-date;) est destiné à procurer un " "large aperçu du système Debian en tant que guide de l’utilisateur d’un " "système installé. Il couvre de nombreux aspects de l’administration du " "système à l’aide d'exemples de commandes de l’interpréteur pour les non-" "développeurs." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> msgid "Preface" msgstr "Préface" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "This <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversionc;\">Debian Reference (version 2)</" "ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of Debian " "system administration as a post-installation user guide." msgstr "" "Cette <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversionc;\">Référence Debian (version 2)</" "ulink> (&build-date;) est destinée à fournir un large aperçu de " "l’administration système de Debian et un guide de l’utilisateur sur un " "système installé." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who " "is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink url=" "\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> system works." msgstr "" "Le lecteur cible est quelqu'un qui désire apprendre les scripts de " "l’interpréteur de commandes mais qui ne souhaite pas lire toutes les sources " "en C pour comprendre le fonctionnement du système <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</" "ulink> /<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> msgid "Disclaimer" msgstr "Clause de non responsabilité" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para> msgid "" "All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their " "respective trademark owners." msgstr "" "Toute garantie est rejetée. Toutes les marques déposées sont la propriété de " "leurs détenteurs respectifs." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian system itself is a moving target. This makes its documentation " "difficult to be current and correct. Although the current unstable version " "of Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may " "be already outdated by the time you read this." msgstr "" "Le système Debian lui-même est une cible mouvante. Cela rend difficile le " "maintien à jour et l’exactitude de sa documentation. Bien que la version " "instable (« unstable ») du système Debian ait été utilisée pour " "écrire ce document, certaines parties peuvent être dépassées au moment où " "vous lisez cela." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para> msgid "" "Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does " "not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not " "take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in " "this document." msgstr "" "Veuillez prendre ce document comme une référence secondaire. Ce document ne " "remplace aucun des guides autorisés. L’auteur et les contributeurs ne " "pourront être tenus pour responsables des conséquences des erreurs, " "omissions ou ambiguïtés que comporte ce document." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> msgid "What is Debian" msgstr "Ce qu'est Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Debian Project</ulink> is an association " "of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating " "system. It's distribution is characterized by the following." msgstr "" "Le <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Projet Debian</ulink> est une association " "de personnes qui ont fait cause commune afin de créer un système " "d'exploitation libre. Sa distribution est caractérisée par :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink url=" "\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Debian Social Contract and Debian " "Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>" msgstr "" "un engagement dans la liberté du logiciel : <ulink url=" "\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Le contrat social Debian et les " "Lignes directrices du logiciel libre selon Debian (DFSG)</ulink> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink url=" "\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>" msgstr "" "un effort distribué, volontaire et bénévole, basé sur Internet : <ulink url=" "\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Large number of pre-compiled high quality softwares" msgstr "un grand nombre de logiciels de grande qualité et déjà compilés ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates" msgstr "" "l’accent sur la stabilité et la sécurité avec un accès facile aux mises à " "jour de sécurité ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Focus on smooth upgrade to latest softwares with <literal>unstable</literal> " "and <literal>testing</literal> archives" msgstr "" "l’accent sur une mise à niveau en douceur vers les dernières versions des " "logiciels par l’utilisation des archives <literal>unstable</literal> et " "<literal>testing</literal> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Large number of supported hardware architectures" msgstr "la prise en charge d'un grand nombre d'architectures matérielles." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para> msgid "" "Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</" "ulink>, <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common Unix Printing " "System </ulink>, <ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gnome;" "\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mozilla;" "\">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openofficeorg;\">OpenOffice.org</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;\">Java</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mysql;\">MySQL</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</" "ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postfix;\">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mutt;" "\">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&freebsd;\">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&planj;\">Plan 9</ulink> and " "many more independent free software projects. Debian integrates this " "diversity of Free Software into one system." msgstr "" "Les éléments des logiciels libres de Debian proviennent de <ulink url=\"&gnu;" "\">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;" "\">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</" "ulink>, <ulink url=\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;" "\">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common " "UNIX Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openofficeorg;\">OpenOffice." "org</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</" "ulink>, <ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;" "\">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;" "\">Python</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;" "\">Java</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;" "\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&mysql;\">MySQL</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&postfix;\">Postfix</" "ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mutt;\">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&freebsd;" "\">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&planj;\">Plan 9</ulink> et de nombreux autres projets de logiciels libres " "indépendants. Debian intègre cette diversité de logiciels libres dans un " "seul système." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> msgid "About this document" msgstr "À propos de ce document" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> msgid "Guiding rules" msgstr "Règles" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document." msgstr "" "Les règles suivantes ont été suivies lors de la compilation de ce " "document :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">Big " "Picture</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "fournir un aperçu et passer les cas marginaux (<emphasis role=\"strong\">vue " "d'ensemble</emphasis>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "le garder court et simple (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role=\"strong\">the " "existing references</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "ne pas réinventer la roue (utiliser des liens pointant vers <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">les références existantes</emphasis>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">shell " "examples</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "mettre l’accent sur les outils n'ayant pas d'interface graphique ou en mode " "console (utiliser <emphasis role=\"strong\">des exemples en ligne de " "commande</emphasis>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Be objective. (Use <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> etc.)" msgstr "être objectif (utiliser <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink>, etc.)." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system." msgstr "" "J'ai essayé d'élucider les aspects hiérarchiques et les niveaux les plus bas " "du système." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> msgid "Prerequisites" msgstr "Exigences de départ" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond " "this documentation. This document only gives efficient starting points." msgstr "" "On attend de vous que vous fassiez des efforts pour rechercher des réponses " "par vous-même au-delà de cette documentation. Ce document ne donne que des " "points de départs efficaces." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources." msgstr "" "Vous devez chercher vous-même une solution dans les sources primaires :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Debian site at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</" "ulink> for the general information" msgstr "" "le site Debian en <ulink url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</" "ulink> pour les informations générales ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The documentation under the \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<package_name></" "literal>\" directory" msgstr "" "la documentation dans le répertoire « <literal>/usr/share/doc/<" "nom_paquet></literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Unix style <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis>: \"<literal>dpkg " "-L <package_name> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\"" msgstr "" "les <emphasis role=\"strong\">pages de manuel (manpage)</emphasis> de style " "UNIX : « <literal>dpkg -L <nom_paquet> |grep '/man/man.*/'</" "literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The GNU style <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis>: " "\"<literal>dpkg -L <package_name> |grep '/info/'</literal>\"" msgstr "" "les <emphasis role=\"strong\">pages info</emphasis> de style GNU : « " "<literal>dpkg -L <nom_paquet> |grep '/info/'</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The bug report: <ulink url=\"&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\">http://bugs." "debian.org/<package_name></ulink>" msgstr "" "les signalements de bogues : <ulink url=\"&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\"> " "http://bugs.debian.org/<nom_paquet></ulink> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Debian Wiki at <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianorg;\">http://wiki.debian.org/" "</ulink> for the moving and specific topics" msgstr "" "le Wiki Debian en <ulink url=\"&httpwikidebianorg;\">http://wiki.debian.org/" "</ulink> pour les sujets spécifiques ou changeants ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The HOWTOs from The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) at <ulink url=" "\"&httptldporg;\">http://tldp.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" "les HOWTOs du Projet de documentation Linux (TLDP) en <ulink url=" "\"&httptldporg;\">http://tldp.org/</ulink> et leurs traductions disponibles " "sur la partie francophone en <ulink url=\"http://fr.tldp.org/\">http://fr." "tldp.org/</ulink> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's The UNIX System Home " "Page at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwunixorg;\">http://www.unix.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" "« The Single UNIX Specification » depuis la page d'entrée « " "The UNIX System » de l’Open Group en <ulink url=\"&httpwwwunixorg;" "\">http://www.unix.org/</ulink> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwwikipediaorg;" "\">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" "l’encyclopédie libre de Wikipedia en <ulink url=\"&httpwwwwikipediaorg;" "\">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding " "documentation package named with \"<literal>-doc</literal>\" as its suffix." msgstr "" "Pour accéder à une documentation détaillée, vous devrez installer les " "paquets de documentation qui correspondent au nom du paquet avec le suffixe " "« <literal>-doc</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> msgid "Conventions" msgstr "Conventions" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "This document provides information through the following simplified " "presentation style with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shell command examples." msgstr "" "Ce document fournit des informations en utilisant le style de présentation " "simplifié suivant, avec des exemples de commandes de l’interpréteur " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle> bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# <command in root account>\n" "$ <command in user account>" msgstr "" "# <commande avec le compte root>\n" "$ <commande avec le compte d'un utilisateur>" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set " "environment variables as: \"<literal>PS1='\\$'</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>PS2=' '</literal>\". These values are chosen for the sake of " "readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system." msgstr "" "Ces invites de l’interpréteur de commandes permettent de distinguer le " "compte utilisé et correspondent à la définition des variables " "d'environnement « <literal>PS1='\\$'</literal> » et « " "<literal>PS2=' '</literal> ». Ces valeurs ont été choisies pour ce " "document dans un but de lisibilité, elles ne sont pas représentatives d'un " "système réel." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "See the meaning of the \"<literal>$PS1</literal>\" and \"<literal>$PS2</" "literal>\" environment variables in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Consultez la signification des variables d'environnement « <literal>" "$PS1</literal> » et « <literal>$PS2</literal> » dans " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Action</emphasis> required by the system " "administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. \"Type Enter-key " "after typing each command string to the shell.\"" msgstr "" "L’<emphasis role=\"strong\">action</emphasis> demandée à l’administrateur du " "système est écrite sous forme d'une phrase impérative, par exemple « " "Pressez la touche Entrée après la saisie de chaque chaîne de commande dans " "l’interpréteur de commandes. »" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> column and similar ones " "in the table may contain a <emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> " "following <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;\">the package " "short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as \"a" "\" and \"the\". They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading \"to\" " "following the short command description convention in manpages. These may " "look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep " "this documentation as simple as possible. These <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor end with " "periods following these short description convention." msgstr "" "La colonne de <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> ou similaire " "dans le tableau peut contenir une <emphasis role=\"strong\">locution " "nominale</emphasis> selon la <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;" "\">convention de description courte du paquet</ulink> qui supprime les " "articles se trouvant en tête tels que  « un » et « " "le » (« a », « the »). Elle peut contenir une " "phrase à l’infinitif comme <emphasis role=\"strong\">locution nominale</" "emphasis> sans le « to » de tête (NdT : en français, une " "phrase impérative commençant par un verbe à l’infinitif), suivie de la " "description courte de la commande selon la convention des pages de manuel. " "Cela peut sembler bizarre à certaines personnes mais ce sont les choix " "voulus par l’auteur afin de garder cette documentation la plus simple " "possible. Ces <emphasis role=\"strong\">locutions nominales</emphasis>, " "selon cette convention de description courte, n'ont pas de majuscule à la " "première lettre et ne se terminent pas par un point." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their " "location." msgstr "" "Les noms propres, y compris les noms de commandes, gardent leur casse " "indépendamment de l’endroit où ils se trouvent." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text " "paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, " "such as \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">morceau de commande</emphasis> cité dans le " "paragraphe d'un texte sera signalé par une police « " "typewriter » (machine à écrire) entre guillemets, comme par exemple " "« <literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file " "quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double " "quotation marks, such as \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Les <emphasis role=\"strong\">données textuelles</emphasis> d'un fichier de " "configuration citées dans un paragraphe seront signalées par une police de " "type machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple « " "<literal>deb-src</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in " "the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in " "parenthesis, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. You are encouraged " "to obtain information by typing the following." msgstr "" "Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">commande</emphasis> sera indiquée par son nom " "dans la police machine à écrire suivi, de manière facultative, par le numéro " "de section de la page de manuel entre parenthèses, comme par exemple " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>. Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations " "complémentaires en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ man 1 bash" msgstr "$ man 1 bash" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in " "the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, " "such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. You are encouraged " "to obtain information by typing the following." msgstr "" "Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">page de manuel</emphasis> est indiquée par son " "nom dans la police machine à écrire suivie, entre parenthèses, du numéro de " "la section de la page de manuel, comme par exemple, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list </refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations " "complémentaires en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ man 5 sources.list" msgstr "$ man 5 sources.list" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "An <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command " "snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " "\"<literal>info make</literal>\". You are encouraged to obtain information " "by typing the following." msgstr "" "Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">page info</emphasis> est indiquée par un " "fragment entre guillemets de la commande correspondante dans la police " "machine à écrire, comme par exemple, « <literal>info make</" "literal> ». Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations " "complémentaires en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ info make" msgstr "$ info make" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">filename</emphasis> is referred by the " "typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>/etc/" "passwd</literal>\". For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain " "information by typing the following." msgstr "" "Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de fichier</emphasis> est indiqué par une " "police machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple, « " "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal> ». En ce qui concerne les fichiers de " "configuration, vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations " "complémentaires en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sensible-pager \"/etc/passwd\"" msgstr "$ sensible-pager \"/etc/passwd\"" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the " "typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>/etc/init." "d/</literal>\". You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the " "following." msgstr "" "Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de répertoire</emphasis> est indiqué par la " "police machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple, « " "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal> ». Vous êtes encouragé à explorer son " "contenu en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc \"/etc/init.d/\"" msgstr "$ mc \"/etc/init.d/\"" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name " "in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>. You are encouraged " "to obtain information by typing the following." msgstr "" "Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de paquet</emphasis> est indiqué par son " "nom dans la police machine à écrire, comme par exemple <literal>vim</" "literal>. Vous êtes encouragé à rechercher des informations complémentaires " "en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ dpkg -L vim\n" "$ apt-cache show vim\n" "$ aptitude show vim" msgstr "" "$ dpkg -L vim\n" "$ apt-cache show vim\n" "$ aptitude show vim" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its " "location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation " "marks, such as \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</" "literal>\"; or by its <ulink url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink url=" "\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>. You are encouraged to " "read the documentation by typing the following." msgstr "" "On peut indiquer l’emplacement d'une <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">documentation</emphasis> par son nom de fichier dans la police machine à " "écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple « <literal>/usr/share/doc/" "sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal> » et « <literal>/usr/share/" "doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal> » ou par son <ulink url=" "\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, comme par exemple <ulink url= \"&httpwwwdebianorg;" "\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>. Vous êtes encouragé à lire la " "documentation en entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ zcat \"/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz\" | sensible-pager\n" "$ sensible-browser \"/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html\"\n" "$ sensible-browse \"http://www.debian.org\"" msgstr "" "$ zcat \"/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz\" | sensible-pager\n" "$ sensible-browser \"/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html\"\n" "$ sensible-browse \"http://www.debian.org\"" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "An <emphasis role=\"strong\">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by " "its name with leading \"<literal>$</literal>\" in the typewriter font " "between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\". You " "are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following." msgstr "" "Une <emphasis role=\"strong\">variable d'environnement</emphasis> est " "indiquée par son nom précédé d’un « <literal>$</literal> » dans la " "police machine à écrire entre guillemets, comme par exemple « <literal>" "$TERM</literal> ». Vous êtes encouragé à obtenir sa valeur actuelle en " "entrant :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ echo \"$TERM\"" msgstr "$ echo \"$TERM\"" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> msgid "The popcon" msgstr "Le concours de popularité (« popcon »)" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the " "objective measure for the popularity of each package. It was downloaded on " "&pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports " "over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures." msgstr "" "Les données du <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> sont présentées comme " "une manière objective de mesurer la popularité de chaque paquet. Elles sont " "téléchargées depuis &pop-date; et contiennent un total de &pop-submissions; " "soumissions de rapports pour &pop-packages; paquets binaires et &pop-" "architectures; architectures." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently. The popcon data " "contains reports from many old system installations." msgstr "" "Vous remarquerez que l’archive <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable </" "literal> ne contient actuellement que &all-packages; paquets. Les données de " "popularité contiennent des rapports venant de nombreuses installations " "anciennes." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "The popcon number preceded with \"V:\" for \"votes\" is calculated by \"1000 " "* (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the " "total popcon submissions)\"." msgstr "" "Le numéro de « popcon », précédé par un « V: » pour " "« votes », est calculé par « 1000 * (soumissions popcon pour " "le paquet exécuté récemment sur le PC)/(nombre total des soumissions popcon)" " »." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "The popcon number preceded with \"I:\" for \"installs\" is calculated by " "\"1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the " "total popcon submissions)\"." msgstr "" "Le numéro de « popcon », précédé par un « I: » pour " "« installations », est calculé par « 1000 * (soumissions " "popcon pour le paquet installé sur le PC)/(nombre total des soumissions " "popcon) »." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the " "importance of packages. There are many factors which can skew statistics. " "For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories " "such as \"<literal>/bin</literal>\" with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" " "option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled \"vote\" " "from such system." msgstr "" "Les données numériques de popcon ne doivent pas être considérées comme des " "mesures absolues de l’importance des paquets. Il y a de nombreux facteurs " "qui peuvent fausser les statistiques. Par exemple, certains systèmes " "participant au popcon ont monté des répertoires tels que « <literal>/" "bin</literal> » avec l’option « <literal>noatime</literal> » " "afin d'améliorer les performances du système et ont, de ce fait, désactivé " "le « vote » de tels systèmes." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> msgid "The package size" msgstr "Taille du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each " "package. It is based on the \"<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>\" reported " "by \"<literal>apt-cache show</literal>\" or \"<literal>aptitude show</" "literal>\" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> architecture for " "the <literal>unstable</literal> release). The reported size is in KiB " "(<ulink url=\"&kibibyte;\">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 bytes)." msgstr "" "Les données correspondant à la taille du paquet sont aussi présentées comme " "une mesure objective de chacun des paquets. Elles sont basées sur « " "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal> » (« taille installée ») " "indiquée par la commande « <literal>apt-cache show</literal> » ou " "« <literal>aptitude show </literal> » (actuellement sur " "l’architecture <literal>&arch;</literal> et pour la version " "<literal>unstable</literal>). La taille est indiquée en Kio (<ulink url=" "\"&kibibyte;\">kibioctet</ulink> = unité pour 1024 octets)." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package " "in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs " "other packages with significant contents by the dependency. The dummy " "package enables a smooth transition or split of the package." msgstr "" "Si un paquet a une taille de faible valeur numérique, cela peut vouloir dire " "que le paquet de la version <literal>unstable</literal> est un paquet « " "dummy » qui permet l’installation par dépendances d'autres paquets " "ayant un contenu significatif. Un paquet dummy permet une transition en " "douceur ou un éclatement du paquet." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "A package size followed by \"(*)\" indicates that the package in the " "<literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the " "<literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead." msgstr "" "Une taille de paquet suivie de « (*) » indique que la version " "<literal>unstable</literal> du paquet est absente et que la taille du paquet " "venant de la version <literal>experimental</literal> a été utilisée en " "remplacement." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> msgid "Bug reports on this document" msgstr "Signalements de bogues concernant ce document" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package " "using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> if you find any issues on this document. Please " "include correction suggestion by \"<literal>diff -u</literal>\" to the plain " "text version or to the source." msgstr "" "Si vous découvrez des problèmes dans ce document, veuillez signaler les " "bogues du paquet <literal>debian-reference</literal> en utilisant " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Veuillez inclure des suggestions de correction en " "lançant « <literal>diff -u</literal> » sur la version en texte " "brut ou sur le source." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> msgid "Some quotes for new users" msgstr "Quelques citations pour les nouveaux utilisateurs" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para> msgid "" "Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help " "enlighten new users." msgstr "" "Voici quelques citations intéressantes venant de la liste de diffusion " "Debian et qui peuvent aider les nouveaux utilisateurs à y voir plus " "clair :" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"This is Unix. It gives you enough rope to hang yourself.\" --- Miquel van " "Smoorenburg <literal><miquels at cistron.nl></literal>" msgstr "" "« This is UNIX. It gives you enough rope to hang yourself. » --- " "Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal><miquels@cistron.nl></literal> (C'est " "UNIX. Il vous donne assez de corde pour vous pendre vous-même)." #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are.\" " "--- Tollef Fog Heen <literal><tollef at add.no></literal>" msgstr "" "« UNIX IS user friendly... It's just selective about who its friends " "are. » --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal><tollef@add.no></literal> " "(UNIX <emphasis role=\"strong\">est</emphasis> l’ami de l’utilisateur… Il " "choisit juste qui sont ses amis)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "GNU/Linux tutorials" msgstr "Didacticiels GNU/Linux" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language. " "Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice " "it yourself. In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few " "basic points." msgstr "" "Je pense qu’apprendre un système d'exploitation est comme apprendre une " "nouvelle langue étrangère. Bien que les livres de didacticiels et de " "documentation soient utiles, vous devrez pratiquer vous-même. Pour vous " "aider à vous lancer en douceur, je vais développer quelques points " "fondamentaux." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The powerful design of <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> <ulink url=" "\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> comes from the " "<ulink url=\"&unix;\">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink url=" "\"&multiuser;\">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&multitasking;" "\">multitasking</ulink> operating system. You must learn to take advantage " "of the power of these features and similarities between Unix and GNU/Linux." msgstr "" "La puissance de la conception de <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> " "<ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> vient " "du système d'exploitation <ulink url=\"&unix;\">UNIX</ulink>, c'est-à-dire " "un système d'exploitation <ulink url=\"&multiuser;\">multi-utilisateurs</" "ulink>, <ulink url=\"&multitasking;\">multi-tâches</ulink>. Vous devrez " "apprendre à tirer parti de la puissance de ces fonctionnalités et des " "similitudes entre UNIX et GNU/Linux." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux " "texts, as this robs you of much useful information." msgstr "" "N’écartez pas des textes orientés UNIX en ne vous reposant que sur les " "textes GNU/Linux, cela vous priverait de beaucoup d'informations utiles." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para> msgid "" "If you have been using any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " "system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I " "explain here. Please use this as a reality check and refresher." msgstr "" "Si vous avez utilisé pendant un certain temps des systèmes <ulink url=" "\"&unixlike;\">ressemblant à UNIX</ulink> avec des outils en ligne de " "commande, vous connaissez sans doute tout ce que j'explique ici. Vous " "pourrez utiliser ce document pour actualiser vos connaissances." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Console basics" msgstr "Bases pour la console" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The shell prompt" msgstr "L’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login " "screen if you did not install <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window " "System</ulink> with the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal>. " "Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as " "follows." msgstr "" "Au démarrage du système, si vous n'avez pas installé le <ulink url=" "\"&xwindowsystem;\">système X Window</ulink> avec un gestionnaire " "d'affichage tel que <literal>gdm3</literal>, un écran d'identification en " "mode caractères vous est présenté. Supposons que le nom d'hôte de votre " "machine soit <literal>toto</literal>, l’invite d'identification ressemblera " "alors à ceci :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "foo login:" msgstr "toto login:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you did install a <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> environment such as " "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, " "then you can get to a login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F1, and you can return to the " "GUI environment via Alt-F7 (see <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> below " "for more)." msgstr "" "Si vous avez installé un <ulink url=\"&gui;\">environnement graphique</" "ulink> (GUI) tel que <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> ou <ulink url=" "\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, vous pouvez alors obtenir une telle invite " "d'identification par Ctrl-Alt-F1, vous pourrez ensuite revenir à " "l’environnement graphique par Alt-F7 (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_virtual_consoles\"/> ci-dessous pour davantage d'informations)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "At the login prompt, you type your username, e.g. <literal>penguin</" "literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your password and press the " "Enter-key again." msgstr "" "À l’invite d'identification, entrez votre nom d'utilisateur, par exemple " "<literal>pingouin</literal>, et pressez la touche Entrée, entrez ensuite " "votre mot de passe et pressez de nouveau la touche Entrée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system " "are case sensitive. The username is usually chosen only from the " "lowercase. The first user account is usually created during the " "installation. Additional user accounts can be created with " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> by root." msgstr "" "Conformément à la tradition UNIX, l’identifiant de l’utilisateur et le mot " "de passe sur un système Debian sont sensibles à la casse. L’identifiant de " "l’utilisateur est habituellement choisi uniquement en minuscules. Le premier " "compte d'utilisateur est normalement créé lors de l’installation. Des " "comptes d'utilisateurs supplémentaires peuvent être créés avec la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> par l’administrateur (root)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The system starts with the greeting message stored in \"<literal>/etc/motd</" "literal>\" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command prompt." msgstr "" "Le système démarre avec le message de bienvenue qui se trouve dans « " "<literal>/etc/motd</literal> » (Message du jour : « Message " "Of The Day ») et présente une invite de commande comme :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Debian GNU/Linux lenny/sid foo tty1\n" "foo login: penguin\n" "Password:\n" "Last login: Sun Apr 22 09:29:34 2007 on tty1\n" "Linux snoopy 2.6.20-1-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Apr 15 20:25:49 UTC 2007 x86_64\n" "\n" "The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n" "the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n" "individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n" "\n" "Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n" "permitted by applicable law.\n" "foo:~$" msgstr "" "Debian GNU/Linux lenny/sid toto tty1\n" "toto login: pingouin\n" "Password:\n" "Last login: Sun Apr 22 09:29:34 2007 on tty1\n" "Linux snoopy 2.6.20-1-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Apr 15 20:25:49 UTC 2007 x86_64\n" "\n" "The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n" "the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n" "individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n" "\n" "Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n" "permitted by applicable law.\n" "toto:~$" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, the main part of the greeting message can be customized by editing the " "\"<literal>/etc/motd.tail</literal>\" file. The first line is generated from " "the system information using \"<literal>uname -snrvm</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Dans cet exemple, la partie principale du message d'accueil peut être " "personnalisée en éditant le fichier « <literal>/etc/motd.tail</" "literal> ». La première ligne est générée à partir des informations du " "système obtenues par la commande «  <literal>uname -snrvm</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Now you are in the <ulink url=\"&shell;\">shell</ulink>. The shell " "interprets your commands." msgstr "" "Vous êtes maintenant sous <ulink url=\"&shell;\">l’interpréteur de " "commandes</ulink> (« shell »). Le shell interprète vos commandes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The shell prompt under X" msgstr "Invite de l’interpréteur de commandes sous X" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you installed <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window System</ulink> with " "a display manager such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s " "<literal>gdm3</literal> by selecting \"Desktop environment\" task during the " "installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon " "starting your system. You type your username and your password to login to " "the non-privileged user account. Use tab to navigate between username and " "password, or use the mouse and primary click." msgstr "" "Si, lors de l’installation, vous avez installé, avec le <ulink url=" "\"&xwindowsystem;\">système X Window</ulink>, un gestionnaire graphique de " "session tel que <literal>gdm3</literal> de <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</" "ulink> en sélectionnant la tâche « Environnement de bureau », un " "écran d'identification graphique vous sera présenté au démarrage de votre " "système. Entrez votre nom d'utilisateur et votre mot de passe pour vous " "connecter à un compte d'utilisateur sans privilège. Utilisez la touche de " "tabulation pour passer du champ d'entrée de l’utilisateur à celui du mot de " "passe ou utilisez la souris et un clic-gauche." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can gain the shell prompt under X by starting a <literal>x-terminal-" "emulator</literal> program such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-" "terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Under the GNOME " "Desktop environment, clicking \"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Terminal" "\" does the trick." msgstr "" "Sous X, vous pouvez obtenir une invite de l’interpréteur de commandes en " "lançant un programme d'<literal>émulation de terminal-x</literal> comme " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>. Sous l’environnement de bureau GNOME, il suffit de cliquer " "« Applications » → « Accessoires » → « " "Terminal »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can also see the section below <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez aussi consulter la <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> ci-" "dessous." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there " "may be no obvious starting point for the menu. If this happens, just try " "(right) clicking the center of the screen and hope for a menu to pop-up." msgstr "" "Sous d'autres environnements de bureau (comme <literal>fluxbox</literal>), " "il peut ne pas y avoir de point d'entrée de menu évident. Si cela se " "produit, essayez simplement de faire un clic-droit au milieu de l’écran en " "espérant voir apparaître un menu." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The root account" msgstr "Compte de l’administrateur (root)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The root account is also called <ulink url=\"&superuser;\">superuser</ulink> " "or privileged user. From this account, you can perform the following system " "administration tasks." msgstr "" "Le compte de l’administrateur (root) est encore appelé <ulink url=" "\"&superuser;\">superutilisateur</ulink> ou utilisateur privilégié. Depuis " "ce compte, vous pouvez effectuer les opérations d'administrations du système " "suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file " "permissions" msgstr "" "lire, écrire et effacer n'importe quel fichier du système quelles que soient " "ses permissions ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system" msgstr "" "définir le propriétaire et les permissions de n'importe quel fichier du " "système ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system" msgstr "" "définir le mot de passe de n'importe quel utilisateur non-privilégié du " "système ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Login to any accounts without their passwords" msgstr "vous connecter à n'importe quel compte sans mot de passe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and " "responsible when using it." msgstr "" "La puissance illimitée du compte de l’administrateur fait que vous devez " "être attentif et responsable lorsque vous l’utilisez." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "Never share the root password with others." msgstr "" "Ne donnez jamais le mot de passe de l’administrateur à d'autres personnes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM etc. " "which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it unusable or " "inaccessible by non-root users. Although the use of root account is a quick " "way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should be done through " "proper setting of file permissions and user's group membership (see <xref " "linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)." msgstr "" "Les permissions d'un fichier (y compris les fichiers de périphériques tels " "que les CD-ROM ou autres, qui ne sont que des fichiers parmi d'autres pour " "le système Debian) peuvent le rendre inutilisable ou inaccessible à des " "utilisateurs autres que l’administrateur. Bien que l’utilisation du compte " "de l’administrateur soit un moyen rapide de test dans une telle situation, " "sa résolution devra être effectuée en définissant les droits de fichiers et " "les membres des groupes d'utilisateurs corrects (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The root shell prompt" msgstr "Invite de l’interpréteur de commandes pour l’administrateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root " "password." msgstr "" "Voici quelques méthodes de base pour obtenir l’invite de l’interpréteur de " "commande de l’administrateur en utilisant le mot de passe de « " "root » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt." msgstr "" "entrez <literal>root</literal> à l’invite de connexion en mode " "caractère ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Click \"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Root Terminal\", under the " "GNOME Desktop environment." msgstr "" "sous l’environnement de bureau GNOME, cliquez « Applications » → " "« Accessoires » → « Terminal administrateur » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Type \"<literal>su -l</literal>\" from any user shell prompt." msgstr "" "entrez « <literal>su -l</literal> » depuis une invite quelconque " "de l’interpréteur de commandes ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "This does not preserve the environment of the current user." msgstr "cela ne préserve pas l’environnement de l’utilisateur actuel ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Type \"<literal>su</literal>\" from any user shell prompt." msgstr "" "entrez « <literal>su</literal> » depuis une invite quelconque de " "l’interpréteur de commandes ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "This preserves some of the environment of the current user." msgstr "cela préserve une partie de l’environnement de l’utilisateur actuel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "GUI system administration tools" msgstr "Outils graphiques d'administration du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools " "automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the " "root shell prompt of the X terminal emulator, such as " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>. See <xref linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_running_x_clients_as_root\"/>." msgstr "" "Lorsque le menu de votre environnement de bureau ne démarre pas " "automatiquement, avec les droits appropriés, l’interface graphique des " "outils d'administration du système, vous pouvez les démarrer depuis l’invite " "de l’interpréteur du compte de l’administrateur dans un émulateur de " "terminal X, tel que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> et <xref linkend=" "\"_running_x_clients_as_root\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing " "in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Ne jamais lancer un affichage X ou un gestionnaire de session avec le compte " "de l’administrateur en entrant <literal>root</literal> à l’invite d'un " "gestionnaire d'écran tel que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical " "information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen." msgstr "" "Ne jamais faire tourner de programme distant non sûrs avec une interface " "graphique sous X window lorsque des informations critiques sont affichées " "parce votre écran X peut être espionné." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Virtual consoles" msgstr "Consoles virtuelles" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink url=" "\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start the " "command shell directly on the Linux host. Unless you are in a GUI " "environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the " "<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — " "<literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously. Each character console allows " "independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment. This " "multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive." msgstr "" "Il y a, dans le système Debian par défaut, six consoles commutables en mode " "caractères de type <ulink url=\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100</ulink> disponibles pour " "lancer directement l’interpréteur de commandes sur la machine Linux. À moins " "que vous ne disposiez d'un environnement graphique, vous pouvez basculer " "entre les consoles virtuelles en pressant la <literal>touche Alt de gauche</" "literal> et, simultanément, l’une des touches <literal>F1</literal> à " "<literal>F6</literal>. Chaque console en mode caractères permet de se " "connecter de manière indépendante à un compte et offre un environnement " "multi-utilisateurs. Cet environnement multi-utilisateurs est une " "fonctionnalité intéressante d’UNIX, très vite, on ne peut plus s'en passer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are under the X Window System, you gain access to the character " "console 1 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal> key, i.e., the " "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and " "the <literal>F1-key</literal> are pressed together. You can get back to the " "X Window System, normally running on the virtual console 7, by pressing " "<literal>Alt-F7</literal>." msgstr "" "Depuis le système, vous avez accès à la console 1 en pressant la combinaison " "de touches <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal>, c'est-à-dire que la " "<literal>touche Ctrl de gauche</literal>, la <literal>touche Alt de gauche</" "literal> et la <literal> touche F1</literal> sont pressées simultanément. " "Vous pouvez revenir au système X Window, qui tourne normalement sur la " "console virtuelle 7, en pressant <literal>Alt-F7</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console " "1, from the commandline." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez aussi changer de console virtuelle, par exemple pour la console " "1, par la commande :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# chvt 1" msgstr "# chvt 1" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "How to leave the command prompt" msgstr "Comment quitter l’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</" "literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed together, at the command " "prompt to close the shell activity. If you are at the character console, " "you return to the login prompt with this. Even though these control " "characters are referred as \"control D\" with the upper case, you do not " "need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, <literal>^D</" "literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>. Alternately, you can " "type \"exit\"." msgstr "" "Pour arrêter l’activité de l’interpréteur de commandes, entrez <literal>Ctrl-" "D</literal>, c'est-à-dire la <literal>touche Ctrl de gauche</literal> et la " "<literal>touche d</literal> pressées simultanément, à l’invite de " "l’interpréteur. Si vous êtes sur une console en mode caractères, cela vous " "fera retourner alors à l’invite d'identification. Même si on se réfère à ces " "caractères de commande avec « control D » en majuscule, il n'est " "pas nécessaire de presser la touche majuscule. Le raccourci <literal>^D</" "literal>, est aussi utilisé pour <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>. Vous pouvez " "aussi entrer « exit »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are at <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x-terminal-emulator</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you can close " "<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this." msgstr "" "Si vous êtes sur un <citerefentry><refentrytitle>émulateur de x-terminal</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, vous pouvez fermer la " "fenêtre de <literal>l’émulateur de terminal-x</literal> de la même manière." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "How to shutdown the system" msgstr "Comment arrêter le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink url=" "\"&cachingdata;\">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved performance, " "the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before power can " "safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, by forcing " "all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software power control " "is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off power of the " "system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few seconds after " "the shutdown procedure.)" msgstr "" "Comme tout autre système d'exploitation moderne où les opérations sur les " "fichiers mettent en œuvre un <ulink url=\"&cachingdata;\">cache de données</" "ulink> en mémoire afin d'améliorer les performances, le système Debian " "demande que l’on exécute une procédure d'arrêt adaptée avant que le système " "ne puisse être mis hors tension. Cela permet de maintenir l’intégrité des " "fichiers, en forçant l’écriture sur disque de toutes les informations " "conservées en mémoire. Si un logiciel de contrôle de l’alimentation est " "disponible, la procédure d'arrêt coupera automatiquement l’alimentation du " "système. (Sinon, vous devrez presser le bouton d'alimentation pendant " "quelques secondes une fois la procédure d'arrêt terminée)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the " "commandline." msgstr "" "Dans le mode normal multi-utilisateurs, vous pouvez arrêter le système " "depuis la ligne de commandes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# shutdown -h now" msgstr "# shutdown -h now" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline." msgstr "" "Dans le mode normal mono-utilisateur, vous pouvez arrêter le système depuis " "la ligne de commandes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# poweroff -i -f" msgstr "# poweroff -i -f" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, you may type <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Delete</literal> (The " "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-Key</literal>, and " "the <literal>Delete</literal> are pressed together) to shutdown if " "\"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" contains \"<literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/" "sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -h now</literal>\" in it. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> for details." msgstr "" "Pour arrêter le système, vous pouvez aussi utiliser <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Suppr</" "literal> (la <literal>touche Ctrl de gauche</literal>, la <literal>touche " "Alt de gauche</literal> et la <literal>touche Suppr</literal> pressées " "simultanément) si la ligne <literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -" "a -h now</literal> » se trouve dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/" "inittab</literal> ». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage " "d'informations." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>." msgstr "" "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Recovering a sane console" msgstr "Récupérer une console propre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as " "\"<literal>cat <some-binary-file></literal>\", type \"<literal>reset</" "literal>\" at the command prompt. You may not be able to see the command " "echoed as you type. You may also issue \"<literal>clear</literal>\" to " "clean up the screen." msgstr "" "Lorsque l’écran est corrompu après que vous ayez fait des choses amusantes " "comme « <literal>cat <un-fichier-binaire></literal> » entrez " "« <literal>reset</literal> » à l’invite de commande. Il est " "possible que vous ne voyiez pas ce que vous entrez. Vous pouvez aussi entrer " "« <literal>clear</literal> » pour nettoyer l’écran." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Additional package suggestions for the newbie" msgstr "Suggestions de paquets supplémentaires pour le débutant" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any " "desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a " "good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character " "terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> " "with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> for beginners to get started by the following." msgstr "" "Bien que même une installation minimale du système Debian sans aucune tâche " "d'environnement de bureau fournisse les fonctionnalités UNIX de base, c'est " "une bonne idée pour les débutants d'installer pour commencer quelques " "paquets de ligne de commandes ou de terminal en mode caractères basé sur " "« curses » comme <literal>mc</literal> et <literal>vim</literal> " "avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> en utilisant les commandes suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# apt-get update\n" " ...\n" "# apt-get install mc vim sudo\n" " ..." msgstr "" "# apt-get update\n" " ...\n" "# apt-get install mc vim sudo\n" " ..." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed." msgstr "" "Si vous avez déjà installé ces paquets, aucun nouveau paquet ne sera " "installé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of interesting text-mode program packages" msgstr "Liste de paquets de programmes intéressants en mode texte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "package" msgstr "paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "popcon" msgstr "popcon" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "size" msgstr "taille" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description" msgstr "description" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "DUMMY" msgstr "DUMMY" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "A text-mode full-screen file manager" msgstr "gestionnaire de fichiers plein écran en mode texte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "A program to allow limited root privileges to users" msgstr "" "programme donnant aux utilisateurs des privilèges d'administration limités" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)" msgstr "" "éditeur de texte UNIX Vi amélioré (Vi IMproved), éditeur de texte pour " "programmeurs (version standard)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)" msgstr "" "éditeur de texte UNIX Vi amélioré (Vi IMproved), éditeur de texte pour " "programmeurs (version compacte)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor (version 23)" msgstr "" "projet GNU Emacs, éditeur de texte extensible basé sur Lisp (version 23)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Text-mode WWW browsers" msgstr "navigateurs WWW en mode texte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)" msgstr "couper-coller à la mode UNIX sur une console texte (démon)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations." msgstr "Ce peut être une bonne idée de lire quelques documentations." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of informative documentation packages" msgstr "Liste de paquets de documentation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents" msgstr "projet de documentation Debian, (FAQ Debian) et autres documents" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Debian Policy Manual and related documents" msgstr "Charte Debian et documents associés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Guidelines and information for Debian developers" msgstr "Guides et informations pour les responsables Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Debian New Maintainers' Guide" msgstr "Guide des nouveaux responsables Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "History of the Debian Project" msgstr "Histoire du projet Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Debian FAQ" msgstr "FAQ Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The Linux System Administrators' Guide" msgstr "" "Guide de l’administrateur système (« The Linux System Administrators' " "Guide »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "You can install some of these packages by the following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez installer quelques-uns de ces paquets en passant les commandes " "suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# apt-get install package_name" msgstr "# apt-get install nom_paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "An extra user account" msgstr "Compte pour un utilisateur supplémentaire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training " "activities, you can create a training user account, e.g. <literal>fish</" "literal> by the following." msgstr "" "Si vous ne souhaitez pas utiliser votre compte d'utilisateur principal pour " "les activités de formation qui suivent, vous pouvez créer un compte de " "formation, par exemple <literal>poisson</literal> en passant la commande qui " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# adduser fish" msgstr "# adduser poisson" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Answer all questions." msgstr "Répondez à toutes les questions." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>. After your " "practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the " "following." msgstr "" "Cela va créer un nouveau compte appelé <literal>poisson</literal>. Après vos " "exercices, vous pourrez supprimer ce compte d'utilisateur et son répertoire " "personnel par :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# deluser --remove-home fish" msgstr "# deluser --remove-home poisson" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "sudo configuration" msgstr "Configuration de sudo" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on " "the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. " "<literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his " "user password but without the root password." msgstr "" "Pour une station de travail typique avec un seul utilisateur tel que le " "système de bureau Debian sur un PC de bureau, il est habituel de mettre en " "œuvre une configuration simple de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> comme suit afin que " "l’utilisateur non privilégié, par exemple <literal>pingouin</literal>, " "puisse obtenir les privilèges d'administration avec simplement son mot de " "passe personnel et non avec le mot de passe de l’administrateur :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# echo \"penguin ALL=(ALL) ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" msgstr "# echo \"pingouin ALL=(ALL) ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged " "user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege " "without any password." msgstr "" "Il est aussi habituel, en remplacement, de faire comme suit afin que " "l’utilisateur non privilégié, par exemple <literal>pingouin</literal>, " "puisse obtenir les privilèges d'administration sans aucun mot de passe " "personnel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# echo \"penguin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" msgstr "# echo \"pingouin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you " "administer and where you are the only user." msgstr "" "Cette astuce ne doit être utilisée qu'avec une station de travail que vous " "administrez, n'ayant qu'un seul utilisateur et dont vous êtes le seul " "utilisateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this " "because it would be very bad for system security." msgstr "" "Ne configurez pas de cette manière les utilisateurs normaux d'une station de " "travail multi-utilisateurs parce que cela serait très grave pour la sécurité " "du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above " "example requires as much protection as the root password and the root " "account." msgstr "" "Le mot de passe et le compte du <literal>pingouin</literal> de l’exemple " "précédent doivent bénéficier de la même protection que le mot de passe et le " "compte de l’administrateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to " "perform the system administration task on the workstation. Never give some " "manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege " "unless they are authorized and capable." msgstr "" "Le privilège d'administration, dans ce contexte, appartient à quelqu'un " "autorisé à effectuer les tâches d'administration du système sur la station " "de travail. Ne jamais donner un tel privilège à un responsable du " "département administratif de votre entreprise ni à votre patron, à moins " "qu'ils n'y soient autorisés et en soient capables." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you " "should consider to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> to provide " "limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Pour donner un accès privilégié à certains périphériques et certains " "fichiers, vous devriez envisager l’utilisation d'un <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">groupe</emphasis> donnant un accès limité plutôt que d'utiliser le " "privilège de <literal>root</literal> par l’intermédiaire de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "With more thoughtful and careful configuration, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on " "a shared system without sharing the root password. This can help with " "accountability with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who " "did what. On the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such " "privileges." msgstr "" "Avec une configuration plus approfondie et prudente, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> peut permettre à d'autres utilisateurs d'obtenir des " "privilèges limités d'administration sur un système partagé sans partager le " "mot de passe de l’administrateur. Cela peut améliorer la confiance sur les " "machines ayant plusieurs administrateurs de manière à ce que vous puissiez " "dire qui a fait quoi. D'un autre côté, vous ne devriez pas confier de tels " "privilèges à quelqu'un d'autre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Play time" msgstr "À vous de jouer" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as " "you use the non-privileged user account." msgstr "" "Vous êtres maintenant prêt à jouer avec le système Debian, sans risque aussi " "longtemps que vous utiliserez un compte d'utilisateur sans privilège." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, " "configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users " "from damaging the system. Of course, there may still be some holes which " "can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be " "reading this section but should be reading <ulink url=" "\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>." msgstr "" "Cela, parce que le système Debian, même après l’installation initiale, est " "configuré avec des permissions de fichiers adaptées qui évitent aux " "utilisateurs non privilégiés d'endommager le système. Bien entendu, il peut " "y avoir certaines failles qui peuvent être exploités mais ceux qui " "s’inquiètent de ces problèmes ne devraient pas lire cette section mais " "plutôt le <ulink url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Manuel de sécurisation</" "ulink> (« Securing Debian Manual »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " "system with the following." msgstr "" "Nous allons apprendre le système Debian en tant que système <ulink url=" "\"&unixlike;\">semblable à UNIX</ulink> (« UNIX-like ») avec :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (basic concept)" msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (concept de base) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (survival method)" msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (méthode de survie) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (basic method)" msgstr "" "<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (méthode de base)" " ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (shell mechanism)" msgstr "" "<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (mécanisme de l’interpréteur " "de commandes) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (text processing method)" msgstr "" "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (méthode de traitement des " "données textuelles)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Unix-like filesystem" msgstr "Système de fichiers de type UNIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> operating " "systems, <ulink url=\"&files;\">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink url=" "\"&directories;\">directories</ulink>. All files and directories are " "arranged in one big tree rooted at \"<literal>/</literal>\". It's called a " "tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is " "upside down." msgstr "" "Avec GNU/Linux et d'autres systèmes d'exploitation <ulink url=\"&unixlike;" "\">semblables à UNIX</ulink>, les <ulink url=\"&files;\">fichiers</ulink> " "sont organisés en <ulink url=\"&directories;\">répertoires</ulink>. Tous les " "fichiers et les répertoires sont disposés sous forme d'une grosse " "arborescence ancrée sur « <literal>/</literal> ». On l’appelle un " "arbre parce que si vous dessinez le système de fichiers, il ressemble à un " "arbre qui se trouverait disposé la tête en bas." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the " "big file tree. Conversely, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> detaches it again. On " "recent Linux kernels, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with some options can " "bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, " "private, slave, or unbindable. Supported mount options for each filesystem " "are available in \"<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/" "filesystems/</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Ces fichiers et répertoires peuvent être répartis sur plusieurs " "périphériques. La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sert à attacher les " "systèmes de fichiers se trouvant sur certains périphériques à la grosse " "arborescence des fichiers. À l’opposé, la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> les détachera de nouveau. Avec les noyaux Linux récents, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> avec certaines options peut lier une partie d'une arborescence " "de fichiers à un autre emplacement ou peut monter un système de fichiers de " "manière partagée, privée, esclave ou « non-liable ». Vous " "trouverez les options de montage prises en compte par chaque système de " "fichiers dans « <literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/" "filesystems/</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">folders</emphasis> on some other systems. Please " "also note that there is no concept for <emphasis role=\"strong\">drive</" "emphasis> such as \"<literal>A:</literal>\" on any Unix system. There is " "one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage " "compared to Windows." msgstr "" "Les <emphasis role=\"strong\">répertoires</emphasis> d'un système UNIX sont " "appelés <emphasis role=\"strong\">dossiers</emphasis> sur d'autres systèmes. " "Vous remarquez aussi qu'il n'y a, sur aucun système UNIX, de concept de " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">lecteur</emphasis> tel que « <literal>A:</" "literal> ». Il y a un système de fichiers qui comprend tout. C'est un " "gros avantage comparé à Windows." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Unix file basics" msgstr "Bases concernant les fichiers UNIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Here are some Unix file basics." msgstr "Voici les bases des fichiers UNIX :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Filenames are <emphasis role=\"strong\">case sensitive</emphasis>. That is, " "\"<literal>MYFILE</literal>\" and \"<literal>MyFile</literal>\" are " "different files." msgstr "" "les noms de fichiers sont <emphasis role=\"strong\">sensibles à la casse</" "emphasis>. Ce qui veut dire que « <literal>MONFICHIER</literal> » " "et « <literal>MonFichier</literal> » sont des fichiers " "différents ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">root directory</emphasis> means root of the " "filesystem referred as simply \"<literal>/</literal>\". Don't confuse this " "with the home directory for the root user: \"<literal>/root</literal>\"." msgstr "" "on se réfère au <emphasis role=\"strong\">répertoire racine</emphasis> " "(« root directory »), qui est la racine du système de fichiers, " "simplement par « <literal>/</literal> ». Ne pas le confondre avec " "le répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur root : « <literal>/root</" "literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">except \"<literal>/</literal>\"</emphasis>. The " "root directory is an exception; its name is \"<literal>/</literal>" "\" (pronounced \"slash\" or \"the root directory\") and it cannot be renamed." msgstr "" "un nom de répertoire peut être constitué de n'importe quelle lettre ou " "symbole <emphasis role=\"strong\">sauf « <literal>/</literal> »</" "emphasis>. Le répertoire racine est une exception, son nom est « " "<literal>/</literal> » (prononcé « slash » ou « le " "répertoire racine »), il ne peut pas être renommé ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-" "qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\">absolute filename</" "emphasis>, or <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence " "of directories which must be passed through to reach it. The three terms " "are synonymous." msgstr "" "chaque fichier ou répertoire est désigné par un <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">nom de fichier entièrement qualifié</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">nom de fichier absolu</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong\">chemin</" "emphasis>, indiquant la séquence de répertoires que l’on doit traverser pour " "l’atteindre. Les trois expressions sont synonymes ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "All <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin " "with the \"<literal>/</literal>\" directory, and there's a \"<literal>/</" "literal>\" between each directory or file in the filename. The first " "\"<literal>/</literal>\" is the top level directory, and the other " "\"<literal>/</literal>\"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we " "reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file. The words used " "here can be confusing. Take the following <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-" "qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: \"<literal>/usr/share/keytables/" "us.map.gz</literal>\". However, people also refers to its basename " "\"<literal>us.map.gz</literal>\" alone as a filename." msgstr "" "tous les <emphasis role=\"strong\">noms de fichiers entièrement qualifiés</" "emphasis> commencent par le répertoire « <literal>/</literal> » et " "il y a un <literal>/</literal> » entre chaque répertoire ou fichier " "dans le nom du fichier. Le premier « <literal>/</literal> » est le " "répertoire de plus haut niveau, et les autres « <literal>/</" "literal> » séparent les sous-répertoires successifs jusqu'à ce que l’on " "atteigne la dernière entrée qui est le nom fichier proprement dit. Les mots " "utilisés ici peuvent être source de confusion. Prenez comme exemple le " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">nom pleinement qualifié</emphasis> suivant : " "« <literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal> ». Cependant, " "les gens utiliseront souvent son nom de base « <literal>us.map.gz</" "literal> » seul comme nom de fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The root directory has a number of branches, such as \"<literal>/etc/</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/</literal>\". These subdirectories in turn " "branch into still more subdirectories, such as \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\". The whole thing viewed " "collectively is called the <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory tree</" "emphasis>. You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base " "of the tree (\"<literal>/</literal>\") to the end of some branch (a file). " "You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants " "of a single figure called the root directory (\"<literal>/</literal>\"): " "thus subdirectories have <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis>, and a " "path shows the complete ancestry of a file. There are also relative paths " "that begin somewhere other than the root directory. You should remember " "that the directory \"<literal>../</literal>\" refers to the parent " "directory. This terminology also applies to other directory like " "structures, such as hierarchical data structures." msgstr "" "le répertoire racine comporte de nombreuses branches, telles que « " "<literal>/etc/</literal> » et « <literal>/usr/</literal> ». " "Ces sous-répertoires se décomposent eux-mêmes en d'autres sous-répertoires " "comme « <literal>/etc/init.d/</literal> » et « <literal>/usr/" "local/</literal> ». L’ensemble de la chose, vu globalement, s'appelle " "l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">arborescence des répertoires</emphasis>. Vous " "pouvez imaginer un nom de fichier absolu comme une route partant de la base " "de l’arbre (« <literal>/</literal> ») jusqu'à l’extrémité de " "certaines branches (le fichier). Vous entendrez aussi certains parler de " "l'arborescence des répertoires comme d'un arbre <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">généalogique</emphasis> englobant tous les descendants directs d'un seul " "personnage appelé le répertoire racine (« <literal>/</literal> ») : les sous-" "répertoires ont alors des <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis> et un " "chemin montre l’ascendance complète d'un fichier. Il y a aussi des chemins " "relatifs qui commencent quelque part ailleurs qu'au niveau du répertoire " "racine. Il faut vous souvenir que le répertoire « <literal>../</" "literal> » indique le répertoire parent. Cette terminologie s'applique " "de la même manière aux autres structures ressemblant aux répertoires comme " "les structures de données hiérarchiques ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a " "physical device, such as your hard disk. This differs from <ulink url=" "\"&rtbb;\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&openvms;\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"µsoftwindows;" "\">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path contains a device name such as " "\"<literal>C:\\</literal>\". (However, directory entries do exist that " "refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem. See <xref " "linkend=\"_filesystem_internals\"/>.)" msgstr "" "il n'y a pas de chemin de répertoire spécial correspondant à un périphérique " "physique tel que votre disque dur. C'est différent de <ulink url=\"&rtbb;" "\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&openvms;" "\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url=" "\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink> et <ulink url=\"µsoftwindows;\">Microsoft " "Windows</ulink>, où le chemin comporte le nom du périphérique comme « " "<literal>C:\\</literal> ». (Il existe cependant des entrées de " "répertoire qui font référence aux périphériques physique en tant qu'élément " "du système de fichiers normal. Consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_filesystem_internals\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "While you <emphasis role=\"strong\">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or " "symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so. It is better " "to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command " "line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: " "<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @ $</" "literal> . If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the " "period, hyphen, and underscore. You could also capitalize each word, " "\"<literal>LikeThis</literal>\". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid " "spaces in filenames." msgstr "" "Bien que vous <emphasis role=\"strong\">puissiez</emphasis> utiliser la " "plupart des lettres ou symboles dans un nom de fichier, c'est en pratique un " "mauvaise idée de le faire. Il est préférable d'éviter tous les caractères " "qui ont une signification particulière sur la ligne de commandes, comme les " "espaces, tabulations, sauts de ligne, et autres caractères spéciaux : " "<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @ $</" "literal>. Si vous voulez séparer des mots dans un nom, de bons choix sont le " "point, le tiret et le tiret souligné. Vous pouvez aussi mettre une majuscule " "en tête de chaque mot « <literal>CommeCeci</literal> ». Les " "utilisateurs Linux expérimentés on tendance à aussi à éviter les espaces " "dans les noms de fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The word \"root\" can mean either \"root user\" or \"root directory\". The " "context of their usage should make it clear." msgstr "" "Le mot « root » signifie soit « utilisateur root », soit " "« répertoire root » Le contexte de son utilisation devrait " "permettre de les distinguer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The word <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis> is used not only for " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but " "also for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">command search path</emphasis>. The " "intended meaning is usually clear from the context." msgstr "" "Le mot <emphasis role=\"strong\">chemin</emphasis> (« path ») " "n’est pas utilisé que pour les <emphasis role=\"strong\">noms de fichiers " "entièrement qualifiés </emphasis> comme ci-dessus mais aussi pour le " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">chemin de recherche des commandes</emphasis>. La " "signification voulue est habituellement claire selon le contexte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the " "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/" "fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>\" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hier</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). You should remember " "the following facts as the starter." msgstr "" "Les meilleures façons de faire en ce qui concerne la hiérarchie des fichiers " "sont détaillées dans la « norme de hiérarchie du système de " "fichiers » (« Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ») (« " "<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal> » et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>). Vous devriez, pour commencer, mémoriser les éléments " "suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of usage of key directories" msgstr "Utilisation des répertoires-clés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "directory" msgstr "répertoire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "usage of the directory" msgstr "utilisation du répertoire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the root directory" msgstr "répertoire racine" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "system wide configuration files" msgstr "fichiers de configuration valables pour l’ensemble du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "system log files" msgstr "fichiers journaux du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/home/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/home/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "all the home directories for all non-privileged users" msgstr "tous les répertoires personnels des utilisateurs non privilégiés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Filesystem internals" msgstr "Fonctionnement interne du système de fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Following the <emphasis role=\"strong\">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the " "Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</" "ulink> under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices " "reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console " "screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner " "under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\"." msgstr "" "En suivant la <emphasis role=\"strong\">tradition UNIX</emphasis>, le " "système Debian GNU/Linux fournit un <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">système de " "fichiers</ulink> où les données physiques se trouvent sur des disques durs " "et d’autres périphériques de stockage et où les interaction avec les " "périphériques physiques tels que les écrans de console et les consoles " "distantes connectées en séries sont représentées de manière unifiée dans " "« <literal>/dev/</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or " "physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an " "<ulink url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> which describes its associated " "attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs " "to, the time last accessed, etc. If you are really interested, see " "\"<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal>\" for the exact definition of " "\"<literal>struct inode</literal>\" in the Debian GNU/Linux system. The idea " "of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix " "innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. " "Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found " "in the filesystem." msgstr "" "Chaque fichier, répertoire, tube nommé (une manière pour les programmes de " "partager des données) ou périphérique physique sur un système Debian GNU/" "Linux possède une structure de données appelée <ulink url=\"&inode;\">inœud</" "ulink> (« inode ») qui décrit les attributs qui lui sont associés " "comme l’utilisateur qui le possède (propriétaire), le groupe auquel il " "appartient, l’heure de dernier accès, etc. Si vous êtes vraiment intéressé, " "consultez « <literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal> » la " "définition exacte de « <literal>struct inode</literal> » dans le " "système Debian GNU/Linux. L’idée de pouvoir presque tout représenter dans le " "système de fichiers était une innovation d’UNIX, et les noyaux modernes de " "Linux ont encore développé plus loin cette idée. À l’heure actuelle, même " "les informations concernant les processus qui tournent sur le système se " "trouvent sur le système de fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal " "processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for " "the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even " "possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files " "that are linked to running processes." msgstr "" "Cette représentation abstraite et unifiée des entités physiques et des " "processus internes est très puissante puisque cela nous permet d'utiliser la " "même commande pour le même type d'opération sur des périphériques " "complètement différents. Il est même possible de changer la manière dont " "fonctionne le noyau en écrivant des données dans des fichiers spéciaux liés " "aux processus en cours d'exécution." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the " "physical entity, execute <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with no arguments." msgstr "" "Si vous avez besoin de connaître la correspondance entre une arborescence de " "fichiers et un périphérique physique, lancez la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> sans paramètre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Filesystem permissions" msgstr "Permissions du système de fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of " "<ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three " "categories of affected users." msgstr "" "Les <ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">permissions du système de " "fichiers</ulink> d'un système <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">basé sur UNIX</" "ulink> sont définies pour trois catégories d'utilisateurs :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">utilisateur</emphasis> qui possède le fichier " "(<emphasis role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Other users in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file " "belongs to (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "les autres utilisateurs du <emphasis role=\"strong\">groupe</emphasis> à qui " "appartient le fichier (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "All <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">o</emphasis>) also referred to as \"world\" and \"everyone\"" msgstr "" "tous les <emphasis role=\"strong\">autres</emphasis> utilisateurs (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">o</emphasis>) dont on parle aussi en tant que « monde " "entier » ou « tout le monde »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions." msgstr "" "Pour les fichiers, chaque permission correspondante permet les actions " "suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">r</" "emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file." msgstr "" "la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">lecture</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire de voir le contenu " "du fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">w</" "emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file." msgstr "" "la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire de modifier le " "fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a command." msgstr "" "la permission d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">exécution</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire de lancer le fichier " "comme une commande." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions." msgstr "" "Pour les répertoires, chaque permission correspondante permet les actions " "suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">r</" "emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory." msgstr "" "la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">lecture</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire d'afficher le " "contenu du répertoire ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">w</" "emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory." msgstr "" "la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire d'ajouter ou " "supprimer des fichiers de ce répertoires ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the directory." msgstr "" "la permission d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">exécution</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permet à son propriétaire d'accéder aux " "fichiers du répertoire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, the <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> permission on a " "directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but " "also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the " "modification time." msgstr "" "Ici, la permission en <emphasis role=\"strong\">exécution</emphasis> sur un " "répertoire ne signifie pas uniquement l’autorisation de lire des fichiers " "dans ce répertoire mais aussi l’autorisation de voir leurs attributs, tels " "que leur taille et l’heure de modification." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is used to display permission information (and more) for files " "and directories. When it is invoked with the \"<literal>-l</literal>\" " "option, it displays the following information in the order given." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est utilisé pour afficher les informations de permissions (et " "davantage) des fichiers et répertoires. Lorsque cette commande est passée " "avec l’option « <literal>-l</literal> », elle affiche les " "informations suivantes dans l’ordre donné :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">type de fichier</emphasis> (premier caractère)" " ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Access <emphasis role=\"strong\">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine " "characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other " "in this order)" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">autorisation</emphasis> d'accès au fichier (neuf " "caractères, constitués de trois caractères pour l’utilisateur, le groupe et " "« les autres », dans cet ordre) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">nombre de liens physiques</emphasis> vers le " "fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file" msgstr "" "nom de l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">utilisateur</emphasis> propriétaire du " "fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file " "belongs to" msgstr "" "nom du <emphasis role=\"strong\">groupe</emphasis> a qui appartient le " "fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">taille</emphasis> du fichier en caractères (octets)" " ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">date et heure</emphasis> du fichier (mtime) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Name</emphasis> of the file" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">nom</emphasis> du fichier." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of the first character of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output" msgstr "" "Liste des premiers caractères de la sortie de « <literal>ls -l</" "literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "character" msgstr "caractère" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "meaning" msgstr "signification" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "normal file" msgstr "fichier normal" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>d</literal>" msgstr "<literal>d</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>l</literal>" msgstr "<literal>l</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "symlink" msgstr "lien symbolique" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>c</literal>" msgstr "<literal>c</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "character device node" msgstr "nœud de périphérique en mode caractère" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>b</literal>" msgstr "<literal>b</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "block device node" msgstr "nœud de périphérique en mode bloc" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>p</literal>" msgstr "<literal>p</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "named pipe" msgstr "tube nommé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>s</literal>" msgstr "<literal>s</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "socket" msgstr "socket" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is used from the root account to change the owner of the " "file. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the file's owner or root account to " "change the group of the file. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the " "file's owner or root account to change file and directory access " "permissions. Basic syntax to manipulate a <literal>foo</literal> file is " "the following." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est utilisé depuis le compte de l’administrateur pour modifier " "le propriétaire d'un fichier. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chgrp</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est utilisé depuis le " "compte du propriétaire du fichier ou de l’administrateur pour changer le " "groupe du fichier. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est utilisé depuis le " "compte du propriétaire du fichier ou de l’administrateur pour changer les " "droits d'accès à un fichier ou un répertoire. La syntaxe de base pour " "manipuler le fichier <literal>toto</literal> est la suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chown <newowner> foo\n" "# chgrp <newgroup> foo\n" "# chmod [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] foo" msgstr "" "# chown <nouvel_utilisateur> toto\n" "# chgrp <nouveau_groupe> toto\n" "# chmod [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] toto" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user " "<literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the " "following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez, par exemple, faire qu'une arborescence de répertoires soit la " "propriété de l’utilisateur <literal>toto</literal> et partagée par le groupe " "<literal>titi</literal> en faisant ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /some/location/\n" "# chown -R foo:bar .\n" "# chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX ." msgstr "" "# cd /un/emplacement/\n" "# chown -R toto:titi .\n" "# chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX ." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "There are three more special permission bits." msgstr "Il existe trois bits qui donnent des permissions particulières :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role=" "\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> instead of " "user's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "le bit <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role=" "\"strong\">s</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> situé à la " "place du <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) de l’utilisateur ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role=" "\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> instead of " "group's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "le bit <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role=" "\"strong\">s</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> situé à la " "place du <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) du groupe ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">T</emphasis> instead of other's " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "le <emphasis role=\"strong\">bit collant</emphasis> « sticky " "bit » (<emphasis role=\"strong\">t</emphasis> ou <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">T</emphasis> situé à la place du <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) " "des « autres »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here the output of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" for these bits is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these " "outputs are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unset</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Ici la sortie de « <literal>ls -l</literal> » avec ces bits est " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">en majuscules</emphasis> si les bits d'exécution " "cachés par ces sorties ne sont <emphasis role=\"strong\">pas positionnés</" "emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable " "file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the " "file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Similarly, " "setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable " "file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the " "file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Because these " "settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution." msgstr "" "Définir <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> sur un fichier " "exécutable permet à un utilisateur d'exécuter les fichier avec l’identifiant " "du propriétaire du fichier (par exemple <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</" "emphasis>). De la même manière, définir <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group " "ID</emphasis> sur un fichier exécutable permet d'exécuter le fichier avec " "l’identifiant de groupe du fichier (par exemple <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">root</emphasis>). Parce que ces positionnements de bits peuvent créer des " "risques de sécurité, il ne faut les activer qu'avec des précautions extrêmes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory " "enables the <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme " "where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">group</emphasis> of the directory." msgstr "" "Définir <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> sur un répertoire " "permet la création de fichiers <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">à la BSD</ulink> où " "tous les fichiers créés dans un répertoire appartiennent au <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">groupe</emphasis> du répertoire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory " "prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the " "owner of the file. In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable " "directories such as \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" or in group-writable " "directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</" "emphasis> permission for the file but also set the <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory. Otherwise, the file can be " "removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has " "write access to the directory." msgstr "" "Positionner le <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> d'un " "répertoire empêche un fichier de ce répertoire d'être supprimé par un " "utilisateur qui n'est pas le propriétaire du fichier. Pour sécuriser le " "contenu d'un fichier dans des répertoires pouvant être écrits par tout le " "monde tels que « <literal>/tmp</literal> » ou dans des répertoires " "pouvant être écrits par le groupe, il ne faut pas uniquement supprimer la " "permission du fichier en <emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> mais " "aussi positionner le <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> sur le " "répertoire. Sinon, le fichier pourra être supprimé et un nouveau fichier " "créé avec le même nom par un utilisateur quelconque ayant accès en écriture " "au répertoire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions." msgstr "Voici quelques exemples intéressants de permissions de fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4\n" "crw------T 1 root root 108, 0 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/ppp\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2761 Aug 30 10:38 /etc/passwd\n" "-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1695 Aug 30 10:38 /etc/shadow\n" "-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 973824 Sep 23 20:04 /usr/sbin/exim4\n" "$ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src\n" "drwxrwxrwt 14 root root 20480 Oct 16 21:25 /tmp\n" "drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff 4096 Sep 29 22:50 /usr/local\n" "drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Oct 11 00:28 /usr/src\n" "drwxrwsr-x 2 root mail 4096 Oct 15 21:40 /var/mail\n" "drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Oct 16 21:20 /var/tmp" msgstr "" "$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4\n" "crw------- 1 root root 108, 0 oct. 20 07:12 /dev/ppp\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2718 oct. 5 22:09 /etc/passwd\n" "-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 1741 oct. 5 22:09 /etc/shadow\n" "-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 973824 sept. 23 07:04 /usr/sbin/exim4\n" "$ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src\n" "drwxrwxrwt 17 root root 102400 oct. 20 16:42 /tmp\n" "drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff 4096 nov. 29 2011 /usr/local\n" "drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 sept. 30 11:24 /usr/src\n" "drwxrwsr-x 2 root mail 4096 sept. 27 11:07 /var/mail\n" "drwxrwxrwt 5 root root 4096 oct. 20 09:14 /var/tmp" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>. This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) " "numbers." msgstr "" "Il existe aussi un mode numérique pour décrire les permissions des fichiers " "avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Ce mode numérique utilise des nombres en base 8 " "(radix=8) codés sur 3 ou 4 chiffres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "" "The numeric mode for file permissions in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands" msgstr "" "Mode numérique des permissions de fichiers dans les commandes " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "digit" msgstr "chiffre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "1st optional digit" msgstr "1er chiffre optionnel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)" msgstr "" "somme de <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), et <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "2nd digit" msgstr "2ème chiffre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</" "emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis>" msgstr "" "somme des permissions de <emphasis role=\"strong\">lecture</emphasis> (=4), " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">écriture</emphasis> (=2), et <emphasis role=" "\"strong\"> exécution</emphasis> (=1) pour l’<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">utilisateur</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "3rd digit" msgstr "3ème chiffre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis>" msgstr "identique pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">groupe</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "4th digit" msgstr "4ème chiffre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis>" msgstr "identique pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">autres</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple. If you look at the " "first few (2-10) columns from \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" command output " "and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions (\"-\" " "being \"0\" and \"rwx\" being \"1\"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode " "value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file " "permissions to you." msgstr "" "Cela peut sembler compliqué mais c'est en fait assez simple. Si vous " "regardez les quelques premières colonnes (2-10) de la sortie de la commande " "« <literal>ls -l</literal> » et que vous lisez en représentation " "binaire (base 2) les permissions des fichiers (le « - » " "représentant « 0 » et « rwx » représentant " "« 1 »), les trois derniers chiffres de la valeur numérique du mode " "devraient vous donner la représentation des permissions du fichier en octal " "(base 8)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "For example, try the following" msgstr "Essayez, par exemple, ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ touch foo bar\n" "$ chmod u=rw,go=r foo\n" "$ chmod 644 bar\n" "$ ls -l foo bar\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:39 bar\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo" msgstr "" "$ touch toto titi\n" "$ chmod u=rw,go=r toto\n" "$ chmod 644 titi\n" "$ ls -l toto titi\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct. 20 16:46 titi\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct. 20 16:46 toto" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If you need to access information displayed by \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" " "in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stat</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. The shell builtin such as \"<literal>[</literal>" "\" or \"<literal>test</literal>\" may be used too." msgstr "" "Si vous avez besoin d'accéder aux informations affichées par « " "<literal>ls -l</literal> » depuis un script de l’interpréteur de " "commandes, vous devrez utiliser des commandes pertinentes telles que " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stat</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vous pouvez aussi utiliser les commandes internes " "du shell, telles que « <literal>[</literal> » ou « " "<literal>test</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Control of permissions for newly created files: umask" msgstr "" "Contrôle des permissions pour les fichiers nouvellement créés : umask" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is " "restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Les permissions appliquées à un fichier ou à un répertoire venant d'être " "créé sont restreintes par la commande interne du shell <literal>umask</" "literal>. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> et<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid " (file permissions) = (requested file permissions) & ~(umask value)" msgstr " (permissions du fichier) = (permissions demandées pour le fichier) & ~(valeur de umask)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis> value examples" msgstr "Exemples de valeurs de <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "umask" msgstr "umask" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "file permissions created" msgstr "permissions des fichiers créés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "directory permissions created" msgstr "permissions des répertoires créés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "usage" msgstr "utilisation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>0022</literal>" msgstr "<literal>0022</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "writable only by the user" msgstr "ne peut être écrit que par l’utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>0002</literal>" msgstr "<literal>0002</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "writable by the group" msgstr "peut être écrit par le groupe" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A " "UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the " "same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only " "member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it is safe to set umask to " "<literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group. (In " "some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging " "to a single <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> " "group and is good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security " "in such cases.)" msgstr "" "Le système Debian utilise par défaut un schéma de groupe privé par " "utilisateur (UPG). Un UPG est créé chaque fois qu'un utilisateur est ajouté " "au système. Un UPG a le même nom que l’utilisateur pour lequel il a été créé " "et cet utilisateur est le seul membre de l’UPG. Un principe d'UPG rend sûr " "le positionnement de umask à <literal>0002</literal> car chaque utilisateur " "a son propre groupe privé. (Sur certaines variantes d’UNIX, il est assez " "courant de faire appartenir tous les utilisateurs au même groupe <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> et, dans ce cas, c'est " "une bonne idée de définir umask à <literal>0022</literal> pour des raisons " "de sécurité)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Enable UPG by putting \"<literal>umask 002</literal>\" in the <literal>~/." "bashrc</literal> file." msgstr "" "Activez UPG en plaçant « <literal>umask 002</literal> » dans le fichier " "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Permissions for groups of users (group)" msgstr "Permissions pour les groupes d'utilisateurs (group)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In order to make group permissions to be applied to a particular user, that " "user needs to be made a member of the group using \"<literal>sudo vigr</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "Pour que les droits d'un groupe s'appliquent à un utilisateur particulier, " "il faut donner à cet utilisateur l’appartenance au groupe en utilisant " "« <literal>sudo vigr</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the " "authentication process by adding \"<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</" "literal>\" line to \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and setting " "\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\". (See <xref linkend=" "\"_authentication\"/>.)" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez aussi ajouter dynamiquement des utilisateurs aux groupes durant " "le processus d'authentification en ajoutant la ligne « <literal>auth " "optional pam_group.so</literal> » au fichier « <literal>/etc/pam.d/" "common-auth</literal> » et en définissant « <literal>/etc/security/" "group.conf</literal> » (consultez <xref linkend=\"_authentication\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system. If " "you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from " "a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group." msgstr "" "Sous le système Debian, les périphériques ne sont qu'un autre type de " "fichier. Si vous avez des problèmes pour accéder à des périphériques tel " "qu'un CD-ROM ou une clé USB depuis le compte d'un utilisateur, il faudra " "rendre cet utilisateur membre du groupe concerné." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular " "files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege." msgstr "" "Certains groupes importants fournis par le système permettent à leurs " "membres l’accès à des fichiers et des périphériques particuliers sans avoir " "les privilèges de l’<literal>administrateur</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of notable system-provided groups for file access" msgstr "" "Liste des groupes importants fournis par le système pour l’accès aux fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "group" msgstr "groupe" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description for accessible files and devices" msgstr "description des fichiers et périphériques accessibles" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dialout</literal>" msgstr "<literal>dialout</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "full and direct access to serial ports (\"<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>" "\")" msgstr "" "accès complet et direct aux ports série (« <literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</" "literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dip</literal>" msgstr "<literal>dip</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup IP</" "emphasis> connection to trusted peers" msgstr "" "accès limité aux ports série pour une connexion « <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">Dialup IP</emphasis> (réseau commuté) vers des pairs de confiance" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cdrom</literal>" msgstr "<literal>cdrom</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives" msgstr "lecteurs et graveurs de CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>audio</literal>" msgstr "<literal>audio</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "audio device" msgstr "périphérique audio" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>video</literal>" msgstr "<literal>video</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "video device" msgstr "périphérique vidéo" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>scanner</literal>" msgstr "<literal>scanner</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "scanner(s)" msgstr "dispositifs de numérisation (scanners)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>adm</literal>" msgstr "<literal>adm</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "system monitoring logs" msgstr "journaux de surveillance du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>staff</literal>" msgstr "<literal>staff</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "some directories for junior administrative work: \"<literal>/usr/local</" "literal>\", \"<literal>/home</literal>\"" msgstr "" "quelques répertoires où effectuer du travail d'administration de " "début : « <literal>/usr/local</literal> », « <literal>/" "home</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure " "modem, dial anywhere, etc. But if <literal>root</literal> creates pre-" "defined configuration files for trusted peers in \"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</" "literal>\", you only need to belong to the <literal>dip</literal> group to " "create <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to those " "trusted peers using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>poff</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands." msgstr "" "Vous devez être membre du groupe <literal>dialout</literal> pour pouvoir " "reconfigurer un modem, numéroter vers n'importe où, etc. Mais si " "l’<literal>administrateur</literal> crée dans « <literal>/etc/ppp/peers/" "</literal> » des fichiers de configuration pour des pairs de confiance, " "vous ne devrez appartenir qu'au groupe <literal>dip</literal> pour créer une " "connexion <emphasis role=\"strong\">commutée</emphasis> (« Dialup " "IP ») vers ces pairs de confiance avec commandes " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>poff</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute " "particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege." msgstr "" "Certains groupes faisant partie du système, permettent à leurs membres " "d'exécuter des commandes particulières sans les privilèges de " "l’administrateur (<literal>root</literal>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "" "List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions" msgstr "" "Liste des groupes importants fournis par le système pour l’exécution de " "commandes particulières" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "accessible commands" msgstr "commandes accessibles" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>sudo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>sudo</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "execute <literal>sudo</literal> without their password" msgstr "exécuter <literal>sudo</literal> sans son mot de passe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>lpadmin</literal>" msgstr "<literal>lpadmin</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases" msgstr "" "exécuter des commandes pour ajouter, modifier et supprimer des imprimantes " "de la base de données des imprimantes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent " "version of the \"Users and Groups\" document in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/" "base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\" provided by the <literal>base-" "passwd</literal> package." msgstr "" "Pour une liste complète des groupes et des utilisateurs fournis par les " "système, veuillez consulter une version récente du document « " "Utilisateurs et groupes » (« Users and Groups » se trouvant " "dans  <literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</" "literal> » qui est fourni par le paquet <literal>base-passwd</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vigr</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> for management commands of the user and group " "system." msgstr "" "Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vigr</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les commande de gestion des utilisateurs et " "des groupes du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Timestamps" msgstr "Horodatage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file." msgstr "Il existe trois types d'horodatage pour un fichier GNU/Linux." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of types of timestamps" msgstr "Liste des types d'horodatage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "type" msgstr "type" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)" msgstr "date de modification du fichier (<literal>ls -l</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)" msgstr "date de changement d'état du fichier (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)" msgstr "date de dernier accès au fichier (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time." msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> n'est pas la date de création du " "fichier." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</" "emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file." msgstr "" "Écraser un fichier va modifier tous les attributs <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> et <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> du fichier." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> " "attributes of the file." msgstr "" "Modifier le propriétaire ou les droits d'un fichier va changer les attributs " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> et <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">atime</emphasis> du fichier." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Reading a file changes the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> of the " "file." msgstr "" "La lecture d'un fichier va modifier l’attribut <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">atime</emphasis> du fichier." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Even simply reading a file on the Debian system normally causes a file write " "operation to update <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> information " "in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">inode</emphasis>. Mounting a filesystem " "with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" " "option makes the system skip this operation and results in faster file " "access for the read. This is often recommended for laptops, because it " "reduces hard drive activity and saves power. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Sur un système Debian, même la simple lecture d'un fichier provoque " "normalement une opération d'écriture afin de mettre à jour les informations " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> dans l’<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">inœud</emphasis>. Monter un système de fichiers avec l’option « " "<literal>noatime</literal> » ou « <literal>relatime</" "literal> » fait que le système n'effectuera pas cette opération et, en " "conséquence, les accès aux fichiers en lecture seront plus rapides. C'est " "souvent recommandé pour les portables, parce que cela réduit l’activité " "disque et préserve l’autonomie de la batterie. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command to change timestamps of existing files." msgstr "" "Utilisez la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour modifier " "l’horodatage des fichiers existants." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs different strings " "under non-English locale (\"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\") from under the " "old one (\"<literal>C</literal>\")." msgstr "" "En ce qui concerne l’horodatage, la commande <literal>ls</literal> affiche " "des chaînes différentes avec les paramètres linguistiques non anglais " "(« <literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal> ») qu'avec le vénérable (« " "<literal>C</literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 ls -l foo\n" "-rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 oct. 16 21:35 foo\n" "$ LANG=C ls -l foo\n" "-rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo" msgstr "" "$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 ls -l foo\n" "-rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct. 16 21:35 foo\n" "$ LANG=C ls -l foo\n" "-rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ls -l toto" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> to customize " "\"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output." msgstr "" "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> pour " "personnaliser la sortie de « <literal>ls -l</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Links" msgstr "Liens" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There are two methods of associating a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with " "a different filename \"<literal>bar</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Il existe deux méthodes pour associer le fichier « <literal>toto</" "literal> » avec un nom de fichier différent « <literal>titi</" "literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Hard link</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Lien physique</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Duplicate name for an existing file" msgstr "Nom dupliqué d'un fichier existant" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>ln foo bar</literal>\"" msgstr "« <literal>ln toto titi</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Lien symbolique ou <symlink></" "ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Special file that points to another file by name" msgstr "Fichier spécial pointant vers un autre fichier par son nom" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>\"" msgstr "« <literal>ln -s toto titi</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle " "differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command." msgstr "" "Consultez l’exemple suivant pour des modifications du nombre de liens et les " "subtiles différences dans le résultat de la commande <literal>rm</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ umask 002\n" "$ echo \"Original Content\" > foo\n" "$ ls -li foo\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 foo\n" "$ ln foo bar # hard link\n" "$ ln -s foo baz # symlink\n" "$ ls -li foo bar baz\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 bar\n" "1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin 3 Oct 16 21:47 baz -> foo\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 foo\n" "$ rm foo\n" "$ echo \"New Content\" > foo\n" "$ ls -li foo bar baz\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 bar\n" "1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin 3 Oct 16 21:47 baz -> foo\n" "1450183 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 Oct 16 21:48 foo\n" "$ cat bar\n" "Original Content\n" "$ cat baz\n" "New Content" msgstr "" "$ umask 002\n" "$ echo \"Contenu d'origine\" > toto\n" "$ ls -li toto\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:50 toto\n" "$ ln toto titi # lien physique\n" "$ ln -s toto tutu # lien symbolique\n" "$ ls -li toto titi tutu\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:50 titi\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:50 toto\n" "1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:55 tutu -> toto\n" "$ rm toto\n" "$ echo \"Nouveau contenu\" > toto\n" "$ ls -li toto titi tutu\n" "1450183 -rw-rw-r-- 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:56 titi\n" "1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:50 toto\n" "1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 2 pingouin pingouin 18 oct. 20 16:55 tutu -> toto\n" "$ cat titi\n" "Contenu d'origine\n" "$ cat tutu\n" "Nouveau contenu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same " "inode number which the \"<literal>-i</literal>\" option with " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> reveals." msgstr "" "Un lien physique peut être mis en place à l’intérieur du même système de " "fichiers, il partage le même numéro d'inœud, ce que montre l’option « " "<literal>-i</literal> » de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of " "\"<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>\", as shown in the above example, with the " "effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it " "points to." msgstr "" "Le lien symbolique a les permissions d'accès nominales au fichier de « " "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal> » comme il apparaît dans l’exemple ci-" "dessus, alors que les permissions d'accès effectives sont celles du fichier " "vers lequel il pointe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "It is generally good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or " "hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason. It may cause " "nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in " "loops in the filesystem." msgstr "" "En général, il n'est pas souhaitable de créer des liens symboliques " "compliqués ou pas du tout de liens physiques, à moins que vous n'ayez une " "très bonne raison. Cela peut provoquer des cauchemars lorsque la combinaison " "logique des liens symboliques crée une boucle dans le système de fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks " "unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink." msgstr "" "Il est généralement préférable d'utiliser des liens symboliques plutôt que " "des liens physiques à moins que vous n'ayez une bonne raison d'utiliser un " "lien physique." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>.</literal>\" directory links to the directory that it " "appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2. The " "\"<literal>..</literal>\" directory links to the parent directory, thus the " "link count of the directory increases with the addition of new " "subdirectories." msgstr "" "Le répertoire « <literal>.</literal> » est lié au répertoire dans " "lequel il apparaît, le nombre de liens de n'importe quel nouveau répertoire " "commence donc à 2. Le répertoire « <literal>..</literal> » est lié " "au répertoire parent, le nombre de liens du répertoire augmente donc lors de " "l’ajout de nouveaux sous-répertoires." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how well-" "designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest Windows " "equivalent of \"shortcuts\". Because it is implemented in the filesystem, " "applications can't see any difference between a linked file and the " "original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference." msgstr "" "Si vous venez de passer à Linux depuis Windows, la bonne conception d'un " "système de fichiers UNIX comparé à l’équivalent le plus proche que sont les " "« raccourcis Windows » deviendra vite claire. Parce qu'il est " "implémenté dans le système de fichiers, les application ne voient pas de " "différence entre un fichier lié et son original. Dans le cas de liens " "physiques, il n'y a vraiment aucune différence." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Named pipes (FIFOs)" msgstr "Tubes nommés (FIFO)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "A <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a " "pipe. You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end. " "Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in " "the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end." msgstr "" "Un <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">tube nommé</ulink> est un fichier qui se " "comporte comme un tuyau. Vous mettez quelque chose dans le tuyau et il " "ressort à l’autre bout. C'est donc appelé une FIFO, ou « premier entré " "- premier sorti » (First-In-First-Out) : la première chose que " "vous mettez dans le tuyau est la première chose qui ressortira à l’autre " "bout." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe " "doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the " "pipe. If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there " "is nothing to read before terminating. The size of the pipe is always zero " "--- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the shell " "\"<literal>|</literal>\". However, since this pipe has a name, the two " "processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the " "same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix." msgstr "" "Si vous écrivez vers un tube nommé, le processus qui écrit dans le tube ne " "se termine pas avant que l’information ne soit lue depuis le tube. Si vous " "effectuez une lecture depuis un tube nommé, le processus de lecture attendra " "jusqu'à ce qu'il n'y ait plus rien à lire avant de se terminer. La taille " "d'un tube est toujours nulle --- il ne stocke pas de données, ce n'est qu'un " "lien entre deux processus comme le « <literal>|</literal> » de " "l’interpréteur de commandes. Cependant, comme ce tube a un nom, il n'est pas " "nécessaire que les deux processus se trouvent sur la même ligne de commandes " "ni même qu'ils soient lancés par le même utilisateur. Les tubes sont une " "innovation influente d’UNIX." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd; mkfifo mypipe\n" "$ echo \"hello\" >mypipe & # put into background\n" "[1] 8022\n" "$ ls -l mypipe\n" "prw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:49 mypipe\n" "$ cat mypipe\n" "hello\n" "[1]+ Done echo \"hello\" >mypipe\n" "$ ls mypipe\n" "mypipe\n" "$ rm mypipe" msgstr "" "$ cd; mkfifo montube\n" "$ echo \"salut\" >montube & # mettre en arrière-plan\n" "[1] 8022\n" "$ ls -l montube\n" "prw-r--r-- 1 pingouin pingouin 0 oct. 20 17:02 montube\n" "$ cat montube\n" "salut\n" "[1]+ Fini echo \"salut\" > montube\n" "$ ls montube\n" "montube\n" "$ rm montube" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Sockets" msgstr "Sockets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, " "and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and " "allows processes to exchange information even between different computers. " "For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time " "nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process. This is the " "endpoint for <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;\">the inter " "process communication (IPC)</ulink>. The exchange of information may occur " "over the network between different hosts. The two most common ones are " "<ulink url=\"&theinternetsocket;\">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">the Unix domain socket</ulink>." msgstr "" "Les sockets sont utilisées de manière intensives dans les communications par " "Internet, les bases de données et le système d'exploitation lui-même. Elles " "sont semblables aux tubes nommés (FIFO) et permettent aux processus " "d'échanger des informations même s'ils tournent sur des ordinateurs " "différents. Pour la socket, ces processus n'ont pas besoin de tourner en " "même temps ni de tourner en tant que fils du même processus père. C'est le " "point d'aboutissement du <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;" "\">processus d'intercommunication (IPC)</ulink>. (« interprocess " "communication »). L’échange d'informations peut avoir lieu entre deux " "machines au travers du réseau. Les deux plus courantes sont la <ulink url=" "\"&theinternetsocket;\">socket Internet</ulink> (« Internet " "socket ») et la <ulink url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">socket du domaine " "UNIX</ulink> (« UNIX domain socket »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>netstat -an</literal>\" provides a very useful overview of " "sockets that are open on a given system." msgstr "" "« <literal>netstat -an</literal> » fournit un aperçu très utile " "des sockets qui sont ouvertes sur un système donné." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Device files" msgstr "Fichiers de périphériques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or " "virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, " "or keyboard. An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by " "\"<literal>/dev/console</literal>\"." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Fichiers de périphériques</ulink> fait " "référence aux périphériques virtuels ou physiques de votre système, tels que " "vos disques durs, carte vidéo, écran ou clavier. Un exemple de périphérique " "virtuel est la console, représentée par « <literal>/dev/console</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "There are 2 types of device files." msgstr "Il y a 2 types de fichiers de périphériques :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Character device</emphasis>" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">périphérique en mode caractère</emphasis> (« " "character device ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Accessed one character at a time" msgstr "permettent l’accès à un caractère à la fois" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "1 character = 1 byte" msgstr "1 caractère = 1 octet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …" msgstr "par exemple, les claviers, les ports série, …" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Block device</emphasis>" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Périphériques en mode bloc</emphasis> (« " "block device ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "accessed in larger units called blocks" msgstr "accèdent aux données par éléments plus importants appelés blocs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "1 block > 1 byte" msgstr "1 bloc > 1 octet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "E.g. hard disk, …" msgstr "par exemple, les disques durs, …" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary " "data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish. Writing data " "directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of " "hardware connections. For example, you can dump a text file to the printer " "device \"<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>\" or send modem commands to the " "appropriate serial port \"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\". But, unless this " "is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster. So be cautious." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez lire et écrire sur les fichiers de périphériques, cependant, le " "fichier peut fort bien contenir des données binaires qui peuvent être du " "charabia incompréhensible pour les êtres humains. Écrire des données " "directement dans ces fichiers est parfois utile pour déboguer des connexions " "matérielles. Vous pouvez, par exemple, vider un fichier texte vers le " "périphérique d'impression « <literal>/dev/lp0</literal> » ou " "envoyer des commandes de modem vers le port série approprié « <literal>/" "dev/ttyS0</literal> ». Mais, à moins que ce ne soit fait avec " "précautions, cela peut provoquer un désastre majeur. Soyez donc prudent." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "For the normal access to a printer, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Pour l’accès normal à une imprimante, utilisez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The device node number are displayed by executing " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> as the following." msgstr "" "On affiche le numéro de nœud du périphérique en utilisant la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sr0 /dev/ttyS0 /dev/zero\n" "brw-rw---T 1 root disk 8, 0 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/sda\n" "brw-rw---T+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 Oct 16 21:53 /dev/sr0\n" "crw-rw---T 1 root dialout 4, 64 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/ttyS0\n" "crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 Oct 16 20:57 /dev/zero" msgstr "" "$ ls -l /dev/sda /dev/sr0 /dev/ttyS0 /dev/zero\n" "brw-rw---- 1 root disk 8, 0 20 oct. 07:13 /dev/sda\n" "brw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 11, 0 20 oct. 07:13 /dev/sr0\n" "crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 64 20 oct. 07:13 /dev/ttyS0\n" "crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 20 oct. 07:13 /dev/zero" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\" has the major device number 8 and the minor " "device number 0. This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to " "<literal>disk</literal> group." msgstr "" "« <literal>/dev/sda</literal> » a le numéro majeur de périphérique " "3 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 0. Il est accessible en lecture et " "écriture aux utilisateurs qui appartiennent au groupe <literal>disk</" "literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>\" has the major device number 11 and the minor " "device number 0. This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to " "<literal>cdrom</literal> group." msgstr "" "« <literal>/dev/sr0</literal> » a le numéro majeur de périphérique " "11 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 0. Il est accessible en lecture et " "écriture aux utilisateurs qui appartiennent au groupe <literal>cdrom</" "literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\" has the major device number 4 and the " "minor device number 64. This is read/write accessible by the user who " "belongs to <literal>dialout</literal> group." msgstr "" "« <literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal> » a le numéro majeur de " "périphérique 4 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 64. Il est accessible en " "lecture et écriture aux utilisateurs qui appartiennent au groupe " "<literal>dialout</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/zero</literal>\" has the major device number 1 and the minor " "device number 5. This is read/write accessible by anyone." msgstr "" "« <literal>/dev/zero</literal> » a le numéro majeur de " "périphérique 1 et le numéro mineur de périphérique 5. Il est accessible en " "lecture et écriture à tout le monde." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>" "\" is automatically populated by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> mechanism." msgstr "" "Sur les systèmes Linux modernes, le système de fichiers sous « " "<literal>/dev/</literal> » est automatiquement rempli par " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Special device files" msgstr "Fichiers spéciaux de périphériques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "There are some special device files." msgstr "Il y a aussi certains fichiers spéciaux de périphériques." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of special device files" msgstr "Liste des fichiers spéciaux de périphériques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "device file" msgstr "fichier de périphérique" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "action" msgstr "action" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of response" msgstr "description de la réponse" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/dev/null</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/dev/null</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "read" msgstr "lire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "return \"end-of-file (EOF) character\"" msgstr "retourne le « caractère fin de fichier (EOF) »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "write" msgstr "écrire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)" msgstr "ne retourne rien (un puits de données sans fond)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "return \"the <literal>\\0</literal> (NUL) character\" (not the same as the " "number zero ASCII)" msgstr "" "retourne le « caractère <literal>\\0</literal> (NULL) » (qui n'est " "pas identique au chiffre zéro ASCII)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/dev/random</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/dev/random</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering " "real entropy (slow)" msgstr "" "retourne des caractères aléatoires depuis un générateur de nombres " "aléatoires réel, en donnant une vraie entropie (lent)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number " "generator" msgstr "" "retourne des caractères aléatoires depuis un générateur de nombres pseudo-" "aléatoires, sécurisé par chiffrement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/dev/full</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/dev/full</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error" msgstr "retourne une erreur disque plein (ENOSPC)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see " "<xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection\"/>)." msgstr "" "Ils sont fréquemment utilisés en conjonction avec une redirection du shell " "(consultez <xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection" "\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "procfs and sysfs" msgstr "procfs et sysfs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</" "ulink> mounted on \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" and \"<literal>/sys</literal>" "\" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal data structures of the " "kernel to the userspace. In other word, these entries are virtual, meaning " "that they act as a convenient window into the operation of the operating " "system." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</" "ulink> montés sur « <literal>/proc</literal> » et « <literal>/" "sys</literal> sont des pseudo-systèmes de fichiers, ils présentent dans " "l’espace utilisateur des structures de données internes du noyau. En " "d'autres termes, ces entrées sont virtuelles, ce qui signifie qu'elles " "présentent une fenêtre sur le fonctionnement du système d'exploitation." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The directory \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" contains (among other things) one " "subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after " "the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such " "as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, get their information from this directory structure." msgstr "" "Le répertoire « <literal>/proc</literal> » contient (entre autres " "choses), pour chacun des processus tournant sur le système, un sous-" "répertoire dont le nom est l’identifiant du processus (PID). Les utilitaires " "du système qui accèdent aux information des processus, tels que " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, obtiennent leurs informations depuis cette structure de " "répertoires." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The directories under \"<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>\" contain interface to " "change certain kernel parameters at run time. (You may do the same through " "specialized <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command or its preload/configuration file " "\"<literal>/etc/sysctrl.conf</literal>\".)" msgstr "" "Les répertoires qui se trouvent sous « <literal>/proc/sys/</" "literal> » contiennent une interface permettant de modifier certains " "paramètres du système alors qu'il est en fonctionnement. (Vous pouvez faire " "la même chose au travers de la commande spécialisée " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ou de son fichier de configuration « <literal>/etc/" "sysctrl.conf</literal> )." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The Linux kernel may complain \"Too many open files\". You can fix this by " "increasing \"<literal>file-max</literal>\" value to a larger value from the " "root shell, e.g., \"<literal>echo \"65536\" > /proc/sys/fs/file-max</" "literal>\" (This was needed on older kernels)." msgstr "" "Le noyau de Linux peut émettre un message « Too many open " "files » (trop de fichiers ouverts). Vous pouvez corriger cela en " "augmentant la valeur de « <literal>file-max</literal> » depuis " "l’interpréteur de commandes de l’administrateur. Par exemple, « " "<literal>echo \"65536\" > /proc/sys/fs/file-max</literal> » (c'était " "nécessaire avec les noyaux plus anciens)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - " "\"<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>\" - which is generally huge. This is (more " "or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory. It's used to " "debug the kernel. It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so " "don't worry about its size." msgstr "" "Certaines personnes paniquent lorsqu'elles remarquent un fichier particulier " "- « <literal>/proc/kcore</literal> » — qui est particulièrement " "énorme. C'est (plus ou moins) le contenu de la mémoire de votre ordinateur. " "Il est utilisé pour déboguer le noyau. C'est un fichier virtuel qui pointe " "vers la mémoire de l’ordinateur, ne vous inquiétez donc pas de sa taille." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The directory under \"<literal>/sys</literal>\" contains exported kernel " "data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also " "contains interface to change certain kernel parameters at run time." msgstr "" "Les répertoires sous « <literal>/sys</literal> » contiennent des " "structures de données exportées depuis le noyau, leurs attributs et les " "liens entre elles. Ils contiennent aussi des interfaces pour modifier " "certains paramètres du noyau pendant son fonctionnement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See \"<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>\", \"<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" "\" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation " "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</" "literal>\") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal> package." msgstr "" "Consultez « <literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal> », « " "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal> » et d'autres documents en rapport " "dans la documentation du noyau de Linux (« <literal>/usr/share/doc/" "linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal> ») fournie par le " "paquet <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "tmpfs" msgstr "tmpfs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&tmpfs;\">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which " "keeps all files in the <ulink url=\"&virtualmemory;\">virtual memory</" "ulink>. The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink url=\"&pagecache;\">page cache</" "ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the <ulink url=\"&swapspace;\">swap " "space</ulink> on disk as needed." msgstr "" "Le <ulink url=\"&tmpfs;\">tmpfs</ulink> est un système de fichiers " "temporaire qui garde tous les fichiers en <ulink url=\"&virtualmemory;" "\">mémoire virtuelle</ulink>. Les données du tmpfs dans le <ulink url=" "\"&pagecache;\">page cache</ulink> en mémoire peuvent être déplacées dans " "l'<ulink url=\"&swapspace;\">espace d'échange</ulink> sur disque en cas de " "besoin." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The directory \"<literal>/run</literal>\" is mounted as the tmpfs in the " "early boot process. This enables writing to it even when the directory " "\"<literal>/</literal>\" is mounted as read-only. This is the new location " "for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations " "described in the <ulink url=\"&filesystemhierarchystandard;\">Filesystem " "Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:" msgstr "" "Le répertoire « <literal>/run</literal> » est monté en tmpfs au tout début " "du processus de démarrage. Cela permet d'écrire dessus même quand le " "répertoire racine « <literal>/</literal> » est monté en lecture seule. C'est " "le nouvel emplacement pour le stockage de fichiers en état transitoire qui " "remplace plusieurs emplacements décrits dans la <ulink url=" "\"&filesystemhierarchystandard;\">norme de hiérarchie du système de fichiers " "(« Filesystem Hierarchy Standard »)</ulink> version 2.3 :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/run</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run</literal>\"" msgstr "« <literal>/var/run</literal> » → « <literal>/run</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run/lock</literal>\"" msgstr "« <literal>/var/lock</literal> » → « <literal>/run/lock</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/dev/shm</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run/shm</literal>\"" msgstr "« <literal>/dev/shm</literal> » → « <literal>/run/shm</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See \"<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>\" in the Linux kernel documentation " "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>" "\") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package." msgstr "" "Consultez « <literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal> » dans la " "documentation du noyau de Linux (« <literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/" "Documentation/filesystems/*</literal> ») fournie par le paquet " "<literal>linux-doc-*</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Midnight Commander (MC)" msgstr "Midnight Commander (MC)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a " "GNU \"Swiss army knife\" for the Linux console and other terminal " "environments. This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is " "much easier to learn than standard Unix commands." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> est un " "« couteau de l’armée Suisse » GNU pour la console Linux et " "d'autres environnements de terminaux. Il permet au débutant d'acquérir une " "expérience de la console pilotée par des menus, ce qui est bien plus facile " "à apprendre que les commandes UNIX standard." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled " "\"<literal>mc</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" "Il vous faudra peut-être installer le paquet Midnight Commander dont le nom " "est « <literal>mc</literal> » en effectuant ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo apt-get install mc" msgstr "$ sudo apt-get install mc" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command to explore the Debian system. This is the " "best way to learn. Please explore few interesting locations just using the " "cursor keys and Enter key." msgstr "" "Utilisez la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour parcourir le " "système Debian. C'est la meilleure manière d'apprendre. Vous pouvez explorer " "certains emplacements intéressants en utilisant simplement les touches de " "curseur et la touche Entrée :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/etc</literal>\" and its subdirectories" msgstr "« <literal>/etc</literal> » et ses sous-répertoires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/log</literal>\" and its subdirectories" msgstr "« <literal>/var/log</literal> » et ses sous-répertoires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" and its subdirectories" msgstr "" "« <literal>/usr/share/doc</literal> » et ses sous-répertoires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/bin</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/sbin</literal> » et « <literal>/bin</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Customization of MC" msgstr "Personnalisation de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and <literal>cd</" "literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" "\" to include a script provided by the <literal>mc</literal> package." msgstr "" "Pour que MC modifie le répertoire de travail en quittant, et <literal>cd</" "literal> vers le répertoire, je vous suggère de modifier « <literal>~/." "bashrc</literal> » afin d'inclure un script fourni par le paquet " "<literal>mc</literal> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid ". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh" msgstr ". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> (under the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option) for the reason. " "(If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, you can do this " "later.)" msgstr "" "Vous trouverez une explication dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (option « " "<literal>-P</literal> »). (Si vous ne comprenez pas exactement ce dont " "je parle ici, vous pourrez le faire plus tard)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Starting MC" msgstr "Démarrer MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "MC can be started by the following." msgstr "MC peut être lancé par :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc" msgstr "$ mc" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal " "user effort. Just press F1 to get the help screen. You can play with MC " "just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys." msgstr "" "MC prend en charge toutes les opérations sur les fichiers par " "l’intermédiaire de son menu, ce qui ne demande que peu d'effort de la part " "de l’utilisateur. Pressez simplement F1 pour obtenir l’écran d'aide. Vous " "pouvez jouer avec MC simplement en pressant les touches de curseur et les " "touches de fonctions." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "In some consoles such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, key strokes of " "function-keys may be stolen by the console program. You can disable these " "features by \"Edit\" → \"Keyboard Shortcuts\" for <literal>gnome-terminal</" "literal>." msgstr "" "Sur certaines consoles telles que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-" "terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les actions " "sur les touches de fonctions peuvent être récupérées par le programme de " "console. Vous pouvez désactiver cette fonctionnalité par « " "Éditer » → « Raccourcis clavier » pour le <literal>terminal " "gnome</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage " "characters, adding \"<literal>-a</literal>\" to MC's command line may help " "prevent problems." msgstr "" "Si vous rencontrez un problème de codage de caractères qui entraîne une " "corruption de l’affichage, ajouter « <literal>-a</literal> » à la " "ligne de commandes de MC peut aider à éviter les problèmes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref linkend=" "\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>." msgstr "" "Si cela ne résout pas vos problèmes d'affichage avec MC, consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "File manager in MC" msgstr "Gestionnaire de fichiers de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The default is two directory panels containing file lists. Another useful " "mode is to set the right window to \"information\" to see file access " "privilege information, etc. Following are some essential keystrokes. With " "the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux " "character consoles, too. (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the " "normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)" msgstr "" "Il y a par défaut, deux panneaux de répertoires affichant les listes de " "fichiers. Un autre mode utile est de définir la fenêtre de droite à « " "information » afin de voir les informations de privilèges d'accès aux " "répertoires. Vous trouverez ci-après quelques raccourcis clavier essentiels. " "Si le démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> tourne, une souris iest utilisable avec les " "consoles Linux en mode caractères. (Assurez-vous de presser la touche " "majuscules pour obtenir le comportement normal de couper-coller avec MC)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The key bindings of MC" msgstr "Touches de raccourcis de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "key" msgstr "touche" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "key binding" msgstr "affectation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>F1</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "help menu" msgstr "menu d'aide" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F3</literal>" msgstr "<literal>F3</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "internal file viewer" msgstr "visualisateur interne de fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F4</literal>" msgstr "<literal>F4</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "internal editor" msgstr "éditeur interne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F9</literal>" msgstr "<literal>F9</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "activate pull down menu" msgstr "activer le menu déroulant" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F10</literal>" msgstr "<literal>F10</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "exit Midnight Commander" msgstr "quitter Midnight Commander" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Tab</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Tabulation</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "move between two windows" msgstr "passer d'une fenêtre à l’autre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ins</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy" msgstr "" "marquer le fichier pour des opérations sur plusieurs fichiers telles que " "copier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Del</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Suppr</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)" msgstr "" "effacer le fichier (attention---configurez MC dans le mode d'effacement " "sécurisé)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Cursor keys" msgstr "Touches de curseur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "self-explanatory" msgstr "autoexplicatif" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Command-line tricks in MC" msgstr "Astuces de la ligne de commandes dans MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected " "screen." msgstr "" "la commande <literal>cd</literal> changera le répertoire affiché sur l’écran " "sélectionné ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a " "filename to the command line. Use this with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> commands together with command-line editing." msgstr "" "<literal>Ctrl-Entrée</literal> ou <literal>Alt-Entrée</literal> copiera un " "nom de fichier sur la ligne de commandes. Utilisez cela avec les commandes " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mv</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> en association avec " "l’édition de la ligne de commandes ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices." msgstr "" "<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> affichera les choix de l’interpréteur de " "commandes pour l’expansion du nom de fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; " "for example, \"<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>\"." msgstr "" "on peut indiquer le répertoire de départ pour les deux fenêtres en paramètre " "de MC. Par exemple « <literal>mc /etc /root</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (i." "e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, " "etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)" msgstr "" "<literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>touche n</literal> → <literal>Fn</" "literal> (par exemple <literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → " "<literal>F1</literal>, etc. ; <literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>0</" "literal> → <literal>F10</literal>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as " "pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type " "<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>. " "<literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as " "\"<literal>M-</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Presser la touche <literal>Échap</literal> avant une touche a le même effet " "que presser simultanément <literal>Alt</literal> et la touche. Par exemple, " "entrez <literal>Échap</literal> + <literal>c</literal> pour <literal>Alt-C</" "literal>. <literal>Échap</literal> est appelée métatouche et parfois notée " "« <literal>M-</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The internal editor in MC" msgstr "Éditeur interne de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme. Pressing " "<literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second <literal>F3</" "literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the selection. Then you " "can move your cursor. If you press F6, the selected area is moved to the " "cursor location. If you press F5, the selected area is copied and inserted " "at the cursor location. <literal>F2</literal> saves the file. " "<literal>F10</literal> gets you out. Most cursor keys work intuitively." msgstr "" "L’éditeur interne possède une manière intéressante d'effectuer un copier-" "coller. Presser <literal>F3</literal> marque le début de la sélection, " "<literal>F3</literal> pressé une seconde fois marque la fin de la sélection " "et la met en surbrillance. Vous pouvez ensuite déplacer votre curseur. Si " "vous appuyez sur F6, la zone sélectionnée sera déplacée jusqu'à " "l’emplacement du curseur. Si vous pressez sur F5, la zone sélectionnée sera " "copiée et insérée à l’emplacement du curseur. <literal>F2</literal> " "enregistrera le fichier. <literal>F10</literal> vous permettra de quitter " "l’éditeur. La plupart des touches de déplacement du curseur fonctionnent de " "manière intuitive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following " "commands." msgstr "" "Cet éditeur peut être directement lancé avec un fichier en utilisant l’une " "des commandes suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc -e filename_to_edit" msgstr "$ mc -e fichier_à_éditer" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ mcedit filename_to_edit" msgstr "$ mcedit fichier_à_éditer" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles " "to achieve the same effect. To copy between windows, use Alt-F<n> " "keys to switch virtual consoles and use \"File→Insert file\" or \"File→Copy " "to file\" to move a portion of a file to another file." msgstr "" "Il ne s'agit pas d'un éditeur multi-fenêtres mais on peut faire usage de " "plusieurs consoles Linux pour obtenir le même effet. Pour copier d'une " "fenêtre sur l’autre, utilisez les touches Alt-F<n> pour basculer d'une " "console virtuelle à l’autre et utilisez « File→Insert file » ou " "«File→Copy to file» pour déplacer une portion de fichier dans un autre " "fichier. " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice." msgstr "" "Cet éditeur interne peut être remplacé par n'importe quel autre éditeur " "externe de votre choix." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Also, many programs use the environment variables \"<literal>$EDITOR</" "literal>\" or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide which editor to use. " "If you are uncomfortable with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> initially, you may set these to \"<literal>mcedit</literal>\" " "by adding the following lines to \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" "De nombreux programmes utilisent aussi les variables d'environnement « " "<literal>$EDITOR</literal> » ou « <literal>$VISUAL</" "literal> » afin de décider quel éditeur utiliser. Si, au départ, vous " "n'êtes à l’aise ni avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ni avec " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, vous pouvez définir ces variable à « <literal>mcedit</" "literal> » en ajoutant les lignes suivantes au fichier « " "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "export EDITOR=mcedit\n" "export VISUAL=mcedit" msgstr "" "export EDITOR=mcedit\n" "export VISUAL=mcedit" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "I do recommend setting these to \"<literal>vim</literal>\" if possible." msgstr "" "Je recommande de les définir à « <literal>vim</literal> » si " "possible." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are uncomfortable with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you can keep using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mcedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> for most system maintenance tasks." msgstr "" "Si vous n'êtes pas à l’aise avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, vous pouvez continuer " "à utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mcedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour la plupart des tâches de maintenance du " "système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The internal viewer in MC" msgstr "Visualisateur interne de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "MC is a very smart viewer. This is a great tool for searching words in " "documents. I always use this for files in the \"<literal>/usr/share/doc</" "literal>\" directory. This is the fastest way to browse through masses of " "Linux information. This viewer can be directly started using one of the " "following commands." msgstr "" "MC possède un visualisateur intelligent. C'est un très bon outil pour " "rechercher des mots dans des documents. Je l’utilise toujours pour lire les " "fichiers qui sont dans le répertoire « <literal>/usr/share/doc</" "literal> ». C'est la manière la plus rapide de naviguer dans les masses " "d'informations sur Linux. Ce visualisateur peut être chargé directement " "utilisant l’une des commandes suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc -v path/to/filename_to_view" msgstr "$ mc -v chemin/vers/fichier_à_voir" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ mcview path/to/filename_to_view" msgstr "$ mcview chemin/vers/fichier_à_voir" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Auto-start features of MC" msgstr "Possibilités de démarrage automatique de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of " "the file (see <xref linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). This " "is a very convenient MC feature." msgstr "" "Pressez Entrée sur un fichier, et le programme approprié prendra en charge " "le contenu du fichier (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). Il s'agit là d'une fonctionnalité " "très pratique de MC." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The reaction to the enter key in MC" msgstr "Réaction à la touche Entrée dans MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "file type" msgstr "type de fichier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "reaction to enter key" msgstr "réaction à la touche Entrée" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "executable file" msgstr "fichier exécutable" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "execute command" msgstr "exécuter la commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "man file" msgstr "fichier de page de manuel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "pipe content to viewer software" msgstr "envoyer (« pipe ») le contenu au logiciel de visualisation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "html file" msgstr "fichier html" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "pipe content to web browser" msgstr "envoyer (« pipe ») le contenu au navigateur web" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "\"<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>\" and \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" file" msgstr "" "fichiers « <literal>*.tar.gz</literal> » et « <literal>*.deb</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "browse its contents as if subdirectory" msgstr "parcourir le contenu comme si c'était un sous-répertoire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, " "viewable files should not be set as executable. Change their status using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> or via the MC file menu." msgstr "" "Afin de permettre le fonctionnement de ces visualisateurs et de ces " "fonctionnalités de fichiers virtuels, les fichiers pouvant être visualisés " "ne doivent pas être définis comme étant exécutables. Modifiez leur état avec " "la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> ou par l’intermédiaire du menu fichiers de MC." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "FTP virtual filesystem of MC" msgstr "Système de fichiers FTP virtuel de MC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "MC can be used to access files over the Internet using FTP. Go to the menu " "by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, then type \"<literal>p</literal>\" to " "activate the FTP virtual filesystem. Enter a URL in the form " "\"<literal>username:passwd@hostname.domainname</literal>\", which retrieves " "a remote directory that appears like a local one." msgstr "" "MC peut être utilisé pour accéder à des fichiers au travers d'Internet en " "utilisant FTP. Allez au menu en pressant <literal>F9</literal>, entrez " "ensuite « <literal>p</literal> » pour activer le système de " "fichiers virtuel FTP. Entrez une URL sous la forme « " "<literal>nomutilisateur:motdepasse@nommachine.nomdomaine</literal> » ce " "qui va permettre de récupérer un répertoire distant qui apparaît alors comme " "s'il était local." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Try \"[http.us.debian.org/debian]\" as the URL and browse the Debian archive." msgstr "" "Essayez l’URL « [http.us.debian.org/debian] » et parcourez " "l’archive Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "The basic Unix-like work environment" msgstr "L’environnement élémentaire de travail de type UNIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for " "you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt " "and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment." msgstr "" "Bien que MC vous permette de faire à peu près n'importe quoi, il est très " "important que vous appreniez comment utiliser les outils en ligne de " "commande appelés depuis l’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes et que vous " "vous familiarisiez avec un environnement de travail de type UNIX." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The login shell" msgstr "L’interpréteur de commandes de connexion" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can select your login shell with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez choisir votre interpréteur de commandes de connexion à l’aide de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of shell programs" msgstr "Liste de d'interprétateurs de commandes (« shells »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "POSIX shell" msgstr "Interpréteur POSIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Yes" msgstr "Oui" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto " "standard)" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink> : Shell GNU Bourne Again. (standard " "de fait)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "No" msgstr "Non" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of " "<ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">Shell TENEX C</ulink> : version améliorée " "de <ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">csh de Berkeley</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Debian <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell " "script" msgstr "" "Le <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Shell Almquist</ulink> de Debian. Bon pour " "les scripts en shell" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many " "enhancements" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink> : interpréteur standard avec de " "nombreuses améliorations" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "public domain version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</ulink>" msgstr "" "version du domaine public de l’interpréteur <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn</" "ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink url=" "\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>" msgstr "" "C Shell <ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, une version de <ulink url=" "\"&berkeleycsh;\">csh de Berkeley</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin " "commands (Not meant for standard \"<literal>/bin/sh</literal>\")" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Interpréteur de commandes autonome</ulink> " "avec des commandes intégrées. (Ne convient pas en tant que « <literal>/" "bin/sh</literal> » standard)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "the real, AT&T version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</" "ulink>" msgstr "" "la vraie version de AT&T du <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">shell Korn</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "implementation of the <ulink url=\"&attplanj;\">AT&T Plan 9</ulink> " "<ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">rc shell</ulink>" msgstr "" "implémentation du <ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">shell rc</ulink> <ulink url=" "\"&attplanj;\">Plan 9 de AT&T</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)" msgstr "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (dérivé de <literal>pdksh</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means <literal>bash</" "literal>." msgstr "" "Dans ce chapitre du didacticiel, l’interpréteur interactif sera toujours " "<literal>bash</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Customizing bash" msgstr "Personnaliser bash" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can customize <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior by " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez personnaliser le comportement de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> à l’aide de « <literal>~/.bashrc</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "For example, try the following." msgstr "Essayez, par exemple, ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# CD upon exiting MC\n" ". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh\n" "\n" "# set CDPATH to good one\n" "CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~:~/Desktop:~\n" "export CDPATH\n" "\n" "PATH=\"${PATH}\":/usr/sbin:/sbin\n" "# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists\n" "if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then\n" " PATH=~/bin:\"${PATH}\"\n" "fi\n" "export PATH\n" "\n" "EDITOR=vim\n" "export EDITOR" msgstr "" "# CD en quittant MC\n" ". /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh\n" "\n" "# définir une valeur valable de CDPATH\n" "CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~/Desktop:~\n" "export CDPATH\n" "\n" "PATH=\"${PATH}\":/usr/sbin:/sbin\n" "# définir le PATH pour qu'il comporte un répertoire bin privé de l’utilisateur s'il existe\n" "if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then\n" " PATH=~/bin:\"${PATH}\"\n" "fi\n" "export PATH\n" "\n" "EDITOR=vim\n" "export EDITOR" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref " "linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>, in <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>." msgstr "" "Vous pourrez trouver davantage d'informations concertant les astuces de " "personnalisation de <literal>bash</literal>, comme <xref linkend=" "\"_colorized_commands\"/>, dans <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Special key strokes" msgstr "Combinaisons particulières de touches" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are " "few key strokes which have special meanings. Please note that on a normal " "Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and " "<literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected. Here are few notable key " "strokes to remember." msgstr "" "Dans un environnement « <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">de type UNIX</" "ulink> », certaines séquences de touches ont une signification " "particulière. Vous remarquerez que sur une console Linux normale en mode " "caractères, seules les touches <literal>Ctrl</literal> et <literal>Alt</" "literal> situées à gauche fonctionnent de la manière voulue. Voici quelques " "séquences de touches dont il est intéressant de se souvenir :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of key bindings for bash" msgstr "Liste des raccourcis clavier de bash" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of key binding" msgstr "description des raccourcis clavier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "erase line before cursor" msgstr "effacer la ligne avant le curseur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-H</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-H</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "erase a character before cursor" msgstr "effacer le caractère précédant le curseur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-D</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-D</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)" msgstr "terminer l’entrée (quitter l’interpréteur si vous en utilisez un)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "terminate a running program" msgstr "terminer un programme en cours d'exécution" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Z</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-Z</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job" msgstr "arrêter temporairement un programme en le mettant en tâche de fond" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-S</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-S</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "halt output to screen" msgstr "arrêter le défilement de l’affichage à l’écran" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Q</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-Q</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "reactivate output to screen" msgstr "reprendre le défilement de l’affichage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Alt-Del</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-Alt-Suppr</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "reboot/halt the system, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "redémarrer ou arrêter le système, consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)" msgstr "" "<literal>Touche Alt de gauche</literal> (optionnellement, <literal>touche " "Windows</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI" msgstr "" "touche « meta » pour les interfaces utilisateurs Emacs et " "similaires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Up-arrow</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Flèche haute</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" "lancer la recherche dans l’historique des commandes sous <literal>bash</" "literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-R</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-R</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" "lancer la recherche incrémentale dans l’historique des commandes sous " "<literal>bash</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "complete input of the filename to the command line under <literal>bash</" "literal>" msgstr "" "complèter l’entrée du nom de fichier de la ligne de commandes sous " "<literal>bash</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal> <literal>Tab</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal> <literal>Tab</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under " "<literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" "entrer une <literal>Tabulation</literal> sans expansion de la ligne de " "commande sous <literal>bash</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "La fonctionnalité <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> du terminal peut être désactivée " "en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Unix style mouse operations" msgstr "Opérations de style UNIX avec la souris" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Unix style mouse operations are based on the 3 button mouse system." msgstr "" "Les opérations de style UNIX avec la souris sont basée sur une souris ayant " "3 boutons." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of Unix style mouse operations" msgstr "Liste des opérations de style UNIX avec la souris" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "response" msgstr "réponse" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Left-click-and-drag mouse" msgstr "Clic-gauche et glisser de la souris" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "select and copy to the clipboard" msgstr "sélectionner et copier dans le presse-papiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Left-click" msgstr "Clic-gauche" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "select the start of selection" msgstr "sélectionner le début de la sélection" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Right-click" msgstr "Clic-droit" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "select the end of selection and copy to the clipboard" msgstr "" "sélectionner la fin de la sélection et placez-là dans le presse-papiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Middle-click" msgstr "Clic du milieu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "paste clipboard at the cursor" msgstr "coller le contenu du presse-papiers à l’emplacement du curseur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button " "and can be used for middle-click. Clicking left and right mouse buttons " "together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system " "situation. In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to " "have <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> running as daemon." msgstr "" "La molette centrale des souris à molette modernes est considérée comme le " "bouton du milieu et peut être utilisée pour les clics-milieu. Cliquer " "simultanément le bouton de gauche et le bouton de droite sert à émuler le " "bouton du milieu sur les systèmes ayant une souris à 2 boutons. Pour pouvoir " "utiliser une souris avec les consoles Linux en mode caractère, il faut que " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> tourne en tant que démon." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The pager" msgstr "Le visualisateur de fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is the enhanced pager (file content browser). Hit " "\"<literal>h</literal>\" for help. It can do much more than " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> and can be supercharged by executing \"<literal>eval " "$(lesspipe)</literal>\" or \"<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>\" in the " "shell startup script. See more in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/lessf/LESSOPEN</" "literal>\". The \"<literal>-R</literal>\" option allows raw character " "output and enables ANSI color escape sequences. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est le visualisateur avancé (afficheur de contenu de fichier). " "Pressez « <literal>h</literal> » pour obtenir de l’aide. Il peut " "faire beaucoup plus de choses que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et peut être surchargé " "en exécutant « <literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal> » ou « " "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal> » dans le script de démarrage de " "l’interpréteur de commandes. Vous trouverez davantage d'informations dans " "« <literal>/usr/share/doc/lessf/LESSOPEN</literal> ». L’option " "« <literal>-R</literal> » permet la sortie en mode caractères " "bruts et permet les séquences d'échappement de couleurs ANSI. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The text editor" msgstr "L’éditeur de texte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</" "ulink> or <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> programs which are popular in " "the Unix-like system." msgstr "" "Il faudrait que vous soyez compétant avec l’une des variantes des programmes " "<ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> ou d'<ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> " "qui sont très populaires sur les systèmes semblables à UNIX." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since Vi-" "editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world. (Actually, original " "<literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find " "everywhere. I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through " "<literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)" msgstr "" "Je pense que s'habituer aux commandes de Vim est une bonne chose, car " "l’éditeur Vi est toujours présent dans le monde Linux et UNIX. (En pratique, " "le <literal>vi</literal> d'origine ou le nouveau <literal>nvi</literal> sont " "des programmes que vous trouvez partout. Pour les débutants, j'ai plutôt " "choisi Vim parce qu'il propose de l’aide par l’intermédiaire de la touche " "<literal>F1</literal> tout en restant assez semblable et plus puissant)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you chose either <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink url=" "\"&xemacs;\">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that is " "another good choice indeed, particularly for programming. Emacs has a " "plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, " "directory editor, mail program, etc. When used for programming or editing " "shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are " "working on, and tries to provide assistance. Some people maintain that the " "only program they need on Linux is Emacs. Ten minutes learning Emacs now " "can save hours later. Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when " "learning Emacs is highly recommended." msgstr "" "Si vous choisissez plutôt <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> ou <ulink url=" "\"&xemacs;\">XEmacs</ulink> comme éditeur, c'est aussi un bon choix " "évidemment, particulièrement pour la programmation. Emacs possède une " "pléthore d'autres fonctionnalités, y compris un lecteur de nouvelles, un " "éditeur de répertoires, un programme de courriel, etc. Lorsqu'il est utilisé " "pour programmer ou éditer des scripts en shell, il reconnaît de manière " "intelligente le format de ce sur quoi vous être en train de travailler et il " "essaie de vous aider. Certaines personnes affirment que le seul programme " "dont ils ont besoin sous Linux est Emacs. Dix minutes d'apprentissage " "d'Emacs maintenant vous économiseront des heures plus tard. Il est " "grandement recommandé d'avoir le manuel de GNU Emacs comme référence lors de " "son apprentissage." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them " "by practice. Start Vim by typing \"<literal>vim</literal>\" and press F1-" "key. You should at least read the first 35 lines. Then do the online " "training course by moving cursor to \"<literal>|tutor|</literal>\" and " "pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>." msgstr "" "Tous ces programmes sont habituellement accompagnés d'un programme " "d'apprentissage pour vous aider à les utiliser par la pratique. Lancez Vim " "en entrant « <literal>vim</literal> » et en pressant la touche F1. " "Vous devriez au moins en lire les 35 premières lignes. Suivez ensuite le " "cours en ligne en déplaçant le curseur sur « <literal>|tutor|</" "literal> » et en pressant <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can be used to handle UTF-8 and other " "exotic encoding texts correctly with proper option in the x-terminal-" "emulator on X under UTF-8 locale with proper font settings. Please refer to " "their documentation on multibyte text." msgstr "" "Avec les options appropriées, de bons éditeurs, tels que Vim et Emacs, " "peuvent être utilisés pour manipuler correctement des textes en UTF-8 ou " "dans d'autres codages exotiques dans un émulateur de terminal x sous X en " "utilisant les paramètres linguistiques UTF-8 avec le paramétrage de police " "approprié. Veuillez vous référer à leur documentation relative au texte " "multi-octets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Setting a default text editor" msgstr "Définir un éditeur de texte par défaut" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the " "<literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above." msgstr "" "Debian est fourni avec de nombreux éditeurs différents. Nous recommandons " "d'installer le paquet <literal>vim</literal>, comme indiqué ci-dessus." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command " "\"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\" so other programs (e.g., " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>) can invoke it. You can change it by the " "following." msgstr "" "Debian offre un accès unifié à l’éditeur par défaut du système par " "l’intermédiaire de la commande « <literal>/usr/bin/editor</" "literal> ». Cela permet à d'autres programmes (par exemple " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>) de pourvoir l’appeler. Vous pouvez le modifier " "par la commande qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo update-alternatives --config editor" msgstr "$ sudo update-alternatives --config editor" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The choice \"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>\" over \"<literal>/usr/" "bin/vim.tiny</literal>\" is my recommendation for newbies since it supports " "syntax highlighting." msgstr "" "Pour les débutants, je recommande de choisir « <literal>/usr/bin/vim." "basic</literal> » plutôt que « <literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</" "literal> » car il prend en charge la mise en évidence de la syntaxe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Many programs use the environment variables \"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" " "or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide which editor to use (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_internal_editor_in_mc\"/> and <xref linkend=" "\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). For the consistency on Debian " "system, set these to \"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\". (Historically, " "\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" was \"<literal>ed</literal>\" and \"<literal>" "$VISUAL</literal>\" was \"<literal>vi</literal>\".)" msgstr "" "De nombreux programmes utilisent les variables d'environnement « " "<literal>$EDITOR</literal> » ou « <literal>$VISUAL</" "literal> » pour décider de l’éditeur à utiliser (consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_the_internal_editor_in_mc\"/> et <xref linkend=" "\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). Pour des raisons de cohérence sur " "le système Debian, définissez-les à « <literal>/usr/bin/editor</" "literal> ». (Historiquement « <literal>$EDITOR</literal> » " "était défini à « <literal>ed</literal> » et « <literal>" "$VISUAL</literal> » était défini à « <literal>vi</" "literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Customizing vim" msgstr "Personnaliser vim" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can customize <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior by " "\"<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez personnaliser le comportement de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> à l’aide de « <literal>~/.vimrc</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "\" -------------------------------\n" "\" Local configuration\n" "\"\n" "set nocompatible\n" "set nopaste\n" "set pastetoggle=<f2>\n" "syn on\n" "if $USER == \"root\"\n" " set nomodeline\n" " set noswapfile\n" "else\n" " set modeline\n" " set swapfile\n" "endif\n" "\" filler to avoid the line above being recognized as a modeline\n" "\" filler\n" "\" filler" msgstr "" "\" -------------------------------\n" "\" Configuration des paramètres linguistiques\n" "\"\n" "set nocompatible\n" "set nopaste\n" "set pastetoggle=<f2>\n" "syn on\n" "if $USER == \"root\"\n" " set nomodeline\n" " set noswapfile\n" "else\n" " set modeline\n" " set swapfile\n" "endif\n" "\" remplissage pour éviter que la ligne du dessus ne soit identifiée comme une ligne de mode (modeline)\n" "\" remplissage\n" "\" remplissage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Recording the shell activities" msgstr "Enregistrer les actions de l’interpréteur de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost " "forever. It is good practice to log shell activities into the file for you " "to review them later. This kind of record is essential when you perform any " "system administration tasks." msgstr "" "La sortie d'une commande de l’interpréteur peut défiler, quitter votre écran " "et être définitivement perdue. C'est une bonne habitude d'enregistrer " "l’activité de l’interpréteur de commandes dans un fichier afin de la " "consulter plus tard. Ce type d'enregistrement est essentiel lorsque vous " "effectuez une tâche d'administration quelconque." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "La méthode de base pour enregistrer l’activité de l’interpréteur de " "commandes est de la lancer sous <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ script\n" "Script started, file is typescript" msgstr "" "$ script\n" "Script started, file is typescript" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>." msgstr "Lancez une commande quelconque sous <literal>script</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>." msgstr "" "Pressez <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> pour quitter le <literal>script</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim typescript" msgstr "$ vim typescript" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly\"/> ." msgstr "" "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly\"/> ." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Basic Unix commands" msgstr "Commandes UNIX de base" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's learn basic Unix commands. Here I use \"Unix\" in its generic sense. " "Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands. The Debian system is " "no exception. Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If " "<literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command " "outputs are different. These examples are not meant to be executed in this " "order." msgstr "" "Apprenons les commandes UNIX de base. J'utilise ici « UNIX » dans " "son sens générique. Tous les clones d’UNIX proposent habituellement des " "commandes équivalentes. Le système Debian ne fait pas exception. Ne vous " "inquiétez pas si certaines commandes ne fonctionnent pas comme vous le " "voudriez maintenant. Si un <literal>alias</literal> est utilisé dans le " "shell, la sortie correspondante sera différente. Ces exemples ne sont pas " "destinés à être exécutés dans cet ordre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account." msgstr "" "Essayez toutes les commandes qui suivent en utilisant un compte non " "privilégié :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of basic Unix commands" msgstr "Liste des commandes UNIX de base" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "command" msgstr "commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>pwd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>pwd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display name of current/working directory" msgstr "afficher le nom du répertoire actuel ou de travail" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>whoami</literal>" msgstr "<literal>whoami</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display current user name" msgstr "afficher le nom de l’utilisateur actuel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>id</literal>" msgstr "<literal>id</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)" msgstr "" "afficher l’identité de l’utilisateur actuel (nom, uid, gid, et groupes " "associés)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>file <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>file <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display a type of file for the file \"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher le type de fichier du fichier « <literal><toto></" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>type -p <commandname></literal>" msgstr "<literal>type -p <nom-de-commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display a file location of command \"<literal><commandname></literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher l’emplacement du fichier de la commande « <literal><nom-de-" "commande> </literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>which <commandname></literal>" msgstr "<literal>which <nom-de-commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid ", ," msgstr ", ," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>type <commandname></literal>" msgstr "<literal>type <nom-de-commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display information on command \"<literal><commandname></literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher des informations sur la commande « <literal><nom-de-" "commande></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apropos <key-word></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apropos <mot-clé></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "find commands related to \"<literal><key-word></literal>\"" msgstr "" "rechercher les commandes ayant un rapport avec « <literal><mot-" "clé></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>man -k <key-word></literal>" msgstr "<literal>man -k <mot-clé></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>whatis <commandname></literal>" msgstr "<literal>whatis <nom-de-commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display one line explanation on command \"<literal><commandname></" "literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher une ligne d'explication sur la commande « <literal><nom-de-" "commande></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>man -a <commandname></literal>" msgstr "<literal>man -a <nom-de-commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display explanation on command \"<literal><commandname></literal>" "\" (Unix style)" msgstr "" "afficher une explication sur la commande « <literal><nom-de-" "commande></literal> » (style UNIX)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>info <commandname></literal>" msgstr "<literal>info <nom-de-commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display rather long explanation on command \"<literal><commandname></" "literal>\" (GNU style)" msgstr "" "afficher une explication assez longue de la commande « <literal><nom-" "de-commande></literal> » (style GNU)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ls</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ls</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)" msgstr "" "afficher le contenu du répertoire (tous les fichiers et répertoires non " "cachés)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ls -a</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ls -a</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list contents of directory (all files and directories)" msgstr "afficher le contenu du répertoire (tous les fichiers et répertoires)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ls -A</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ls -A</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip " "\"<literal>..</literal>\" and \"<literal>.</literal>\")" msgstr "" "afficher le contenu du répertoire (presque tous les fichiers et répertoires, " "par exemple sauter « <literal>..</literal> » et « <literal>.</" "literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ls -la</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ls -la</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list all contents of directory with detail information" msgstr "afficher tout le contenu du répertoire de façon détaillée" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ls -lai</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ls -lai</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information" msgstr "" "afficher tout le contenu du répertoire avec les numéros d'inœuds et les " "informations détaillées" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ls -d</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ls -d</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list all directories under the current directory" msgstr "afficher tous les sous-répertoires du répertoire actuel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tree</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tree</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display file tree contents" msgstr "afficher le contenu de l’arborescence des fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>lsof <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>lsof <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list open status of file \"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher l’état d'ouverture du fichier « <literal><toto></" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>lsof -p <pid></literal>" msgstr "<literal>lsof -p <pid></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list files opened by the process ID: \"<literal><pid></literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher les fichiers ouverts par le processus de numéro : « " "<literal><pid></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>mkdir <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>mkdir <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "make a new directory \"<literal><foo></literal>\" in the current " "directory" msgstr "" "créer le nouveau répertoire « <literal><toto></literal> » " "dans le répertoire en cours" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>rmdir <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>rmdir <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "remove a directory \"<literal><foo></literal>\" in the current " "directory" msgstr "" "supprimer le répertoire « <literal><toto></literal> » du " "répertoire actuel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "change directory to the directory \"<literal><foo></literal>\" in the " "current directory or in the directory listed in the variable \"<literal>" "$CDPATH</literal>\"" msgstr "" "allez au répertoire « <literal><toto></literal> » se " "trouvant dans le répertoire actuel ou dans le répertoire figurant dans la " "variable « <literal>$CDPATH</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd /</literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd /</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "change directory to the root directory" msgstr "aller au répertoire racine" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "change directory to the current user's home directory" msgstr "aller au répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur actuel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd /<foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd /<toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "change directory to the absolute path directory \"<literal>/<foo></" "literal>\"" msgstr "" "aller au répertoire de chemin absolu « <literal>/<toto></" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd ..</literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd ..</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "change directory to the parent directory" msgstr "aller au répertoire parent" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd ~<foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd ~<toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "change directory to the home directory of the user \"<literal><foo></" "literal>\"" msgstr "" "aller au répertoire « <literal><foo></literal> » se trouvant " "dans le répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cd -</literal>" msgstr "<literal>cd -</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "change directory to the previous directory" msgstr "aller au répertoire précédent" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal></etc/motd pager</literal>" msgstr "<literal></etc/motd visualisateur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display contents of \"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" using the default pager" msgstr "" "afficher le contenu de « <literal>/etc/motd</literal> » en " "utilisant le visualisateur (« pager ») par défaut" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>touch <junkfile></literal>" msgstr "<literal>touch <fichier-poubelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "create a empty file \"<literal><junkfile></literal>\"" msgstr "" "créer un fichier vide « <literal><fichier-poubelle></" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>cp <foo> <bar></literal>" msgstr "<literal>cp <toto> <titi></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "copy a existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new file " "\"<literal><bar></literal>\"" msgstr "" "copier le fichier « <literal><toto></literal> » existant " "dans le nouveau fichier « <literal><titi></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>rm <junkfile></literal>" msgstr "<literal>rm <fichier-poubelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "remove a file \"<literal><junkfile></literal>\"" msgstr "" "supprimer le fichier « <literal><fichier-poubelle></" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>mv <foo> <bar></literal>" msgstr "<literal>mv <toto> <titi></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "rename an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new name " "\"<literal><bar></literal>\" (\"<literal><bar></literal>\" must " "not exist)" msgstr "" "renommer le fichier existant « <literal><toto></literal> » " "avec le nouveau nom « <literal><titi></literal> » (« " "<literal><titi></literal> » ne doit pas exister)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "move an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new location " "\"<literal><bar>/<foo></literal>\" (the directory \"<literal><" "bar></literal>\" must exist)" msgstr "" "déplacer le fichier existant « <literal><toto></literal> » " "vers le nouvel emplacement « <literal><titi>/<toto></" "literal> » (le répertoire « <literal><titi></literal> » " "doit exister)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>mv <foo> <bar>/<baz></literal>" msgstr "<literal>mv <toto> <titi>/<tutu></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "move an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new location " "with a new name \"<literal><bar>/<baz></literal>\" (the " "directory \"<literal><bar></literal>\" must exist but the directory " "\"<literal><bar>/<baz></literal>\" must not exist)" msgstr "" "déplacer le fichier existant « <literal><toto></literal> » " "vers un nouvel emplacement avec le nouveau nom « <literal><titi>/" "<tutu></literal> » (le répertoire « <literal><titi></" "literal> » doit exister mais le répertoire « <literal><titi>/" "<tutu></literal> » ne doit pas exister)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>chmod 600 <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>chmod 600 <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "make an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to be non-readable " "and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)" msgstr "" "rendre le fichier « <literal><toto></literal> » non lisible " "et non modifiable par les autres personnes (non exécutable pour tous)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>chmod 644 <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>chmod 644 <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "make an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to be readable but " "non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)" msgstr "" "rendre un fichier existant « <literal><toto></literal> » " "accessible en lecture mais non modifiable par les autres personnes (non " "exécutable pour tous)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>chmod 755 <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>chmod 755 <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "make an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to be readable but " "non-writable by the other people (executable for all)" msgstr "" "rendre un fichier existant « <literal><toto></literal> » " "accessible en lecture mais non modifiable par les autres utilisateurs " "(exécutable pour tous)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>find . -name <pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>find . -name <motif></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "find matching filenames using shell \"<literal><pattern></literal>" "\" (slower)" msgstr "" "rechercher les noms de fichier contenant le « <literal><motif></" "literal> » de l’interpréteur de commandes (plus lent)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>locate -d . <pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>locate -d . <motif></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "find matching filenames using shell \"<literal><pattern></literal>" "\" (quicker using regularly generated database)" msgstr "" "rechercher les noms de fichiers contenant en utilisant un « " "<literal><motif></literal> » de l’interpréteur de commandes (plus " "rapide si on utilise une base de données régulièrement générée)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>grep -e \"<pattern>\" *.html</literal>" msgstr "<literal>grep -e \"<motif>\" *.html</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "find a \"<pattern>\" in all files ending with \"<literal>.html</" "literal>\" in current directory and display them all" msgstr "" "rechercher un « <motif> » dans tous les fichiers se " "terminant par « <literal>.html</literal> » dans le répertoire " "actuel et tous les afficher" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>top</literal>" msgstr "<literal>top</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display process information using full screen, type \"<literal>q</literal>\" " "to quit" msgstr "" "afficher en plein écran les informations sur les processus, pressez « " "<literal>q</literal> » pour quitter" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ps aux | pager</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ps aux | visualisateur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display information on all the running processes using BSD style output" msgstr "" "afficher les informations concernant tous les processus actifs en utilisant " "un affichage de type BSD" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ps -ef | pager</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ps -ef | visualisateur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style " "output" msgstr "" "afficher les informations concernant tous les processus actifs en utilisant " "un affichage de type UNIX System-V" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display all processes running \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>exim4</literal>\"" msgstr "" "afficher tous les processus faisant appel à « <literal>exim</" "literal> » et « <literal>exim4</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ps axf | pager</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ps axf | visualisateur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output" msgstr "" "afficher les informations concernant tous les processus en cours en " "utilisant une sortie ASCII pseudo-graphique" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>kill <1234></literal>" msgstr "<literal>kill <1234></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "kill a process identified by the process ID: \"<1234>\"" msgstr "" "tuer le processus identifié par l’identifiant de processus : « " "<1234> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>gzip <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>gzip <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "compress \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to create \"<literal><foo>." "gz</literal>\" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)" msgstr "" "compresser « <literal><toto></literal> » afin de créer " "« <literal> <toto>.gz</literal> » en utilisant le codage " "Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>gunzip <foo>.gz</literal>" msgstr "<literal>gunzip <toto>.gz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "decompress \"<literal><foo>.gz</literal>\" to create \"<literal><" "foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" "décompresser « <literal><toto>.gz</literal> » afin de créer " "« <literal><toto></literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>bzip2 <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>bzip2 <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "compress \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to create \"<literal><foo>." "bz2</literal>\" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression " "algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than <literal>gzip</" "literal>)" msgstr "" "compresser « <literal><toto></literal> » pour créer « " "<literal> <toto>.bz2</literal> » en utilisant l’algorithme de " "compression de tri de texte Burrows-Wheeler et le codage de Huffman " "(meilleure compression que <literal>gzip</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>bunzip2 <foo>.bz2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>bunzip2 <toto>.bz2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "decompress \"<literal><foo>.bz2</literal>\" to create \"<literal><" "foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" "décompresser « <literal><toto>.bz2</literal> » afin de créer " "« <literal><toto></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>xz <foo></literal>" msgstr "<literal>xz <toto></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "compress \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to create \"<literal><foo>." "xz</literal>\" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better " "compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)" msgstr "" "compresser « <literal><toto></literal> » pour créer « " "<literal> <toto>.xz</literal> » en utilisant l’algorithme de " "compression de Lempel-Ziv-Markov chain (meilleure compression que " "<literal>bzip2</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>unxz <foo>.xz</literal>" msgstr "<literal>unxz <toto>.xz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "decompress \"<literal><foo>.xz</literal>\" to create \"<literal><" "foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" "décompresser « <literal><toto>.xz</literal> » afin de créer " "« <literal><toto></literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -xvf <foo>.tar</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -xvf <toto>.tar</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract files from \"<literal><foo>.tar</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "extraire les fichiers de l’archive « <literal><toto>.tar</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -xvzf <foo>.tar.gz</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -xvzf <toto>.tar.gz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "extract files from gzipped \"<literal><foo>.tar.gz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "extraire les fichiers d'une archive « gzippée » « " "<literal><toto>.tar.gz</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -xvjf <foo>.tar.bz2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -xvjf <toto>.tar.bz2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract files from \"<literal><foo>.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "extraire les fichiers de l’archive « <literal><toto>.tar.bz2</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -xvJf <foo>.tar.xz</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -xvJf <toto>.tar.xz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract files from \"<literal><foo>.tar.xz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "extraire les fichiers de l’archive « <literal><toto>.tar.xz</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -cvf <foo>.tar <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -cvf <toto>.tar <titi>/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in " "\"<literal><foo>.tar</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "archiver le contenu du répertoire « <literal><titi>/</" "literal> » dans l’archive « <literal><toto>.tar</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -cvzf <foo>.tar.gz <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -cvzf <toto>.tar.gz <titi>/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in compressed " "\"<literal><foo>.tar.gz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "archiver le contenu du répertoire « <literal><titi>/</" "literal> » dans l’archive compressée « <literal><toto>.tar." "gz</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -cvjf <foo>.tar.bz2 <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -cvjf <toto>.tar.bz2 <titi>/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in " "\"<literal><foo>.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "archiver le contenu du répertoire « <literal><titi>/</" "literal> » sans l’archive « <literal><toto>.tar.bz2</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>tar -cvJf <foo>.tar.xz <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>tar -cvJf <toto>.tar.xz <titi>/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in " "\"<literal><foo>.tar.xz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" "archiver le contenu du répertoire « <literal><titi>/</" "literal> » sans l’archive « <literal><toto>.tar.xz</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz | pager</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zcat README.gz | visualisateur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display contents of compressed \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" using the " "default pager" msgstr "" "afficher le contenu du fichier compressé « <literal>README.gz</" "literal> » en utilisant le visualisateur (« pager ») par " "défaut" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz > foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zcat README.gz > toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "create a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with the decompressed content of " "\"<literal>README.gz</literal>\"" msgstr "" "créer le fichier « <literal>toto</literal> » avec le contenu " "décompressé de « <literal>README.gz</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz >> foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zcat README.gz >> toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "append the decompressed content of \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" to the " "end of the file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" (if it does not exist, create it " "first)" msgstr "" "ajouter le contenu décompressé de « <literal>README.gz</literal> » " "à la fin du fichier. (S'il n'existe pas, créez-le d'abord)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with \"<literal>.</" "literal>\". They are traditionally files that contain configuration " "information and user preferences." msgstr "" "UNIX a pour tradition de cacher les fichiers dont le nom commence par un " "« <literal>.</literal> ». Ce sont traditionnellement des fichiers " "qui contiennent des informations de configuration et des préférences de " "l’utilisateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "For <literal>cd</literal> command, see " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Pour la commande <literal>cd</literal>, consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> which cannot scroll back. By installing the <literal>less</" "literal> package using command line \"<literal>apt-get install less</literal>" "\", <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> becomes default pager and you can scroll back with " "cursor keys." msgstr "" "Le visualisateur (« pager ») par défaut d'un système Debian non " "personnalisé est <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui ne permet pas le " "défilement vers l’arrière. En installant le paquet <literal>less</literal> à " "l’aide de la ligne de commandes « <literal>apt-get install less</" "literal> », <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> deviendra le " "visualisateur par défaut et vous pourrez faire défiler le texte vers " "l’arrière à l’aide des touches de curseur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the regular " "expression of the \"<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>\" " "command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself. The " "\"<literal>4*</literal>\" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats " "of character \"<literal>4</literal>\" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> " "to match both \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and \"<literal>exim4</literal>\". " "Although \"<literal>*</literal>\" is used in the shell filename glob and the " "regular expression, their meanings are different. Learn the regular " "expression from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "« <literal>[</literal> » et « <literal>]</literal> » " "dans l’expression rationnelle de la commande « <literal>ps aux | grep -" "e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>\" » ci-dessus permet d'éviter une " "correspondance de grep avec lui-même. Le « <literal>4*</literal> » " "de l’expression rationnelle signifie 0 ou plusieurs instances du caractère " "« <literal>4</literal> » et permet donc à <literal>grep</literal> " "de trouver la correspondance à la fois avec « <literal>exim</" "literal> » et « <literal>exim4</literal> ». Bien que « " "<literal>*</literal> » soit utilisé dans le motif générique (« " "glob ») des noms de fichiers de l’interpréteur de commandes et dans " "l’expression rationnelle, leurs significations sont différentes. Vous " "pourrez apprendre les expressions rationnelles dans " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above " "commands as training. If you have questions on any of console commands, " "please make sure to read the manual page." msgstr "" "À titre d'exercice, parcourez les répertoires et jetez un coup d'œil au " "système en vous servant des commandes ci-dessus. Si vous avez des questions " "sur ces commandes de la console, veuillez consulter la page de manuel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ man man\n" "$ man bash\n" "$ man builtins\n" "$ man grep\n" "$ man ls" msgstr "" "$ man man\n" "$ man bash\n" "$ man builtins\n" "$ man grep\n" "$ man ls" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are " "rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you " "get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness." msgstr "" "Il peut être un peu difficile de s'habituer au style des pages de manuel " "parce qu'elles sont plutôt succinctes, particulièrement les plus anciennes, " "celles qui sont vraiment traditionnelles. Mais une fois que vous y serez " "familiarisé, vous apprécierez leur concision." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD " "display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following " "ways (or without any arguments in some cases)." msgstr "" "Remarquez que beaucoup de commandes UNIX, y compris celles de GNU et BSD, " "affichent une information d'aide courte si vous les exécutez de l’une des " "façons suivantes (ou parfois sans paramètre) :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ <commandname> --help\n" "$ <commandname> -h" msgstr "" "$ <nom-de-commande> --help\n" "$ <nom-de-commande> -h" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "The simple shell command" msgstr "La commande simple de l’interpréteur de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system. Let's look deep " "into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I " "have simplified reality for the newbie. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> for the exact explanation." msgstr "" "Vous avez maintenant une certaine sensation sur la manière d'utiliser un " "système Debian. Nous allons regarder plus profondément le mécanisme " "d'exécution des commandes sous le système Debian. J'ai ici, pour les " "débutants, simplifié la réalité. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> pour l’explication exacte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "A simple command is a sequence of components." msgstr "Une simple commande est une séquence de :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Variable assignments (optional)" msgstr "assignations de variables (optionnelles) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Command name" msgstr "nom de la commande ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Arguments (optional)" msgstr "paramètres (optionnels) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Redirections (optional: <literal>></literal> , <literal>>></" "literal> , <literal><</literal> , <literal><<</literal> , etc.)" msgstr "" "redirections (optionnelles : <literal>></literal> , <literal>>>" "</literal> , <literal><</literal> , <literal><<</literal>, etc.)" " ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Control operator (optional: <literal>&&</literal> , <literal>||</" "literal> , <newline> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&</" "literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )" msgstr "" "opérateur de contrôle (optionnels : <literal>&&</literal>, " "<literal>|| </literal> , <nouvelle ligne> , <literal>;</literal>, " "<literal>&</literal>, <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Command execution and environment variable" msgstr "Exécution d'une commande et variables d'environnement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Values of some <ulink url=\"&environmentvariables;\">environment variables</" "ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands." msgstr "" "Les valeurs de certaines <ulink url=\"&environmentvariables;\">variables " "d'environnement</ulink> modifient le comportement de certaines commandes " "UNIX." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system " "and then some of them may be reset by some application programs." msgstr "" "Les valeurs par défaut des variables d'environnement sont définies " "initialement par le système PAM, certaines d'entre-elles peuvent donc être " "réinitialisées par certains programmes d'application :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> resets environment " "variables." msgstr "" "le gestionnaire graphique de session tel que <literal>gdm3</literal> " "réinitialise les variables d'environnement ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The shell in its start up codes resets environment variables in \"<literal>~/" "bash_profile</literal>\" and \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" "dans son code de démarrage, l’interpréteur de commandes réinitialise les " "variables d'environnement dans « <literal>~/bash_profile</" "literal> » et « <literal>~/.bashrc</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable" msgstr "Variable « <literal>$LANG</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The full locale value given to \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable " "consists of 3 parts: \"<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>\"." msgstr "" "La valeur complète des paramètres linguistiques indiqués par la variable " "« <literal>$LANG</literal> est constituée de trois parties « " "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "3 parts of locale value" msgstr "Les trois parties des paramètres linguistiques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "locale value" msgstr "valeur des paramètres linguistiques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>xx</literal>" msgstr "<literal>xx</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;\">ISO 639 language codes " "(lower case) such as \"en\"</ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;\">codes de langue ISO 639 " "(en minuscules) tel que « fr »</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>YY</literal>" msgstr "<literal>YY</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;\">ISO 3166 country codes " "(upper case) such as \"US\"</ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;\">codes de pays ISO 3166 (en " "majuscules), par exemple « FR »</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&codesetalwayssettoutfi;\">codeset, always set to \"UTF-8\"</" "ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&codesetalwayssettoutfi;\">le jeu de caractères, toujours " "défini à « UTF-8 »</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For language codes and country codes, see pertinent description in the " "\"<literal>info gettext</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Pour les codes de langues et de pays, consultez la description dans « " "<literal>info gettext</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the codeset on the modern Debian system, you should always set it to " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis> unless you " "specifically want to use the historic one with good reason and background " "knowledge." msgstr "" "Vous devriez toujours définir le codage des caractères d'un système Debian " "moderne en <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis> à " "moins que vous ne vouliez spécifiquement en utiliser un ancien avec de " "bonnes raisons et les connaissances de bases associées." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref linkend=\"_the_locale" "\"/>." msgstr "" "Pour des informations détaillées sur la configuration des paramètres " "linguistiques, consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>\" is not \"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" " "nor \"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\". It is \"<literal>LANG=en_US." "ISO-8859-1</literal>\" (see <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)." msgstr "" "« <literal>LANG=en_US</literal> » n'est pas « " "<literal>LANG=C</literal> » ni « <literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</" "literal> ». C'est « <literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</" "literal> » (consultez <xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of locale recommendations" msgstr "Liste des recommandations de paramètres linguistiques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "locale recommendation" msgstr "recommandation de paramètres linguistiques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "Language (area)" msgstr "Langue (zone)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "English(USA)" msgstr "anglais (USA)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>en_GB.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>en_GB.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "English(Great_Britain)" msgstr "anglais (Grande-Bretagne)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "French(France)" msgstr "français (France)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "German(Germany)" msgstr "allemand (Allemagne)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Italian(Italy)" msgstr "italien (Italie)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>es_ES.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>es_ES.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Spanish(Spain)" msgstr "espagnol (Espagne)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ca_ES.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ca_ES.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Catalan(Spain)" msgstr "catalan (Espagne)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>sv_SE.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>sv_SE.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Swedish(Sweden)" msgstr "suédois (Suède)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>pt_BR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>pt_BR.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Portuguese(Brazil)" msgstr "portugais (Brésil)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ru_RU.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ru_RU.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Russian(Russia)" msgstr "russe (Russie)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Chinese(P.R._of_China)" msgstr "chinois (RP de Chine)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Chinese(Taiwan_R.O.C.)" msgstr "chinois (Taiwan)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ja_JP.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ja_JP.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Japanese(Japan)" msgstr "japonais (Japon)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Korean(Republic_of_Korea)" msgstr "coréen (République de Corée)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>vi_VN.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>vi_VN.UTF-8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Vietnamese(Vietnam)" msgstr "vietnamien (Vietnam)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following." msgstr "" "L’exécution typique d'une commande utilise une séquence de lignes telle que " "la suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ date\n" "Sun Jun 3 10:27:39 JST 2007\n" "$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 date\n" "dimanche 3 juin 2007, 10:27:33 (UTC+0900)" msgstr "" "$ date\n" "lundi 29 octobre 2012, 10:38:53 (UTC-0400)\n" "$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 date\n" "Mon Oct 29 10:39:00 AST 2012" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, the program <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is executed with " "different values of the environment variable \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Ici, le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est exécuté comme " "tâche au premier plan avec différentes valeurs de la variable " "d'environnement « <literal>$LANG</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "For the first command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the system " "default <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value \"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "Avec la première commande, « <literal>$LANG</literal> » est " "définie à la valeur des <ulink url=\"&locale;\">paramètres linguistiques</" "ulink> par défaut du système « <literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "For the second command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the French " "UTF-8 <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value \"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "Avec la deuxième commande, « <literal>$LANG</literal> » est " "définie à la valeur des <ulink url=\"&locale;\">paramètres linguistiques</" "ulink> UTF-8 anglais des États-Unis « <literal>en_US.UTF-8</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable " "definition. For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the " "following." msgstr "" "Habituellement, la plupart des exécutions de commandes ne sont pas précédées " "de la définition de variables d'environnement. Pour les exemple ci-dessus, " "vous pouvez aussi exécuter :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8\n" "$ date\n" "dimanche 3 juin 2007, 10:27:33 (UTC+0900)" msgstr "" "$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8\n" "$ date\n" "Mon Oct 29 10:40:50 AST 2012" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "As you can see here, the output of command is affected by the environment " "variable to produce French output. If you want the environment variable to " "be inherited to subprocesses (e.g., when calling shell script), you need to " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">export</emphasis> it instead by the following." msgstr "" "Comme vous pouvez le voir ici, la sortie de la commande est affectée par la " "variable d'environnement afin que la sortie s'effectue en français. Si vous " "désirez que les sous-processus héritent de la variable d'environnement (par " "exemple en appelant un script shell), vous devrez alors l’<emphasis role=" "\"strong\">exporter</emphasis> de la manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ export LANG" msgstr "$ export LANG" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under " "\"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" is good idea if you use non-English " "environment." msgstr "" "En déposant un signalement de bogue, c'est une bonne idée de lancer et de " "vérifier la commande « <literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal> » si " "vous utilisez un environnement autre que l’environnement anglais." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for \"<literal>$LANG</" "literal>\" and related environment variables." msgstr "" "Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour les variables " "d'environnement « <literal>$LANG</literal> » et associées." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the \"<literal>" "$LANG</literal>\" variable and to stay away from \"<literal>$LC_*</literal>" "\" variables unless it is absolutely needed." msgstr "" "Je vous recommande de configurer l’environnement du système en ne touchant " "qu'à la variable « <literal>$LANG</literal> » en laissant de côté " "les variables « <literal>$LC_*</literal> » à moins que ce ne soit " "absolument nécessaire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "\"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" variable" msgstr "Variable « <literal>$PATH</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in " "the list of directories contained in the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" " "environment variable. The value of the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" " "environment variable is also called the shell's search path." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous entrez une commande dans l’interpréteur, il recherche la " "commande dans la liste des répertoires contenus dans la variable " "d'environnement « <literal>$PATH</literal> ». La valeur de la " "variable d'environnement « <literal>$PATH</literal> » est aussi " "appelée « chemin de recherche de l’interpréteur de commandes »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the default Debian installation, the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" " "environment variable of user accounts may not include \"<literal>/sbin</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\". For example, the " "<literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with full path as " "\"<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\". (Similar <literal>ip</literal> " "command is located in \"<literal>/bin</literal>\".)" msgstr "" "Dans une installation Debian par défaut, la variable d'environnement « " "<literal>$PATH</literal> » des comptes d'utilisateurs peut ne pas " "inclure « <literal>/sbin</literal> » ni « <literal>/usr/sbin</" "literal> ». Par exemple, la commande <literal>ifconfig</literal> doit " "être lancée avec son chemin complet « <literal>/sbin/ifconfig</" "literal> ». (La commande similaire <literal>ip</literal> est située " "dans « <literal>/bin</literal> ».)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can change the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" environment variable of Bash " "shell by \"<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.bashrc</" "literal>\" files." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez modifier la variable d'environnement « <literal>$PATH</" "literal> » de l’interpréteur de commandes Bash par l’intermédiaire des " "fichiers« <literal>~/.bash_profile</literal> » ou « " "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "\"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" variable" msgstr "Variable « <literal>$HOME</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and " "changes their behavior by their contents. The home directory is identified " "by the environment variable \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\"." msgstr "" "De nombreuses commandes enregistrent la configuration spécifique à un " "utilisateur dans son répertoire personnel et modifient leur comportement en " "fonction de son contenu. Le répertoire personnel est identifié par la " "variable d'environnement « <literal>$HOME</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" values" msgstr "" "Afficher les valeurs de la variable « <literal>$HOME</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "value of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\"" msgstr "valeur de « <literal>$HOME</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "program execution situation" msgstr "situation d'exécution d'un programme" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "program run by the init process (daemon)" msgstr "programme lancé par le processus init (démon)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/root</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/root</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "program run from the normal root shell" msgstr "" "programme lancé depuis l’interpréteur de commandes normal de " "l’administrateur (« root »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/home/<normal_user></literal>" msgstr "<literal>/home/<utilisateur_normal></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "program run from the normal user shell" msgstr "" "programme lancé depuis l’interpréteur de commandes d'un utilisateur normal" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu" msgstr "" "programme lancé depuis le menu du bureau de l’interface graphique de " "l’utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo program</literal>\"" msgstr "" "programmes lancé en tant qu'administrateur avec « <literal>sudo " "programme</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo -H program</literal>\"" msgstr "" "programme lancé en tant qu'administrateur avec « <literal>sudo -H " "programme</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Shell expands \"<literal>~/</literal>\" to current user's home directory, i." "e., \"<literal>$HOME/</literal>\". Shell expands \"<literal>~foo/</literal>" "\" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, i.e., \"<literal>/home/foo/</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "L’interpréteur de commandes étend « <literal>~/</literal> » pour " "former le répertoire personnel réel de l’utilisateur, par exemple, « " "<literal>$HOME/</literal> ». L’interpréteur de commandes étend « " "<literal>~foo/</literal> » sous la forme du répertoire personnel de " "<literal>foo</literal>, par exemple, « <literal>/home/foo/</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Command line options" msgstr "Options de la ligne de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Some commands take arguments. Arguments starting with \"<literal>-</literal>" "\" or \"<literal>--</literal>\" are called options and control the behavior " "of the command." msgstr "" "Certaines commandes prennent des paramètres. Les paramètres qui commencent " "par « <literal>-</literal> » ou « <literal>--</" "literal> » sont appelés options et contrôlent le comportement de la " "commande." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ date\n" "Mon Oct 27 23:02:09 CET 2003\n" "$ date -R\n" "Mon, 27 Oct 2003 23:02:40 +0100" msgstr "" "$ date\n" "lundi 29 octobre 2012, 10:34:38 (UTC-0400)\n" "$ date -R\n" "Mon, 29 Oct 2012 10:34:40 -0400" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here the command-line argument \"<literal>-R</literal>\" changes " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> behavior to output <ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">RFC2822</ulink> " "compliant date string." msgstr "" "Ici, le paramètre de la ligne de commandes « <literal>-R</" "literal> » modifie le comportement de la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> afin qu'elle donne en sortie une chaîne de date conforme à la " "<ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">RFC2822</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Shell glob" msgstr "Motifs génériques (« glob ») de l’interpréteur de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of " "them. The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need." msgstr "" "Souvent, vous voudrez utiliser une commande sur un groupe de fichiers sans " "avoir à tous les entrer. C'est facilité par l’utilisation des motifs " "génériques d'expansion du nom de fichier de l’interpréteur de commandes " "(<emphasis role=\"strong\">glob</emphasis>), (on les appelle parfois " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">jokers</emphasis>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "Shell glob patterns" msgstr "" "Motifs génériques d'expansion du nom de fichier de l’interpréteur de " "commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "shell glob pattern" msgstr "motif générique de l’interpréteur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of match rule" msgstr "description de la règle de correspondance" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>*</literal>" msgstr "<literal>*</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "filename (segment) not started with \"<literal>.</literal>\"" msgstr "" "nom de fichier (segment) ne commençant pas par « <literal>.</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>.*</literal>" msgstr "<literal>.*</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "filename (segment) started with \"<literal>.</literal>\"" msgstr "" "nom de fichier (segment) commençant par « <literal>.</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>?</literal>" msgstr "<literal>?</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "exactly one character" msgstr "exactement un caractère" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[…]</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[…]</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets" msgstr "" "un caractère exactement, chaque caractère étant l’un de ceux entre crochets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[a-z]</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[a-z]</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "exactly one character with any character between \"<literal>a</literal>\" " "and \"<literal>z</literal>\"" msgstr "" "exactement un caractère, chaque caractère étant compris entre « " "<literal>a</literal> » et « <literal>z</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[^…]</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[^…]</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets " "(excluding \"<literal>^</literal>\")" msgstr "" "exactement un caractère devant être différent de tous les caractères entre " "crochets (sauf « <literal>^</literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ mkdir junk; cd junk; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo *.txt\n" "1.txt 2.txt\n" "$ echo *\n" "1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h\n" "$ echo *.[hc]\n" "3.c 4.h\n" "$ echo .*\n" ". .. .5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo .*[^.]*\n" ".5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo [^1-3]*\n" "4.h\n" "$ cd ..; rm -rf junk" msgstr "" "$ mkdir poubelle; cd poubelle; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo *.txt\n" "1.txt 2.txt\n" "$ echo *\n" "1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h\n" "$ echo *.[hc]\n" "3.c 4.h\n" "$ echo .*\n" ". .. .5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo .*[^.]*\n" ".5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo [^1-3]*\n" "4.h\n" "$ cd ..; rm -rf poubelle" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern " "\"<literal>*</literal>\" tested in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with \"<literal>-name</" "literal>\" test etc., matches the initial \"<literal>.</literal>\" of the " "filename. (New <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> feature)" msgstr "" "Contrairement à l’expansion normale du nom de fichier par l’interpréteur de " "commandes, le motif « <literal>*</literal> » de l’interpréteur " "testé par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> avec « <literal>-name</literal> » test " "etc., correspond au « <literal>.</literal> » du nom de fichier. " "(Nouvelle fonctionnalité <ulink url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin " "options such as \"<literal>dotglob</literal>\", \"<literal>noglob</literal>" "\", \"<literal>nocaseglob</literal>\", \"<literal>nullglob</literal>\", " "\"<literal>nocaseglob</literal>\", \"<literal>extglob</literal>\", etc. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "On peut modifier le comportement d'expansion de fichiers selon des motifs " "génériques de BASH (« glob ») avec ses options « shopt » " "incluses telles que « <literal>dotglob</literal> », « " "<literal>noglob</literal> », « <literal>nocaseglob</" "literal> », « <literal>nullglob</literal> », « " "<literal>nocaseglob</literal> », « <literal>extglob </" "literal> », etc. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Return value of the command" msgstr "Valeur de retour d'une commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Each command returns its exit status (variable: \"<literal>$?</literal>\") " "as the return value." msgstr "" "Toutes les commandes retournent comme valeur de retour leur état de fin " "d'exécution (variable : « <literal>$?</literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "Command exit codes" msgstr "Codes de retour de la commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "command exit status" msgstr "état de sortie de la commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "numeric return value" msgstr "valeur numérique de retour" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "logical return value" msgstr "valeur logique de retour" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "success" msgstr "succès" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "zero, 0" msgstr "zéro, 0" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis>" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">VRAI</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "error" msgstr "erreur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "non-zero, -1" msgstr "non-nulle, -1" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">FALSE</emphasis>" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">FAUX</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ [ 1 = 1 ] ; echo $?\n" "0\n" "$ [ 1 = 2 ] ; echo $?\n" "1" msgstr "" "$ [ 1 = 1 ] ; echo $?\n" "0\n" "$ [ 1 = 2 ] ; echo $?\n" "1" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value. This is " "somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here." msgstr "" "Vous remarquerez que, dans le contexte logique de l’interpréteur de " "commandes, un <emphasis role=\"strong\">succès</emphasis> est traité comme " "la valeur logique <emphasis role=\"strong\">VRAIE</emphasis> qui possède la " "valeur 0 (zéro). C'est parfois un peu contre-intuitif et il fallait le " "rappeler ici." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Typical command sequences and shell redirection" msgstr "" "Séquences de commandes typiques et redirection de l’interpréteur de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a " "part of shell command." msgstr "" "Essayez de retenir les idiomes suivants de l’interpréteur de commandes " "entrés sur une seule ligne en tant qu'extrait d'une commande de " "l’interpréteur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "Shell command idioms" msgstr "Idiomes des commandes de l’interpréteur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "command idiom" msgstr "idiome de commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command &</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande &</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">background</emphasis> execution of " "<literal>command</literal> in the subshell" msgstr "" "exécuter la <literal>commande</literal> en <emphasis role=\"strong\">arrière-" "plan</emphasis> dans le sous-shell" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command1 | command2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande1 | commande2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of " "<literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</" "literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> execution)" msgstr "" "la sortie standard de <literal>commande1</literal> est passée (« " "piped ») à l’entrée standard de <literal>commande2</literal>. Les deux " "commandes peuvent tourner <emphasis role=\"strong\">simultanément</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command1 2>&1 | command2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande1 2>&1 | commande2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard " "error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of " "<literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> " "execution)" msgstr "" "La sortie standard et la sortie d'erreur standard de <literal>commande1</" "literal> sont toutes les deux passées à l’entrée standard de " "<literal>commande2</literal>. Les deux commandes peuvent tourner <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">simultanément</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command1 ; command2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande1 ; commande2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis>" msgstr "" "exécuter <literal>commande1</literal> et <literal>commande2</literal> " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">séquentiellement</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command1 && command2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande1 && commande2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute " "<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</" "emphasis> (return success if both <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">and</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)" msgstr "" "exécuter <literal>commande1</literal>, en cas de succès, exécuter " "<literal>commande2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">séquentiellement</" "emphasis> (retourne un succès si à la fois <literal>commande1</literal> " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"> et </emphasis> <literal>commande2</literal> ont " "été réussies)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command1 || command2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande1 || commande2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute " "<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</" "emphasis> (return success if <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">or</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)" msgstr "" "exécuter <literal>commande1</literal>, en cas d'échec, exécuter " "<literal>commande2</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">séquentiellement</" "emphasis> (retourne un succès si <literal>commande1</literal> <emphasis role=" "\"strong\"> ou </emphasis> <literal>commande2</literal> a été réussie)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command > foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande > toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)" msgstr "" "rediriger la sortir standard de <literal>commande</literal> vers le fichier " "<literal>toto</literal> (l’écraser)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command 2> foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande 2> toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)" msgstr "" "rediriger la sortie d'erreur standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers " "le fichier <literal>toto</literal> (l’écraser)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command >> foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande >> toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (append)" msgstr "" "rediriger la sortie standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers le " "fichier <literal>toto</literal> (ajouter à la fin du fichier)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command 2>> foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande 2>> toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (append)" msgstr "" "rediriger la sortie d'erreur standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers " "le fichier <literal>toto</literal> (ajouter à la fin du fichier)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command > foo 2>&1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande > toto 2>&1</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect both standard output and standard error of <literal>command</" "literal> to a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\"" msgstr "" "rediriger à la fois la sortie standard et l’erreur standard de la " "<literal>commande </literal> vers le fichier « <literal>toto</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command < foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande < toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal>" msgstr "" "rediriger l’entrée standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers le " "fichier <literal>toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command << delimiter</literal>" msgstr "<literal>commande << délimiteur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines " "until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document)" msgstr "" "rediriger l’entrée standard de la <literal>commande</literal> vers les " "lignes suivantes jusqu'à ce que le « <literal>délimiteur</" "literal> » soit rencontré (ce document)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>command <<- delimiter</literal>" msgstr "<literal>command <<- délimiteur</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines " "until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document, the leading " "tab characters are stripped from input lines)" msgstr "" "rediriger l’entrée standard de <literal>commande</literal> vers les lignes " "qui suivent jusqu'à ce que le « <literal>délimiteur</literal> » " "soit rencontré, les caractères de tabulation de tête sont supprimés des " "lignes d'entrée)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to " "run multiple programs in a single shell. The management of the background " "process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</" "literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>. Please read " "sections of bash(1) under \"SIGNALS\", and \"JOB CONTROL\", and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Le système Debian est un système multi-tâches. Les travaux s'exécutant en " "arrière-plan permettent aux utilisateur de faire tourner plusieurs " "programmes depuis un seul interpréteur de commandes. La gestion des " "processus en arrière-plan fait appel aux commandes internes de " "l’interpréteur : <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, " "<literal>bg</literal> et <literal>kill</literal>. Veuillez lire les sections " "de bash(1) se trouvant sous « SIGNAUX » et « CONTRÔLE DES " "TÂCHES » ainsi que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ </etc/motd pager" msgstr "$ </etc/motd visualisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ pager </etc/motd" msgstr "$ visualisateur </etc/motd" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ pager /etc/motd" msgstr "$ visualisateur /etc/motd" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ cat /etc/motd | pager" msgstr "$ cat /etc/motd | visualisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the " "last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes " "resources with no reason." msgstr "" "Bien que ces 4 exemples de redirections de shell affichent la même chose, le " "dernier exemple utilise la commande supplémentaire <literal>cat</literal> et " "gaspille des ressources sans raison." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin " "with an arbitrary file descriptor." msgstr "" "Le shell vous permet d'ouvrir des fichiers en utilisant la commande interne " "<literal>exec</literal> avec un descripteur de fichier arbitraire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ echo Hello >foo\n" "$ exec 3<foo 4>bar # open files\n" "$ cat <&3 >&4 # redirect stdin to 3, stdout to 4\n" "$ exec 3<&- 4>&- # close files\n" "$ cat bar\n" "Hello" msgstr "" "$ echo Hello >toto\n" "$ exec 3<toto 4>titi # ouvrir les fichiers\n" "$ cat <&3 >&4 # rediriger stdin vers 3, stdout vers 4\n" "$ exec 3<&- 4>&- # fermer les fichiers\n" "$ cat titi\n" "Hello" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined." msgstr "Les descripteurs de fichiers 0-2 sont prédéfinis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "Predefined file descriptors" msgstr "Descripteurs de fichier prédéfinis" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "device" msgstr "périphérique" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "file descriptor" msgstr "descripteur de fichier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>stdin</literal>" msgstr "<literal>stdin</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "standard input" msgstr "entrée standard" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "0" msgstr "0" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>stdout</literal>" msgstr "<literal>stdout</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "standard output" msgstr "sortie standard" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "1" msgstr "1" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>stderr</literal>" msgstr "<literal>stderr</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "standard error" msgstr "erreur standard" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "2" msgstr "2" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Command alias" msgstr "Alias de commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "You can set an alias for the frequently used command." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez définir des alias pour les commandes fréquemment utilisées." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ alias la='ls -la'" msgstr "$ alias la='ls -la'" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Now, \"<literal>la</literal>\" works as a short hand for \"<literal>ls -la</" "literal>\" which lists all files in the long listing format." msgstr "" "Maintenant, « <literal>la</literal> » fonctionnera comme un " "raccourci pour « <literal>ls -la</literal> » qui donne la liste de " "tous les fichier dans le format de liste long." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> under \"SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\")." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez afficher la liste de tous les alias existants par la commande " "<literal>alias</literal> (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sous « COMMANDES " "INTERNES DU SHELL »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ alias\n" "...\n" "alias la='ls -la'" msgstr "" "$ alias\n" "...\n" "alias la='ls -la'" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can identity exact path or identity of the command by <literal>type</" "literal> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> under \"SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\")." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez identifier le chemin exact ou identifier la commande par " "<literal>type</literal> (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sous « COMMANDES " "INTERNES DU SHELL  »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ type ls\n" "ls is hashed (/bin/ls)\n" "$ type la\n" "la is aliased to ls -la\n" "$ type echo\n" "echo is a shell builtin\n" "$ type file\n" "file is /usr/bin/file" msgstr "" "$ type ls\n" "ls is hashed (/bin/ls)\n" "$ type la\n" "la is aliased to ls -la\n" "$ type echo\n" "echo is a shell builtin\n" "$ type file\n" "file is /usr/bin/file" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while \"<literal>file</" "literal>\" was not, thus \"<literal>ls</literal>\" is \"hashed\", i.e., the " "shell has an internal record for the quick access to the location of the " "\"<literal>ls</literal>\" command." msgstr "" "Ici, <literal>ls</literal> a été récemment recherché alors que « " "<literal>file</literal> » ne l’a pas été, donc « <literal>ls</" "literal> » est « hachée », c'est-à-dire que l’interpréteur de " "commandes possède un enregistrement interne permettant un accès rapide à " "l’emplacement de la commande « <literal>ls</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>." msgstr "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Unix-like text processing" msgstr "Traitement des données textuelles à la UNIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text " "through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial " "Unix innovation." msgstr "" "Dans un environnement de travail à la UNIX, le traitement du texte est " "effectué en passant le texte par des tubes au travers d'une chaîne d'outils " "standard de traitement du texte. C'est une autre innovation cruciale d’UNIX." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Unix text tools" msgstr "Outils de traitement du texte d’UNIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on " "the Unix-like system." msgstr "" "Il existe quelques outils standard de traitement du texte qui sont très " "souvent utilisés sur les systèmes « UNIX-like »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "No regular expression is used:" msgstr "Aucune expression rationnelle n'est utilisée :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> concatenates files and outputs the whole content." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> concatène des fichiers et en affiche le contenu complet ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> concatenates files and outputs in reverse." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> concatène des fichiers et les affiche en ordre inverse ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> selects parts of lines and outputs." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>cut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> sélectionne des parties de lignes et les affiche  ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>head</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> outputs the first part of files." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>head</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> affiche le début d'un fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> outputs the last part of files." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> affiche la fin d'un fichier ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> sorts lines of text files." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> trie des lignes de texte ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uniq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> removes duplicate lines from a sorted file." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uniq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> supprime les lignes dupliquées d'un fichier trié  ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> translates or deletes characters." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> traduit ou supprime des caractères ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> compares files line by line." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> compare des fichiers ligne par ligne." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Basic regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>) is used:" msgstr "" "Une expression rationnelle de base (« Basic regular expression - " "BRE ») est utilisée :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> matches text with patterns." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> analyse la correspondance d'un texte avec des motifs ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is a primitive line editor." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est un éditeur par ligne primitif ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is a stream editor." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est un éditeur de flux ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is a screen editor." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est un éditeur en mode écran ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">BRE</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est un éditeur en mode écran. (un peu étendu <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Extended regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>) is " "used:" msgstr "" "Une expression rationnelle étendue (« Extended regular expression - " "ERE ») est utilisée :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> matches text with patterns." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> fait correspondre du texte avec des motifs ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> does simple text processing." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> effectue un traitement simple du texte ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tcl</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> can do every conceivable text processing: " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>re_syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Often used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tk</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tcl</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> peut effectuer tous les traitements possibles du texte : " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>re_syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Souvent utilisé avec " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tk</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> can do every conceivable text processing. " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> peut effectuer tous les traitements imaginables sur du texte." "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcregrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package " "matches text with <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">Perl " "Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcregrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> du paquet <literal>pcregrep</literal> fait la " "correspondance de texte avec des motifs d'<ulink url=" "\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">expressions rationnelles compatibles " "avec Perl (PCRE)</ulink> (« Perl Compatible Regular Expressions »)" " ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> with the <literal>re</literal> module can do every conceivable " "text processing. See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> avec le module <literal>re</literal> peut faire tous les " "traitements imaginables sur du texte. Consultez « <literal>/usr/share/" "doc/python/html/index.html</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use " "\"<literal>man command</literal>\" to figure it out by yourself." msgstr "" "Si vous n'êtes pas certain de ce que font exactement ces commandes veuillez " "utiliser la commande « <literal>man</literal> » pour vous en faire " "une idée par vous-même." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Sort order and range expression are locale dependent. If you wish to obtain " "traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis role=\"strong\">C</" "emphasis> locale instead of <emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> ones " "by prepnding command with \"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" (see <xref linkend=" "\"_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/> and <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>)." msgstr "" "L’ordre de tri et la plage d'une expression dépendent des paramètres " "linguistiques. Si vous désirez obtenir le comportement traditionnel d'une " "commande, utilisez alors <emphasis role=\"strong\">C</emphasis> plutôt que " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> en faisant précéder la commande " "de « <literal>LANG=C</literal> » (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/> and <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> regular expressions " "(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>), <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;" "\">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url=" "\"&python;\">Python</ulink> regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</" "literal> module have many common extensions to the normal <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Les expressions rationnelles de <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> " "(<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>), <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;" "\">Expressions rationnelles compatible avec Perl (PCRE)</ulink> et les " "expressions rationnelles de <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink> proposées " "par le module <literal>re</literal> ont de nombreuses extensions courantes " "par rapport aux expressions rationnelles étendues <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">ERE</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Regular expressions" msgstr "Expressions rationnelles" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"®ularexpressions;\">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in " "many text processing tools. They are analogous to the shell globs, but they " "are more complicated and powerful." msgstr "" "Les <ulink url=\"®ularexpressions;\">expressions rationnelles</ulink> " "sont utilisées avec de nombreux outils de traitement du texte. Elles sont " "analogues aux motifs génériques « globs » du shell mais elles sont " "plus compliquées et plus puissantes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text " "characters and <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>." msgstr "" "L’expression rationnelle décrit le motif de correspondance, elle est " "constituée de caractères de texte et de <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">métacaractères</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character " "with a special meaning. There are 2 major styles, <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>, depending on " "the text tools as described above." msgstr "" "Un <emphasis role=\"strong\">métacaractère</emphasis> est simplement un " "caractère ayant une signification particulière. Il en existe deux styles " "principaux, <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> et <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> suivant les outils de texte décrits ci-dessus." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "Metacharacters for BRE and ERE" msgstr "Métacaractères pour BRE et ERE" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "BRE" msgstr "BRE" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "ERE" msgstr "ERE" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of the regular expression" msgstr "description de l’expression rationnelle" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\ . [ ] ^ $ *</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\ . [ ] ^ $ *</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "common <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>" msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">métacaractères</emphasis> courants" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\+ \\? \\( \\) \\{ \\} \\|</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\+ \\? \\( \\) \\{ \\} \\|</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid " " msgstr " " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "BRE only \"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">metacharacters</emphasis>" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">meta-caractères</emphasis> uniquement BRE, " "déspécifiés par « <literal>\\</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>+ ? ( ) { } |</literal>" msgstr "<literal>+ ? ( ) { } |</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "ERE only non-\"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">metacharacters</emphasis>" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">meta-caractères</emphasis> uniquement ERE, non " "déspécifiés par « <literal>\\</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match <emphasis role=\"strong\">non-metacharacter</emphasis> \"<literal>c</" "literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond au <emphasis role=\"strong\">non métacaractère</emphasis> « " "<literal>c</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\c</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\c</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match a literal character \"<literal>c</literal>\" even if \"<literal>c</" "literal>\" is <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself" msgstr "" "correspond au caractère littéral « <literal>c</literal> » même si " "« <literal>c</literal> » est un <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">métacaractère</emphasis> en lui-même" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>.</literal>" msgstr "<literal>.</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match any character including newline" msgstr "correspond à n'importe quel caractère y compris le saut de ligne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>^</literal>" msgstr "<literal>^</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "position at the beginning of a string" msgstr "position au début d'une chaîne de caractères" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>$</literal>" msgstr "<literal>$</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "position at the end of a string" msgstr "position à la fin d'une chaîne de caractères" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\<</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\<</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "position at the beginning of a word" msgstr "position au début d'un mot" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\></literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "position at the end of a word" msgstr "position à la fin d'un mot" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[abc…]</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[abc…]</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match any characters in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond à n'importe quel caractère dans « <literal>abc…</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[^abc…]</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[^abc…]</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match any characters except in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond à n'importe quel caractère sauf ceux se trouvant dans « " "<literal>abc…</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r*</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r*</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match zero or more regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond à aucune ou plusieurs instances de l’expression rationnelle " "identifiée par « <literal>r</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r\\+</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r\\+</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r+</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r+</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match one or more regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond à une ou plusieurs instances de l’expression rationnelle " "identifiée par « <literal>r</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r\\?</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r\\?</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r?</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r?</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match zero or one regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond à aucune ou une instance de l’expression rationnelle identifiée " "par « <literal>r</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r1\\|r2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r1\\|r2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>r1|r2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>r1|r2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" " "or \"<literal>r2</literal>\"" msgstr "" "correspond à une instance de l’expression rationnelle identifiée par « " "<literal>r1</literal> » ou« <literal>r2</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\(r1\\|r2\\)</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\(r1\\|r2\\)</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>(r1|r2)</literal>" msgstr "<literal>(r1|r2)</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" " "or \"<literal>r2</literal>\" and treat it as a <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression" msgstr "" "correspond à une des expressions rationnelles identifiées par « " "<literal>r1</literal> » ou « <literal>r2</literal> » et la " "traite comme une expression rationnelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">entre " "crochets</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The regular expression of <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>emacs</" "literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> " "but has been extended to treat \"<literal>+</literal>\"and \"<literal>?</" "literal>\" as the <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis> as in " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>. Thus, there are no needs to " "escape them with \"<literal>\\</literal>\" in the regular expression of " "<literal>emacs</literal>." msgstr "" "Une expression rationnelle d'<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>emacs</" "literal></emphasis> est <emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE de base</emphasis> " "mais elle a été étendue afin de traiter « <literal>+</literal> » " "et « <literal>?</literal> » comme des <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">métacaractères</emphasis> comme dans les <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</" "emphasis>. Il n'est dont pas nécessaire de les déspécifier avec « " "<literal>\\</literal> » dans les expressions rationnelles " "d'<literal>emacs</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> can be used to perform the text search using the regular " "expression." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> peut être utilisé pour effectuer de la recherche de texte en " "utilisant une expression rationnelle." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ egrep 'GNU.*LICENSE|Yoyodyne' /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL\n" "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n" "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n" "Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program" msgstr "" "$ egrep 'GNU.*LICENSE|Yoyodyne' /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL\n" "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n" "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n" "Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Replacement expressions" msgstr "Expressions de remplacement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings." msgstr "" "Pour l’expression de remplacement, certains caractères ont une signification " "particulière." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The replacement expression" msgstr "Expressions de remplacement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "replacement expression" msgstr "expressions de remplacement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of the text to replace the replacement expression" msgstr "description du texte destiné à remplacer l’expression de replacement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>&</literal>" msgstr "<literal>&</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\\&</literal> in " "<literal>emacs</literal>)" msgstr "" "ce à quoi correspond l’expression rationnelle (utilisez <literal>\\&</" "literal> avec <literal>emacs</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\n</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\n</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "what the n-th <emphasis role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular " "expression matched (\"n\" being number)" msgstr "" "ce à quoi la nième expression rationnelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">entre " "crochets</emphasis> correspond (« n » étant un nombre)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For Perl replacement string, \"<literal>$n</literal>\" is used instead of " "\"<literal>\\n</literal>\" and \"<literal>&</literal>\" has no special " "meaning." msgstr "" "Pour les chaînes de remplacement en Perl « <literal>$n</literal> » " "est utilisé à la place de « <literal>\\n</literal> » et « " "<literal>&</literal> » n'a pas de signification particulière." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/=&=/'\n" "zzz=1abc2efg3hij4=\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/\\2===\\1/'\n" "zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/$2===$1/'\n" "zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/=&=/'\n" "zzz=&=" msgstr "" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/=&=/'\n" "zzz=1abc2efg3hij4=\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/\\2===\\1/'\n" "zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/$2===$1/'\n" "zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/=&=/'\n" "zzz=&=" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched strings are " "used in the text replacement process on different tools." msgstr "" "Vous prêterez ici une attention particulière au style de l’expression " "rationnelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">entre crochets</emphasis> et à la " "manière dont les chaînes qui correspondent sont utilisées dans le processus " "de remplacement du texte avec les différents outils." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text " "replacement actions in some editors too." msgstr "" "Ces expressions rationnelles peuvent aussi être utilisées pour les " "déplacements du curseur et des actions de remplacement de texte dans " "certains éditeurs." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The back slash \"<literal>\\</literal>\" at the end of line in the shell " "commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell " "command line input to the next line." msgstr "" "Un « back slash » (« <literal>\\</literal> ») en fin de " "ligne sur la ligne de commandes du shell déspécifie le saut de ligne en un " "caractère d'espacement et permet de poursuivre la ligne de commandes de " "l’interpréteur sur la ligne suivante." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands." msgstr "" "Pour apprendre ces commandes, veuillez lire les pages de manuel " "correspondantes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Global substitution with regular expressions" msgstr "Substitution globale avec des expressions rationnelles" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> command can replace all instances of \"<literal>FROM_REGEX</" "literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in \"<literal>file</literal>" "\"." msgstr "" "La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> peut remplacer toutes les instances de « " "<literal>REGEX_SOURCE</literal> » par « " "<literal>TEXTE_DESTINATION</literal> dans « <literal>fichier</" "literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ed file <<EOF\n" ",s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g\n" "w\n" "q\n" "EOF" msgstr "" "$ ed fichier <<EOF\n" ",s/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXT_DESTINATION/g\n" "w\n" "q\n" "EOF" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of " "\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>file</literal>\"." msgstr "" "La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> peut remplacer toutes les instances de « " "<literal>REGEX_SOURCE</literal> » par « " "<literal>TEXTE_DESTINATION</literal> dans « <literal>fichier</" "literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sed -ie 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g' file" msgstr "$ sed -ie 's/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXTE_DESTINATION/g' fichier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of " "\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>file</literal>\" by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ex</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands." msgstr "" "La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> peut remplacer toutes les instances de « " "<literal>REGEX_SOURCE</literal> » avec « " "<literal>TEXTE_DESTINATION</literal> » dans « <literal>file</" "literal> » en utilisant les commandes « " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+%s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/gc' '+w' '+q' file" msgstr "$ vim '+%s/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXTE_DESTINATION/gc' '+w' '+q' fichier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>c</literal>\" flag in the above ensures interactive " "confirmation for each substitution." msgstr "" "L’indicateur « <literal>c</literal> » dans l’exemple qui précède " "permet une confirmation interactive de chaque substitution." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Multiple files (\"<literal>file1</literal>\", \"<literal>file2</literal>\", " "and \"<literal>file3</literal>\") can be processed with regular expressions " "similarly with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Plusieurs fichiers ( <literal>fichier1</literal> », « " "<literal>fichier2</literal> » et « <literal>fichier3</" "literal> ») peuvent être traités de manière similaire par une " "expression rationnelle avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+argdo %s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/ge|update' '+q' file1 file2 file3" msgstr "$ vim '+argdo %s/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXT_DESTINATION/ge|update' '+q' fichier1 fichier2 fichier3" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>e</literal>\" flag in the above prevents the \"No match\" " "error from breaking a mapping." msgstr "" "L’indicateur « <literal>e</literal> » de l’exemple précédent évite " "qu'une erreur « No match » (pas de correspondance) ne casse un " "mapping :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ perl -i -p -e 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g;' file1 file2 file3" msgstr "$ perl -i -p -e 's/REGEX_SOURCE/TEXTE_DESTINATION/g;' fichier1 fichier2 fichier3" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the perl(1) example, \"<literal>-i</literal>\" is for in-place editing, " "\"<literal>-p</literal>\" is for implicit loop over files." msgstr "" "Dans l’exemple en perl(1) ci-dessus, « <literal>-i</literal> » " "permet l’édition en situation, « <literal>-p</literal> » demande " "une boucle explicite sur les fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Use of argument \"<literal>-i.bak</literal>\" instead of \"<literal>-i</" "literal>\" keeps each original file by adding \"<literal>.bak</literal>\" to " "its filename. This makes recovery from errors easier for complex " "substitutions." msgstr "" "L’utilisation du paramètre « <literal>-i.bak</literal> » à la " "place de «  <literal>-i</literal> » conserve le fichier d'origine " "en ajoutant « <literal>.bak</literal> » à son nom de fichier. Cela " "permet la récupération plus facile d'erreurs lors de substitutions complexes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>; <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sont <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> ; <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> est <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Extracting data from text file table" msgstr "Extraire des données d'un tableau contenu dans un fichier texte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's consider a text file called \"<literal>DPL</literal>\" in which some " "pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation days are listed " "in a space-separated format." msgstr "" "Considérons un fichier texte « <literal>DPL</literal> » dans " "lequel les noms de certains des responsables du projet Debian d'avant 2004 " "et leur date d'investiture sont présentées dans un format séparés par des " "espaces :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Ian Murdock August 1993\n" "Bruce Perens April 1996\n" "Ian Jackson January 1998\n" "Wichert Akkerman January 1999\n" "Ben Collins April 2001\n" "Bdale Garbee April 2002\n" "Martin Michlmayr March 2003" msgstr "" "Ian Murdock August 1993\n" "Bruce Perens April 1996\n" "Ian Jackson January 1998\n" "Wichert Akkerman January 1999\n" "Ben Collins April 2001\n" "Bdale Garbee April 2002\n" "Martin Michlmayr March 2003" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&abriefhistoryofdebian;\">\"A Brief History of Debian\"</" "ulink> for the latest <ulink url=\"&debianleadershiphistory;\">Debian " "leadership history</ulink>." msgstr "" "Consultez « <ulink url=\"&abriefhistoryofdebian;\">Bref historique de " "Debian</ulink> » pour la dernière <ulink url=\"&debianleadershiphistory;" "\">Debian leadership history</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files." msgstr "" "Awk est fréquemment utilisé pour extraire des données de ce type de fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ awk '{ print $3 }' <DPL # month started\n" "August\n" "April\n" "January\n" "January\n" "April\n" "April\n" "March\n" "$ awk '($1==\"Ian\") { print }' <DPL # DPL called Ian\n" "Ian Murdock August 1993\n" "Ian Jackson January 1998\n" "$ awk '($2==\"Perens\") { print $3,$4 }' <DPL # When Perens started\n" "April 1996" msgstr "" "$ awk '{ print $3 }' <DPL # mois d'investiture\n" "August\n" "April\n" "January\n" "January\n" "April\n" "April\n" "March\n" "$ awk '($1==\"Ian\") { print }' <DPL # DPL appelé Ian\n" "Ian Murdock August 1993\n" "Ian Jackson January 1998\n" "$ awk '($2==\"Perens\") { print $3,$4 }' <DPL # quand Perens a été investi\n" "April 1996" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file." msgstr "" "Des interpréteurs de commandes comme Bash peuvent aussi être utilisés pour " "analyser ce genre de fichiers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ while read first last month year; do\n" " echo $month\n" " done <DPL\n" "... same output as the first Awk example" msgstr "" "$ while read first last month year; do\n" " echo $month\n" " done <DPL\n" "... même sortie que le premier exemple Awk" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in " "\"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" (internal field separators) to split lines into " "words." msgstr "" "Ici, la commande interne <literal>read</literal> utilise les caractères de " "« <literal>$IFS</literal> » (séparateurs de champs internes) pour " "scinder les lignes en mots." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you change \"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" to \"<literal>:</literal>\", you " "can parse \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" with shell nicely." msgstr "" "Si vous changez « <literal>$IFS</literal> » en « <literal>:</" "literal> », vous pouvez analyser facilement le fichier « <literal>/" "etc/passwd</literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ oldIFS=\"$IFS\" # save old value\n" "$ IFS=':'\n" "$ while read user password uid gid rest_of_line; do\n" " if [ \"$user\" = \"bozo\" ]; then\n" " echo \"$user's ID is $uid\"\n" " fi\n" " done < /etc/passwd\n" "bozo's ID is 1000\n" "$ IFS=\"$oldIFS\" # restore old value" msgstr "" "$ oldIFS=\"$IFS\" # préserver l’ancienne valeur\n" "$ IFS=\":\"\n" "$ while read user password uid gid rest_of_line; do\n" " if [ \"$user\" = \"osamu\" ]; then\n" " echo \"ID de $user est $uid\"\n" " fi\n" " done < /etc/passwd\n" "ID de osamu est 1001\n" "$ IFS=\"$oldIFS\" # remet l’ancienne valeur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "(If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use \"<literal>FS=':'</literal>\" to " "set the field separator.)" msgstr "" "(Si Awk est utilisé pour faire la même chose, utilisez « " "<literal>FS=':'</literal> » pour définir le séparateur de champs)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, " "command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. These do not occur within " "double or single quoted words. The default value of IFS is <space>, " "<tab>, and <newline> combined." msgstr "" "IFS est aussi utilisé par l’interpréteur de commandes pour scinder le " "résultat de l’expansion des paramètres, de la substitution de commande et de " "l’expansion arithmétique. Cela ne se produit pas pour les mots entre double " "ou simple apostrophes. La valeur de IFS par défaut est <space>, <" "tab> et <newline> combinés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks. Strange things may happen, " "when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">input</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Faites attention en utilisant cette astuce IFS dans un shell. Des choses " "étranges peuvent survenir lorsque le shell interprète certaines parties du " "script comme son <emphasis role=\"strong\">entrée</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ IFS=\":,\" # use \":\" and \",\" as IFS\n" "$ echo IFS=$IFS, IFS=\"$IFS\" # echo is a Bash builtin\n" "IFS= , IFS=:,\n" "$ date -R # just a command output\n" "Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200\n" "$ echo $(date -R) # sub shell --> input to main shell\n" "Sat 23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200\n" "$ unset IFS # reset IFS to the default\n" "$ echo $(date -R)\n" "Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200" msgstr "" "$ IFS=\":,\" # utiliser « : » et « , » pour IFS\n" "$ echo IFS=$IFS, IFS=\"$IFS\" # echo est une commande interne de Bash\n" "IFS= , IFS=:,\n" "$ date -R # simplement une sortie de commande\n" "Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200\n" "$ echo $(date -R) # sous-shell --> entrée du shell principal\n" "Sat 23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200\n" "$ unset IFS # réinitialiser IFS à sa valeur par défaut\n" "$ echo $(date -R)\n" "Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Script snippets for piping commands" msgstr "Bouts de scripts pour les tubes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe." msgstr "Les scripts suivants font des choses sympa avec les tubes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of script snippets for piping commands" msgstr "Liste de parties de scripts pour enchaîner (piping) les commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "script snippet (type in one line)" msgstr "fragment de script (à entrer sur une seule ligne)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "effect of command" msgstr "effet de la commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>find /usr -print</literal>" msgstr "<literal>find /usr -print</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "find all files under \"<literal>/usr</literal>\"" msgstr "" "rechercher tous les fichiers se trouvant sous « <literal>/usr</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>seq 1 100</literal>" msgstr "<literal>seq 1 100</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "print 1 to 100" msgstr "imprimer 1 à 100" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| xargs -n 1 <command></literal>" msgstr "<literal>| xargs -n 1 <commande></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument" msgstr "" "lancer la commande de manière répétitive en utilisant chaque élément " "provenant du tube (pipe) comme paramètre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| xargs -n 1 echo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| xargs -n 1 echo</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines" msgstr "" "scinder les éléments séparés par des espaces provenant du tube (pipe) en " "différentes lignes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| xargs echo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| xargs echo</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "merge all lines from pipe into a line" msgstr "concaténer les lignes provenant du tube en une seule ligne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| grep -e <regex_pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>| grep -e <motif_expression_rationnelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract lines from pipe containing <regex_pattern>" msgstr "" "extraire du tube les lignes contenant <motif_expression_rationnelle>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| grep -v -e <regex_pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>| grep -v -e <motif_expression_rationnelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract lines from pipe not containing <regex_pattern>" msgstr "" "extraire du tube les lignes ne contenant pas <" "motif_expression_rationnelle>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| cut -d: -f3 -</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| cut -d: -f3 -</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "extract third field from pipe separated by \"<literal>:</literal>\" (passwd " "file etc.)" msgstr "" "extraire du tube le troisième champ, séparé par « <literal>:</" "literal> » (fichier passwd, etc.)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| awk '{ print $3 }'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| awk '{ print $3 }'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces" msgstr "" "extraire du tube le troisième champ séparé par des caractères d'espacement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| awk -F'\\t' '{ print $3 }'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| awk -F'\\t' '{ print $3 }'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by tab" msgstr "extraire du tube le troisième champ séparé par une tabulation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| col -bx</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| col -bx</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces" msgstr "" "supprimer le retour arrière (backspace) et convertir les tabulations en " "espaces" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| expand -</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| expand -</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "expand tabs" msgstr "convertir les tabulations en espaces" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| sort| uniq</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| sort| uniq</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "sort and remove duplicates" msgstr "trier et supprimer les doublons" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "convert uppercase to lowercase" msgstr "convertir de majuscules en minuscules" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| tr -d '\\n'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| tr -d '\\n'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "concatenate lines into one line" msgstr "concaténer les lignes en une seule ligne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| tr -d '\\r'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| tr -d '\\r'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "remove CR" msgstr "supprimer le retour à la ligne (CR)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| sed 's/^/# /'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| sed 's/^/# /'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "add \"<literal>#</literal>\" to the start of each line" msgstr "ajouter « <literal>#</literal> » au début de chaque ligne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| sed 's/\\.ext//g'</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| sed 's/\\.ext//g'</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "remove \"<literal>.ext</literal>\"" msgstr "supprimer « <literal>.ext</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| sed -n -e 2p</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| sed -n -e 2p</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "print the second line" msgstr "afficher la seconde ligne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| head -n 2 -</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| head -n 2 -</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "print the first 2 lines" msgstr "afficher les deux premières lignes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>| tail -n 2 -</literal>" msgstr "<literal>| tail -n 2 -</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "print the last 2 lines" msgstr "afficher les deux dernières lignes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "One-line shell script can loop over many files using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to perform quite " "complicated tasks. See <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/" "> and <xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>." msgstr "" "Un script de l’interpréteur d'une seule ligne peut reboucler sur de nombreux " "fichier en utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> afin d'effectuer des tâches assez complexes. Consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> et <xref linkend=" "\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please " "consider to write a shell script (see <xref linkend=\"_the_shell_script\"/>)." msgstr "" "Lorsque l’utilisation de l’interpréteur de commandes en mode interactif " "devient trop compliquée, pensez à écrire un script en shell (consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_the_shell_script\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "Debian package management" msgstr "Gestion des paquets Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para> msgid "" "This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: " "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>." msgstr "" "Ce chapitre a été écrit en supposant que le nom de code de la dernière " "version stable est <literal>&Codename-stable;</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which " "builds <emphasis role=\"strong\">consistent</emphasis> distributions of pre-" "compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its " "archive." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> est une association de volontaires " "qui construit des distributions <emphasis role=\"strong\">cohérentes</" "emphasis> de paquets binaires de logiciels libres pré-compilés et les " "distribue depuis son archive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by " "<ulink url=\"&manyremotemirrorsites;\">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for " "access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink url=" "\"&cdromdvd;\">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">L’archive Debian</ulink> est proposée " "depuis de <ulink url=\"&manyremotemirrorsites;\">nombreux sites-miroirs " "distants</ulink>, on peut y accéder par les méthodes HTTP et FTP. Elle est " "aussi disponible sous forme de <ulink url=\"&cdromdvd;\">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Debian package management system, <emphasis role=\"strong\">when used " "properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system from the " "archive. Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available for the " "&arch; architecture." msgstr "" "Le système de gestion des paquets Debian, <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">lorsqu'il est proprement utilisé</emphasis>, permet à l’utilisateur " "d'installer sur le système des <emphasis role=\"strong\">ensembles cohérents " "de paquets binaires</emphasis> à partir de l’archive. Il y a actuellement " "&all-packages; paquets disponibles pour l’architecture &arch;." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for " "the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used. " "Currently, we recommend the following." msgstr "" "Le système de gestion des paquets de Debian possède un riche historique et " "de nombreux choix de programmes d'interface pour l’utilisateur final et de " "méthodes de fond pour l’accès aux archives. Actuellement, nous recommandons " "ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> for all commandline operations, including package " "installation and removal, and dist-upgrades." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour toutes les opérations en ligne de commandes, " "y compris, l'installation et la suppression de paquets et dist-upgrades." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> for an interactive text interface to manage the " "installed packages and to search the available packages." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour une interface interactive en mode texte " "permettant de gérer les paquets installés et de faire des recherches parmi " "les paquets disponibles." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> for keeping your system up-to-date if you're " "running the default GNOME desktop." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour maintenir à jour votre système si vous " "utilisez l’environnement de bureau GNOME par défaut." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title> msgid "List of Debian package management tools" msgstr "Liste des outils de gestion des paquets de Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), front-end for <literal>dpkg</literal> " "providing \"<literal>http</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>file</literal>\" archive access methods (<literal>apt-get</" "literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> commands included)" msgstr "" "Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) (« outil avancé de paquetage »), " "frontal de <literal>dpkg</literal> permettant les méthodes d'accès à " "l’archive « <literal>http</literal> », « <literal>ftp</" "literal> » et « <literal>file</literal> » (les commandes " "<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> sont comprises)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "interactive terminal-based package manager with " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "gestionnaire de paquets interactif en mode terminal avec " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "GNOME application that manages software updates with " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "application GNOME gérant les mises à jour du logiciel avec " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "tool for selecting tasks for installation on Debian system (front-end for " "APT)" msgstr "" "outil de sélection de tâches pour l’installation sur un système Debian " "(frontal d'APT)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security " "upgrades" msgstr "" "paquet d'amélioration d'APT permettant une installation automatique des " "mises à niveau de sécurité" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "terminal-based package manager (previous standard, front-end for APT and " "other old access methods)" msgstr "" "gestionnaire de paquets en mode terminal (standard précédent, frontal d'APT " "et d'autres anciennes méthodes d'accès)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package management system for Debian" msgstr "système de gestion des paquets pour Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "graphical package manager (GNOME front-end for APT)" msgstr "gestionnaire de paquets graphique (interface graphique GNOME pour APT)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "APT utility programs: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-extracttemplates</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-ftparchive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-sortpkgs</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "Programmes utilitaires d'APT : <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-" "extracttemplates</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-ftparchive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-sortpkgs</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package change history notification tool" msgstr "outil de notification des modifications d'un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "lists critical bugs before each APT installation" msgstr "" "affiche la liste des bogues critiques avant chaque installation par APT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "APT package searching utility — command-line interface" msgstr "" "utilitaire de recherche de paquet d'APT — interface en ligne de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "recursively lists package dependencies" msgstr "afficher de manière récursive la liste des dépendances du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Debian package management prerequisites" msgstr "Prérequis pour la gestion des paquets Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Package configuration" msgstr "Configuration de paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system." msgstr "" "Voici quelques points-clés de la configuration des paquets sur un système " "Debian :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other " "words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for " "the sake of convenience." msgstr "" "la configuration manuelle effectuée par l’administrateur du système est " "respectée. En d'autres termes, le système de configuration des paquets " "effectue, pour des raisons de commodité, une configuration non " "intrusive ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user " "interface called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> to help initial " "installation process of the package." msgstr "" "chaque paquet possède son propre script de configuration avec une interface " "utilisateur standardisée appelée <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> qui permet de " "faciliter le processus initial d'installation du paquet ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless " "with package configuration scripts." msgstr "" "les développeurs Debian font de leur mieux pour que vos mises à jour se " "fassent de manière impeccable avec les scripts de configuration du " "paquet ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system " "administrator. But ones with security risks are disabled in the default " "installation." msgstr "" "l’administrateur du système peut utiliser toutes les fonctionnalités des " "paquets de logiciels. Cependant, celles qui présentent un risque de sécurité " "sont désactivées lors de l’installation par défaut ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are " "responsible for the risk containment." msgstr "" "si vous activez vous-même un service qui présente certains risques de " "sécurité, vous êtes responsable du confinement du risque ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator. " "This may creates interference with popular generic helper programs for the " "system configuration." msgstr "" "des configurations ésotériques peuvent être activées manuellement par " "l’administrateur du système. Cela peut créer des interférences avec les " "programmes génériques d'assistance à la configuration du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Basic precautions" msgstr "Précautions de base" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "Do not install packages from random mixture of suites. It probably breaks " "the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, " "such as compiler <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&library;" "\">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc." msgstr "" "Ne pas installer de paquets provenant d'un mélange aléatoire de suites. Cela " "va probablement casser la cohérence des paquets et demande une connaissance " "en profondeur de la gestion du système, comme l’<ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</" "ulink>, d'un compilateur, la version d'une <ulink url=\"&library;" "\">bibliothèque</ulink>, les fonctionnalités d'un interpréteur, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&newbie;\">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator " "should stay with the <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></" "emphasis> release of Debian while applying only security updates. I mean " "that some of the following valid actions are better avoided, as a " "precaution, until you understand the Debian system very well. Here are some " "reminders." msgstr "" "L’administrateur <ulink url=\"&newbie;\">débutant</ulink> d'un système " "Debian devrait conserver la version <emphasis role=\"strong" "\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> de Debian en appliquant les mises à " "jour de sécurité. Je veux dire qu'il vaut mieux éviter, par précaution, " "certaines des actions valables suivantes, jusqu'à ce que vous ayez très bien " "compris le système Debian. Voici quelques rappels :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not include <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></" "emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></" "emphasis> in \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" "ne pas inclure <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></" "emphasis>, ni <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></" "emphasis> dans « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" "ne pas mélanger des archives standard de Debian avec d'autres archives " "telles qu'Ubuntu dans « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Do not create \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\"." msgstr "" "ne pas créer le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not change default behavior of package management tools through " "configuration files without knowing their full impacts." msgstr "" "ne pas modifier le comportement par défaut des outils de gestion des paquets " "au travers des fichiers de configuration sans en connaître toutes les " "conséquences ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg -i <random_package></" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "ne pas installer de paquets quelconques à l’aide de « <literal>dpkg -i " "<paquet_quelconque></literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not ever install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <" "random_package></literal>\"." msgstr "" "ne jamais installer de paquets quelconques à l’aide de « <literal>dpkg " "--force-all -i <paquet_quelconque></literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Do not erase or alter files in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>\"." msgstr "" "ne pas effacer ni modifier les fichiers se trouvant dans « <literal>/" "var/lib/dpkg/</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly " "compiled from source." msgstr "" "ne pas écraser les fichiers systèmes en installant des logiciels directement " "depuis les sources." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Install them into \"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or \"<literal>/opt</" "literal>\", if needed." msgstr "" "Au besoin, les installer dans « <literal>/usr/local</literal> » ou " "« <literal>/opt</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The non-compatible effects caused by above actions to the Debian package " "management system may leave your system unusable." msgstr "" "Les effets non compatibles avec le système de gestion des paquets Debian " "engendrés par les actions ci-dessus peuvent rendre votre système " "inutilisable." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, " "should use extra precautions." msgstr "" "L’administrateur système Debian sérieux, qui s'occupe de serveurs dont la " "mission est critique, devra prendre des précautions supplémentaires :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without " "thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe " "conditions." msgstr "" "ne pas installer de paquets, y compris les mises à jour de sécurité " "provenant de Debian sans les avoir testés soigneusement, avec votre " "configuration particulière, dans des conditions sûres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end." msgstr "" "Vous êtes finalement, en tant qu'administrateur système, responsable de " "votre système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The long stability history of Debian system is no guarantee by itself." msgstr "" "La longue histoire de stabilité du système Debian n'est pas, en elle-même, " "une garantie." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Life with eternal upgrades" msgstr "La vie avec d'éternelles mises à jour" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document wish to run " "the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites of " "Debian as their main system for <emphasis role=\"strong\">self-administered " "Desktop environments</emphasis>. This is because they work very well, are " "updated frequently, and offer the latest features." msgstr "" "En dépit de mes avertissements précédents, je sais que de nombreux lecteurs " "de ce document voudront utiliser les versions <literal>testing</literal> ou " "<literal>unstable</literal> de Debian comme système principal pour des " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">environnements de bureau autoadministrés</" "emphasis>. Cela parce qu'elles fonctionnent très bien, sont fréquemment " "mises à jour et offrent les fonctionnalités les plus récentes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "For your <emphasis role=\"strong\">production server</emphasis>, the " "<literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended. " "The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited " "administration efforts, e.g. for your mother's PC." msgstr "" "Pour votre <emphasis role=\"strong\">serveur de production</emphasis>, la " "suite <literal>stable</literal> avec les mises à jour de sécurité est " "recommandée. On peut dire la même chose des PC de bureau sur lesquels vous " "ne pouvez dépenser que des efforts limités d'administration, par exemple le " "PC de votre belle-mère." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "It takes no more than simply setting the distribution string in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" to the suite name: " "\"<literal>testing</literal>\" or \"<literal>unstable</literal>\"; or the " "codename: \"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" or \"<literal>&codename-" "unstable;</literal>\". This makes you live <emphasis role=\"strong\">the " "life of eternal upgrades</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Cela ne demande rien d'autre que de définir la chaîne de la distribution " "dans « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » avec le nom de " "suite « <literal>testing</literal> » ou « <literal>unstable</" "literal> », ou le nom de code « <literal>&codename-testing;</" "literal> » ou « <literal>&codename-unstable;</literal> ». " "Cela vous permettra de vivre <emphasis role=\"strong\">la vie des mises à " "jour éternelles</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The use of <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> is " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">a lot of fun</emphasis> but comes with some " "risks. Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of Debian system " "looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package " "problems on the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> " "suite of Debian system and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve. It " "may be <emphasis role=\"strong\">quite painful</emphasis> for you. " "Sometimes, you may have a broken package or missing functionality for a few " "weeks." msgstr "" "Il y a <emphasis role=\"strong\">beaucoup de plaisir </emphasis> à prendre " "en utilisant <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal> mais " "aussi quelques risques. Même si la version <literal>unstable</literal> du " "système Debian semble très stable la plupart du temps, il y a eu certains " "problèmes de paquets sur les versions <literal>testing</literal> et " "<literal>unstable</literal> et certains d'entre-eux n'ont pas été aisé à " "résoudre. Ce peut être <emphasis role=\"strong\">assez douloureux</emphasis> " "pour vous. Quelquefois, vous pouvez avoir un paquet cassé ou une " "fonctionnalité manquante pendant quelques semaines." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here are some ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian " "packages." msgstr "" "Voici quelques idées pour vous assurer une récupération rapide et facile " "lors de bogues dans les paquets Debian :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Make the system <emphasis role=\"strong\">dual bootable</emphasis> by " "installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of Debian system to another " "partition" msgstr "" "faites un système avec un <emphasis role=\"strong\">double démarrage</" "emphasis> en installant la suite <literal>stable</literal> du système Debian " "sur une autre partition ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">rescue " "boot</emphasis>" msgstr "" "tenez à disposition le CD d'installation pour un <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">démarrage de secours</emphasis> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink url=" "\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> " "information before the upgrade" msgstr "" "pensez à installer <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> afin de vérifier les " "informations du <ulink url=\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Système Debian " "de suivi des bogues (BTS)</ulink> avant de faire une mise à jour ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem" msgstr "" "apprenez suffisamment l’infrastructure du système de paquets pour contourner " "le problème ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Create a chroot or similar environment and run the latest system in it in " "advance (see <xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>)" msgstr "" "Créez un environnement isolé (« chroot ») ou similaire et faites-y " "tourner à l’avance la dernière version du système (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_virtualized_system\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "(If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably " "not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> " "suites.)" msgstr "" "(si vous ne savez pas faire l’une quelconque de ces actions de précaution, " "vous n'êtes probablement pas prêt pour les versions <literal>testing</" "literal> et <literal>unstable</literal>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&enlightenment;\">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following " "saves a person from the eternal <ulink url=\"&karmic;\">karmic</ulink> " "struggle of upgrade <ulink url=\"&hell;\">hell</ulink> and let him reach " "Debian <ulink url=\"&nirvana;\">nirvana</ulink>." msgstr "" "La <ulink url=\"&enlightenment;\">Lumière</ulink> provenant de ce qui suit " "sauvera une personne de l’éternelle lutte <ulink url=\"&karmic;\">karmique</" "ulink> de l’<ulink url=\"&hell;\">enfer</ulink> des mises à jour et lui " "permettra d'atteindre le <ulink url=\"&nirvana;\">nirvana</ulink> de Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Debian archive basics" msgstr "Bases concernant l’archive Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Let's look into <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> " "from a system user's perspective." msgstr "" "Jetez un œil sur l’<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">archive Debian</ulink> " "avec le point de vue d'un utilisateur du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink url=" "\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - The " "Debian Archive</ulink>." msgstr "" "La charte officielle de l’archive Debian est définie dans la <ulink url=" "\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">Charte Debian, chapitre 2 - l’archive " "Debian</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the typical HTTP access, the archive is specified in the \"<literal>/etc/" "apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following, e.g. for the current " "<literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system." msgstr "" "Pour un accès HTTP typique, l’archive est indiquée de la manière suivante " "dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> », par " "exemple pour le système <literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-" "stable;</literal> actuel :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n" "deb-src http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n" "\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n" "deb-src http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib" msgstr "" "deb http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n" "deb-src http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n" "\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n" "deb-src http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please note \"<literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal>\" must be replaced with " "appropriate mirror site URL for your location, for USA \"<literal>ftp.us." "debian.org</literal>\", which can be found in <ulink url=" "\"&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;\">the list of Debian worldwide mirror " "sites</ulink>. The status of these servers can be checked at <ulink url=" "\"&debianmirrorcheckersite;\">Debian Mirror Checker site</ulink>." msgstr "" "Veuillez noter que « <literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal> » doit " "être remplacé par l’URL du site miroir approprié à votre lieu de résidence, " "« <literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal> » pour les États-Unis (et " "« <literal>ftp.fr.debian.org</literal> » pour la France). On peut " "la trouver dans <ulink url=\"&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;\">la liste " "mondiale des sites miroirs Debian</ulink>. L’état de ces serveurs peut être " "vérifié sur le <ulink url=\"&debianmirrorcheckersite;\">site de vérification " "des miroirs Debian</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, I tend to use codename \"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\" " "instead of suite name \"<literal>stable</literal>\" to avoid surprises when " "the next <literal>stable</literal> is released." msgstr "" "Ici, j'ai tendance à utiliser le nom de code « <literal>&codename-" "stable;</literal> » plutôt que le nom de la suite « " "<literal>stable</literal> » afin d'éviter des surprises lorsque la " "version <literal>stable</literal> suivante sera diffusée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The meaning of \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" is described in " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and key points are followings." msgstr "" "La signification de « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » " "est décrite dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ses points-clés sont " "les suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line defines for the binary packages." msgstr "" "la ligne « <literal>deb</literal> » définit les paquets " "binaires ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" line defines for the source packages." msgstr "" "la ligne « <literal>deb-src</literal> » définit les paquets " "sources ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive." msgstr "le premier paramètre est l’URL-racine de l’archive Debian ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The 2nd argument is the distribution name: either the suite name or the " "codename." msgstr "" "le deuxième paramètre est le nom de la distribution : soit le nom de la " "suite, soit son nom de code ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of " "the Debian archive." msgstr "" "le troisième paramètre et les suivants sont la liste des noms de sections " "d'archives valables dans l’archive Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" lines can safely be omitted (or commented " "out by placing \"#\" at the start of the line) if it is just for " "<literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. " "It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data. The URL can be " "\"<literal>http://</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp://</literal>\", " "\"<literal>file://</literal>\", …." msgstr "" "Les lignes <literal>deb-src</literal> peuvent être omises sans risque (ou " "mises en commentaire en mettant un « # » au début de la ligne) si " "ce n'est qu'<literal>aptitude</literal> ne pourra pas avoir accès aux " "métadonnées liées aux sources. Cela accélérera les mises à jour des " "métadonnées de l’archive. L’URL peut-être « <literal>http://</" "literal> », « <literal>ftp://</literal> », « " "<literal>file://</literal> », etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If \"<literal>sid</literal>\" is used in the above example instead of " "\"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\", the \"<literal>deb: http://" "security.debian.org/ …</literal>\" line for security updates in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" is not required. This is " "because there is no security update archive for \"<literal>sid</literal>" "\" (<literal>unstable</literal>)." msgstr "" "Si « <literal>sid</literal> » est utilisé dans l’exemple ci-dessus " "plutôt que « <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> », il n’est pas " "obligatoire d'avoir la ligne « <literal>deb: http://security.debian." "org/ …</literal> » pour les mises à jour de sécurité dans le fichier " "« <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » parce qu’il n'y a pas " "de mises à jour de sécurité pour « <literal>sid</" "literal> » (<literal>unstable</literal>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or " "codename used in the configuration file." msgstr "" "Voici la liste des URL des sites d'archives de Debian et les noms de suite " "ou les noms de code utilisés dans le fichier de configuration :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of Debian archive sites" msgstr "Liste des sites d'archive de Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "archive URL" msgstr "URL de l’archive" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "suite name (codename)" msgstr "nom de la suite (nom de code)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "purpose" msgstr "but" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&httpftpxxdebianorgdebian;\">http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/</" "ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&httpftpxxdebianorgdebian;\">http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/</" "ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)" msgstr "<literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "stable (&codename-stable;) release" msgstr "édition stable (&Codename-stable;)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>testing</literal> (<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>)" msgstr "<literal>testing</literal> (<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "testing (&codename-testing;) release" msgstr "édition testing (&Codename-testing;)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>unstable</literal> (<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>)" msgstr "<literal>unstable</literal> (<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "unstable (&codename-unstable;) release" msgstr "édition unstable (&Codename-unstable;)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>experimental</literal>" msgstr "<literal>experimental</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "experimental pre-release (optional, only for developer)" msgstr "" "pré-version expérimental (optionnelle, uniquement pour les développeurs)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal>" msgstr "<literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Updates for the next stable point release (optional)" msgstr "mises à jour pour la prochaine version de stable (optionnel)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&httpsecuritydebianorg;\">http://security.debian.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&httpsecuritydebianorg;\">http://security.debian.org/</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>stable/updates</literal>" msgstr "<literal>stable/updates</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "security updates for stable release (important)" msgstr "mises à jour de sécurité pour la version stable (important)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>testing/updates</literal>" msgstr "<literal>testing/updates</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "security updates for testing release (important)" msgstr "mises à jour de sécurité pour la version testing (important)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>" msgstr "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "compatible updates for spam filter, IM clients, etc. for &codename-stable;" msgstr "" "mises à jour compatibles pour le filtrage de spam, les clients de messagerie " "instantanée, etc. pour &Codename-stable;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>" msgstr "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "newer backported packages for &codename-stable; (optional)" msgstr "paquets plus récents rétroportés pour &Codename-stable; (optionnel)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Only pure <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> " "release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed " "with some packages from <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</" "literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</" "literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role=" "\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library " "version mismatch etc. If you really need the latest version of some " "programs under <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></" "emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url=" "\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> and <ulink url=" "\"&httpbackportsdebianorg;\">http://backports.debian.org</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_updates_and_backports\"/>) services. These services must be used " "with extra care." msgstr "" "Seule la version <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></" "emphasis> pure avec les mises à jour de sécurité présente la meilleure " "stabilité. Faire tourner une version principalement <emphasis role=\"strong" "\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> mélangée à quelques paquets venant " "des versions <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> " "ou <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> est plus " "risqué que d'utiliser une version <emphasis role=\"strong" "\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> pure parce que des versions de " "bibliothèques peuvent ne pas correspondre, etc. Si vous avez réellement " "besoin de la dernière version de certains programme sous la version " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis>, utilisez " "alors les paquets venant de <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-" "stable;-updates</ulink> et des services <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;" "\">backports.debian.org</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_updates_and_backports\"/>). Ces services doivent être utilisés avec des " "précautions supplémentaires." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, " "<literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the " "\"<literal>deb</literal>\" line. If you list any combination of " "<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and " "<literal>unstable</literal> suites in the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line, " "APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective. Multiple " "listing makes sense for these when the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal>\" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend=" "\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)." msgstr "" "De base, vous ne devriez avoir qu'une seule des suites <literal>stable</" "literal>, <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal> sur la " "ligne « <literal>deb</literal> ». Si vous avez une combinaison des " "suites <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> et " "<literal>unstable</literal> sur la ligne « <literal>deb</" "literal> », les programmes APT vont être ralentis bien que seule la " "dernière archive soit utilisée. Des mentions multiples ont un intérêt " "lorsqu'on utilise le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> » avec des objectifs clairs (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> and " "<literal>testing</literal> suites, it is a good idea to include lines with " "\"<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/" "apt/sources.list</literal>\" to enable security updates as in the example " "above." msgstr "" "Pour les systèmes Debian ayant les versions <literal>stable</literal> et " "<literal>testing</literal>, c'est une bonne idée d'inclure les lignes ayant " "« <literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal> » dans le fichier " "« <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » afin d'activer les " "mises à jour de sécurité comme dans l’exemple ci-dessus." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the " "Debian security team. This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable. " "Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian " "testing security team. For <ulink url=\"&several;\">several</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&reasons;\">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that " "for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of " "fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages. Those for the " "<literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer. " "Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a " "fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes. See <ulink " "url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian " "handles security bugs." msgstr "" "Les bogues de sécurité de l’archive <literal>stable</literal> sont corrigés " "par l’équipe de sécurité de Debian. Cette activité a été assez rigoureuse et " "fiable. Ceux de l’archive <literal>testing</literal> peuvent être corrigés " "par l’équipe de sécurité de Debian. Pour <ulink url=\"&several;\">diverses</" "ulink> <ulink url=\"&reasons;\">raisons</ulink>, cette activité n’est pas " "aussi rigoureuse que pour <literal>stable</literal> et vous pouvez avoir à " "attendre la migration de paquets corrigés de <literal>unstable</literal>. " "Ceux de l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> sont corrigés par les " "responsables individuels. Les paquets de <literal>unstable</literal> " "maintenu de manière active sont habituellement maintenu dans un assez bon " "état par mise à niveau avec les dernières corrections de sécurité des " "développeurs amonts. Consultez <ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">FAQ de " "sécurité de Debian</ulink> concernant la manière dont Debian gère les bogues " "de sécurité." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of Debian archive area" msgstr "Liste des sections de l'archive de Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "area" msgstr "section" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "number of packages" msgstr "nombre de paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "criteria of package component" msgstr "critères de composant du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>main</literal>" msgstr "<literal>main</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "&main-packages;" msgstr "&main-packages;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>" msgstr "conforme à DFSG sans dépendance vers <literal>non-free</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>contrib</literal>" msgstr "<literal>contrib</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "&contrib-packages;" msgstr "&contrib-packages;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>" msgstr "" "conforme à DFSG mais avec des dépendances vers <literal>non-free</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>non-free</literal>" msgstr "<literal>non-free</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "&non-free-packages;" msgstr "&non-free-packages;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "not DFSG compliant" msgstr "non conforme à DFSG" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture. " "The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref " "linkend=\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>)." msgstr "" "Ici, le nombre de paquets est celui de l’architecture &arch;. La section " "<literal>main</literal> fournit le système Debian (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser " "to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or " "<literal>pool</literal>." msgstr "" "La meilleure manière d'étudier l’organisation de l’archive Debian est de " "pointer votre navigateur vers chacune des URL des archives en y ajoutant " "<literal>dists</literal> ou <literal>pool</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url=" "\"&codename;\">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used " "as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between " "the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following." msgstr "" "On se réfère à la distribution de deux manières, la version ou le <ulink url=" "\"&codename;\">nom de code</ulink>. Le mot « distribution » est " "aussi utilisé comme synonyme de version dans de nombreuses documentations. " "La relation entre la version et le nom de code peut être résumée comme " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The relationship between suite and codename" msgstr "Relation entre version et nom de code" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "Timing" msgstr "calendrier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "suite = <literal>stable</literal>" msgstr "version = <literal>stable</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "suite = <literal>testing</literal>" msgstr "version = <literal>testing</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "suite = <literal>unstable</literal>" msgstr "version = <literal>unstable</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release" msgstr "après la diffusion de <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" msgstr "nom de code = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" msgstr "nom de code = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "codename = <literal>sid</literal>" msgstr "nom de code = <literal>sid</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release" msgstr "après la diffusion de <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>" msgstr "nom de code = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The history of codenames are described in <ulink url=" "\"&debianfaqgdbwhiceenusedinthepast;\">Debian FAQ: 6.3.1 Which other " "codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>" msgstr "" "L’histoire des noms de code a été décrite dans la <ulink url= " "\"&debianfaqgdbwhiceenusedinthepast;\">FAQ Debian : 6.3.1 Quels noms de " "code ont déjà été utilisés ?</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word \"section\" is " "specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application " "area. (Although, the word \"main section\" may sometimes be used to " "describe the Debian archive area named as \"main\".)" msgstr "" "Dans la terminologie la plus stricte de l’archive Debian, le mot « " "section » est spécifiquement utilisé pour la catégorisation des paquets " "par zone d'application. (Cependant l’expression « section " "principale » peut parfois être utilisée pour décrire la section de " "l’archive Debian qui fournit la zone « main »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Every time a new upload is done by the Debian developer (DD) to the " "<literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url=\"&incoming;\">incoming</" "ulink> processing), DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be " "compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</" "literal> archive." msgstr "" "Chaque fois qu'un nouveau chargement est fait par un développeur Debian (DD) " "vers l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> (par l’intermédiaire du " "traitement d'<ulink url=\"&incoming;\">incoming</ulink>), le DD doit " "s'assurer que les paquets envoyés sont compatibles avec le dernier ensemble " "de paquets de l’archive <literal>unstable</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade " "etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url=" "\"&thedebiandevelmailinglist;\">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc." msgstr "" "Si le DD casse intentionnellement cette compatibilité en raison de la mise à " "jour d'une bibliothèque importante, etc., il y a habituellement une annonce " "sur la <ulink url=\"&thedebiandevelmailinglist;\">liste de diffusion debian-" "devel</ulink>, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script " "from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</" "literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the " "maturity (about 10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the " "packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set " "of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes " "the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable." msgstr "" "Avant qu'un ensemble de paquets ne soit déplacé par le script de maintenance " "de l’archive Debian depuis l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> vers " "l’archive <literal>testing</literal>, le script de maintenance de l’archive " "ne se contente pas vérifier sa maturité (environ 10 jours) et l’état des " "rapports de bogues pour ces paquets mais essaie aussi de s'assurer qu'ils " "sont compatibles avec le dernier ensemble des paquets de l’archive " "<literal>testing</literal>. Ce processus rend l’archive <literal>testing </" "literal> très actuelle et utilisable." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the " "<literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely " "consistent and bug free with some manual interventions. Then the new " "<literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for " "the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new <literal>stable</" "literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new <literal>testing</" "literal> archive. The initial contents of the new <literal>testing</" "literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly released " "<literal>stable</literal> archive." msgstr "" "Par le processus de gel progressif de l’archive dirigé par l’équipe de " "diffusion (« release team »), l’archive <literal>testing</literal> " "est mûrie afin de la rendre entièrement cohérente et sans bogue avec " "quelques interventions manuelles. Ensuite, la nouvelle version " "<literal>stable</literal> est créée en assignant le nom de code de " "l’ancienne archive <literal>testing</literal> à la nouvelle archive " "<literal>stable</literal> et en créant un nouveau nom de code pour la " "nouvelle archive <literal>testing</literal>. Le contenu initial de la " "nouvelle archive <literal>testing</literal> est exactement le même que celui " "de l’archive <literal>stable</literal> qui vient d'être diffusée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> " "archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors." msgstr "" "Les archives <literal>unstable</literal> et <literal>testing</literal> " "peuvent toutes les deux souffrir temporairement de problèmes en raison de " "divers facteurs :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)" msgstr "" "chargement vers l’archive cassé (la plupart du temps, cela concerne " "<literal>unstable</literal>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for " "<literal>unstable</literal>)" msgstr "" "délai pour accepter un nouveau paquet dans l’archive (la plupart du temps, " "cela concerne <literal>unstable</literal>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> " "and <literal>unstable</literal>)" msgstr "" "problème de temps de synchronisation de l’archive (à la fois pour " "<literal>testing</literal> et <literal>unstable</literal>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for " "<literal>testing</literal>) etc." msgstr "" "intervention manuelle sur l’archive comme la suppression d'un paquet " "(davantage pour <literal>testing</literal>), etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or " "work around these kinds of glitches." msgstr "" "Si vous décidez donc d'utiliser ces archives, vous devriez être capable de " "corriger ou de contourner ces types de problèmes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most " "desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its " "security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or " "<literal>testing</literal> archives. For this transition period, both " "<literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not " "good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working " "condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers " "surges of major upgrades for core packages. The <literal>testing</literal> " "archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as " "the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink " "url=\"&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;\">Debian testing-security-announce " "2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, the <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive may be usable if you are careful." msgstr "" "Pendant les quelques mois qui suivent la diffusion d'une nouvelle version " "<literal>stable</literal>, la plupart des utilisateur de machines de bureau " "devraient utiliser l’archive <literal>stable</literal> avec ses mises à jour " "de sécurité même s'ils utilisent habituellement les archives " "<literal>unstable</literal> ou <literal>testing</literal>. Pendant cette " "période de transition, les archives <literal>unstable</literal> et " "<literal>testing</literal> ne sont pas bonnes pour la plupart des gens. " "Votre système sera difficile à conserver dans un bon état de fonctionnement " "avec l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> car elle souffre de pics " "d'importantes mises à jour de paquets fondamentaux. L’archive " "<literal>testing</literal> n'est pas utile non plus car elle a sensiblement " "le même contenu que l’archive <literal>stable</literal> sans la prise en " "compte de la sécurité (<ulink url=\"&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;" "\">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). Après environ un mois, " "l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> peut être utilisée avec précautions." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a " "removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package " "from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix." msgstr "" "Lors du suivi de l’archive <literal>testing</literal>, un problème causé par " "la suppression d'un paquet est habituellement contourné en installant le " "paquet correspondant de l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> qui est envoyé " "pour la correction du bogue." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for " "archive definitions." msgstr "" "Consultez la <ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Charte Debian</ulink> pour " "la définition des archives." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<ulink url=\"§ions;\">Sections</ulink>\"" msgstr "« <ulink url=\"§ions;\">Sections</ulink> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&priorities;\">Priorities</ulink>\"" msgstr "« <ulink url=\"&priorities;\">Priorités</ulink> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&basesystem;\">Base system</ulink>\"" msgstr "« <ulink url=\"&basesystem;\">Système de base</ulink> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&essentialpackages;\">Essential packages</ulink>\"" msgstr "" "« <ulink url=\"&essentialpackages;\">Paquets essentiels</ulink> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Debian is 100% free software" msgstr "Debian est totalement libre" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:" msgstr "Debian est totalement libre pour les raisons suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Debian installs only free software by default to respect user freedoms." msgstr "" "Debian n'installe que des logiciels libres par défaut pour respecter les " "libertés des utilisateurs ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>." msgstr "" "Debian ne fournit que des logiciels libres dans <literal>main</literal> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>." msgstr "" "Debian recommande de n'utiliser que des logiciels libres de <literal>main</" "literal> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in " "<literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>contrib</literal>." msgstr "" "Aucun paquet de <literal>main</literal> ne dépend ou ne recommande de " "paquets de <literal>non-free</literal> ni de <literal>contrib</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not." msgstr "" "Certaines personnes se demandent si les deux faits suivants sont " "contradictoires ou non." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"Debian will remain 100% free\". (First term of <ulink url=" "\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)" msgstr "" "« Debian demeurera totalement libre. » (Premier point du <ulink url=" "\"&debiansocialcontract;\">contrat social Debian</ulink>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Debian servers host some <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</" "literal> packages." msgstr "" "Debian héberge des paquets <literal>non-free</literal> (non libres) et " "<literal>contrib</literal> (contributions)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "These do not contradict, because of the followings." msgstr "Ce n'est pas contradictoire pour les raisons suivantes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers " "in the <literal>main</literal> area." msgstr "" "Le système Debian est totalement libre et ses paquets sont hébergés par les " "serveurs Debian dans la section <literal>main</literal> de l'archive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the " "<literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas." msgstr "" "Des paquets hors du système Debian sont hébergés par les serveurs Debian " "dans les sections <literal>non-free</literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> " "de l'archive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink url=" "\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:" msgstr "" "C'est précisément expliqué dans les quatrième et cinquième points du <ulink " "url=\"&debiansocialcontract;\">contrat social Debian</ulink>) comme suit." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Our priorities are our users and free software" msgstr "Nos priorités sont nos utilisateurs et les logiciels libres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software community. " "We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will support the " "needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of computing " "environments. We will not object to non-free works that are intended to be " "used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people who create or " "use such works. We will allow others to create distributions containing both " "the Debian system and other works, without any fee from us. In furtherance " "of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of high-quality " "materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such uses of the " "system." msgstr "" "Les besoins de nos utilisateurs et de la communauté des logiciels libres " "nous guideront. Nous placerons leurs intérêts en tête de nos priorités. Nous " "répondrons aux besoins de nos utilisateurs dans de nombreux types " "d'environnements informatiques différents. Nous ne nous opposerons pas aux " "travaux non libres prévus pour fonctionner sur les systèmes Debian. Nous " "permettrons, sans réclamer rétribution, que d'autres créent des " "distributions contenant conjointement des logiciels Debian et d'autres " "travaux. Pour servir ces objectifs, nous fournirons un système intégrant des " "composants de grande qualité sans restrictions légales incompatibles avec " "ces modes d'utilisation." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Works that do not meet our free software standards" msgstr "Travaux non conformes à nos standards sur les logiciels libres." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not " "conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created " "\"<literal>contrib</literal>\" and \"<literal>non-free</literal>\" areas in " "our archive for these works. The packages in these areas are not part of the " "Debian system, although they have been configured for use with Debian. We " "encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of the packages in these " "areas and determine if they can distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, " "although non-free works are not a part of Debian, we support their use and " "provide infrastructure for non-free packages (such as our bug tracking " "system and mailing lists)." msgstr "" "Nous reconnaissons que certains de nos utilisateurs demandent à pouvoir " "utiliser des travaux qui ne sont pas conformes aux principes du logiciel " "libre selon Debian. Les paquets correspondant prennent place dans des " "sections nommées « <literal>contrib</literal> » (« contributions ») et " "« <literal>non-free</literal> » (« non libre »). Les paquets de ces sections " "ne font pas partie du système Debian, bien qu'ils aient été configurés afin " "d'être utilisés avec lui. Nous encourageons les fabricants de CD à lire les " "licences de ces paquets afin de déterminer s'ils peuvent les distribuer. " "Ainsi, bien que les travaux non libres ne fassent pas partie de Debian, nous " "prenons en compte leur utilisation et fournissons donc l'infrastructure " "nécessaire (à l'image de notre système de suivi des bogues et de nos listes " "de diffusion)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the <literal>non-" "free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas:" msgstr "" "Les utilisateurs doivent être conscients des risques lors de l'utilisation " "des sections <literal>non-free</literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> de " "l'archive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "lack of freedom for such software packages" msgstr "l'absence de liberté pour de tels paquets de logiciel ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support " "software properly without having access to its source code.)" msgstr "" "l'absence de suivi de la part de Debian pour de tels paquets de logiciel " "(Debian ne peut pas suivre correctement un logiciel sans avoir accès à son " "code source) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "contamination of your 100% free Debian system" msgstr "la contamination de votre système Debian totalement libre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;\">Debian Free Software " "Guidelines</ulink> is the free software standards for <ulink url=\"&debian;" "\">Debian</ulink>. Debian interprets \"software\" in the widest scope " "including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the package. This " "makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;\">Les principes du logiciel " "libre selon Debian</ulink> sont les normes du logiciel libre pour <ulink url=" "\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink>. Debian interprète « logiciel » de la façon la " "plus large possible, y compris la documentation, les microprogrammes, les " "logos et données artistiques des paquets. Cela rend les normes du logiciel " "libre de Debian très strictes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In order to meet this strict free software standards required for " "<literal>main</literal>, Debian <ulink url=\"&unbrandsmozilla;\">unbrands " "Mozilla</ulink> software packages such as Firefox, Thunderbird, and " "Seamonkey by removing their logo and some artwork data; and ships them as " "Iceweasel, Icedove, and Iceape, respectively." msgstr "" "Afin de respecter ces normes strictes du logiciel libre nécessaires pour " "<literal>main</literal>, Debian <ulink url=\"&unbrandsmozilla;\">démarque " "les paquets des programmes de Mozilla</ulink> comme Firefox, Thunderbird et " "Seamonkey en retirant leurs logos et certaines données artistiques, et les " "distribue respectivement sous les noms Iceweasel, Icedove et Iceape." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Typical <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages " "include freely distributable packages of following types:" msgstr "" "Les paquets typiques de <literal>non-free</literal> et <literal>contrib</" "literal> contiennent des paquets librement distribuables des types suivants." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Document packages under <ulink url=\"&gnufreedocumentationlicense;\">GNU " "Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for " "GCC and Make. (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> section.)" msgstr "" "Les paquets de documentation sous <ulink url=\"&gnufreedocumentationlicense;" "\">licence de documentation libre GNU</ulink> avec des sections invariables " "comme celles de GCC et Make (la plupart sont dans la section <literal>non-" "free/doc</literal>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in " "<xref linkend=\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/> as non-free. (mostly " "found in the <literal>non-free/kernel</literal> section.)" msgstr "" "Les paquets de microprogramme contenant des données binaires sans source " "comme celles de <xref linkend=\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/> dans non-" "free (la plupart sont dans la section<literal>non-free/kernel</literal>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content " "modification." msgstr "" "Les paquets de jeu ou de police avec des restrictions sur l'utilisation " "commerciale ou la modification de contenu." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal> and " "<literal>contrib</literal> packages is less than 2% of that of " "<literal>main</literal> packages. Enabling access to the <literal>non-free</" "literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas does not obscure the source of " "packages. Interactive full screen use of " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> provides you with full visibility and control over " "what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free as " "you wish." msgstr "" "Veuillez remarquer que le nombre de paquets de <literal>non-free</literal> " "et <literal>contrib</literal> est inférieur à 2 % de ceux dans " "<literal>main</literal>. Activer l'accès aux sections <literal>non-free</" "literal> et <literal>contrib</literal> ne cache pas la provenance des " "paquets. L'utilisation interactive d'<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fournit une visibilité " "totale et un contrôle complet des paquets installés et de leur section pour " "garder le système aussi libre que voulu." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Package dependencies" msgstr "Dépendances des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its " "versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file " "fields. Here is a bit over simplified definition for them." msgstr "" "Le système Debian offre un ensemble cohérent de paquets binaires par " "l’intermédiaire de son mécanisme de déclaration de dépendances binaires " "versionnées dans les champs du fichier « control ». En voici une " "définition un peu simplifiée :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Depends\"" msgstr "« Depends »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this " "field must be installed at the same time or in advance." msgstr "" "Cela déclare une dépendance absolue du paquet et tous les paquets listés " "dans ce champ doivent être installés en même temps ou à l’avance." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Pre-Depends\"" msgstr "« Pre-Depends »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the " "listed packages in advance." msgstr "" "Comme pour « Depends » excepté que cela demande une installation " "complète et à l’avance des paquets cités." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Recommends\"" msgstr "« Recommends »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency. Most users would not " "want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are " "installed." msgstr "" "Cela déclare une dépendance forte mais non absolue. La plupart des " "utilisateurs n'installeront pas le paquet si tous les paquets cités dans ce " "champs ne sont pas installés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Suggests\"" msgstr "« Suggests »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This declares a weak dependency. Many users of this package may benefit " "from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable " "functions without them." msgstr "" "Cela déclare une dépendance lâche. De nombreux utilisateurs de ce paquet " "pourront tirer profit de l’installation des paquets cités dans ce champs " "mais auront cependant des fonctionnalités acceptables sans eux." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Enhances\"" msgstr "« Enhances »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This declares a week dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite " "direction." msgstr "" "Cela déclare une dépendance lâche comme « Suggests » mais " "fonctionne à l’inverse." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Breaks\"" msgstr "« Casse »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version " "specification. Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages " "listed in this field." msgstr "" "Cela déclare une incompatibilité de paquet avec habituellement une " "indication de version. La solution est en général de mettre à jour tous les " "paquets indiqués dans ce champ." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Conflicts\"" msgstr "« Conflicts »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This declares an absolute incompatibility. All of the packages listed in " "this field must be removed to install this package." msgstr "" "Cela déclare une incompatibilité absolue. Tous les paquets cités dans ce " "champs doivent être supprimés pour installer ce paquet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Replaces\"" msgstr "« Replaces »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the " "listed packages." msgstr "" "C'est déclaré lorsque les fichiers installés par ce paquet remplacent des " "fichiers des paquets cités." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"Provides\"" msgstr "« Provides »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "This is declared when this package provide all of the files and " "functionality in the listed packages." msgstr "" "C'est déclaré lorsque ce paquet fournit tous les fichiers et les " "fonctionnalités des paquets cités." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Please note that defining, \"Provides\", \"Conflicts\" and \"Replaces\" " "simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration. This " "ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be " "installed at any one time." msgstr "" "Remarquez que définir simultanément « Provides », « " "Conflicts » and « Replaces » pour un paquet virtuel est une " "configuration saine. Cela permet de s'assurer qu'un seul paquet réel " "fournissant ce paquet virtuel ne puisse être installé à un moment donné." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink " "url=\"&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;\">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - " "Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>." msgstr "" "La définition officielle, y compris les dépendances de sources, se trouve " "dans la <ulink url=\"&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;\">Charte " "Debian ; Chapitre 7 - Déclaration des dépendances entre paquets</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The event flow of the package management" msgstr "Flux des événements dans la gestion d'un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by " "APT." msgstr "" "Voici un résumé du flux simplifié des événements de la gestion d'un paquet " "par APT." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Update</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude update</" "literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\"):" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Mettre à jour (« update »)</emphasis> " "(« <literal>aptitude update</literal> » ou « <literal>apt-get " "update</literal> ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Fetch archive metadata from remote archive" msgstr "Rechercher les métadonnées d'une archive depuis l’archive distante" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT" msgstr "" "Reconstruire et mettre à jour les métadonnées locales pour qu'elles puissent " "être utilisées par APT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Upgrade</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude safe-" "upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>\", or " "\"<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</" "literal>\"):" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Mettre à niveau (« upgrade »)</emphasis> " "(« <literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal> » et « " "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal> » ou « <literal>apt-get " "upgrade</literal> » et « <literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</" "literal> ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Chose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for " "all installed packages (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> " "for exception)" msgstr "" "Choisir la version candidate, qui est habituellement la dernière version " "disponible, pour tous les paquets installés (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> pour les exceptions)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Make package dependency resolution" msgstr "Effectuer la résolution des dépendances du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is " "different from installed version" msgstr "" "Rechercher le paquet binaire sélectionné depuis l’archive distante si la " "version candidate est différente de la version installée" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Unpack fetched binary packages" msgstr "Dépaqueter les paquets binaires ayant été téléchargés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">preinst</emphasis> script" msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">preinst</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Install binary files" msgstr "Installer les fichiers binaires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postinst</emphasis> script" msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">postinst</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Install</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude install …</" "literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get install …</literal>\"):" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Installer</emphasis> (« <literal>aptitude " "install …</literal> » ou « <literal>apt-get install …</" "literal> ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Chose packages listed on the command line" msgstr "Choisir les paquets indiqués sur la ligne de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive" msgstr "Récupérer les paquets binaires sélectionnés depuis l’archive distante" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remove</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude remove …</" "literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>\"):" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Supprimer</emphasis> (« <literal>aptitude " "remove …</literal> » ou « <literal>apt-get remove …</" "literal> ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">prerm</emphasis> script" msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">prerm</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">except</emphasis> " "configuration files" msgstr "" "Supprimer les fichiers installés <emphasis role=\"strong\">à l’exception</" "emphasis> des fichiers de configuration" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postrm</emphasis> script" msgstr "Lancer le script <emphasis role=\"strong\">postrm</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Purge</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude purge …</" "literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>\"):" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Purger</emphasis> (« <literal>aptitude purge …" "</literal> » ou « <literal>apt-get purge …</literal> ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">including</emphasis> " "configuration files" msgstr "" "Supprimer les fichiers installés <emphasis role=\"strong\">y compris</" "emphasis> leurs fichiers de configuration" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture." msgstr "" "J'ai ici intentionnellement sauté des détails techniques dans le souci " "d’avoir un vue d'ensemble." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "First response to package management troubles" msgstr "Première réponse aux problèmes de gestion de paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You should read the fine official documentation. The first document to read " "is the Debian specific \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<package_name>/README." "Debian</literal>\". Other documentation in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<" "package_name>/</literal>\" should be consulted too. If you set shell as " "<xref linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, type the following." msgstr "" "Vous devriez lire l’excellente documentation officielle. Le premier document " "à lire est « <literal>/usr/share/doc/<nom_paquet>/README.Debian</" "literal> » qui est spécifique à Debian. Les autres documents dans " "« <literal>/usr/share/doc/<nom_paquet>/</literal> » " "devraient aussi être consultés. Si vous avez configuré l’interpréteur de " "commande comme dans <xref linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, entrez ce qui " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd <package_name>\n" "$ pager README.Debian\n" "$ mc" msgstr "" "$ cd <nom_paquet>\n" "$ pager README.Debian\n" "$ mc" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with " "\"<literal>-doc</literal>\" suffix for detailed information." msgstr "" "Vous aurez besoin d'installer le paquet de documentation correspondant au " "paquet dont le nom possède le suffixe « <literal>-doc</literal> » " "pour des informations détaillées." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check " "out <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug tracking " "system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first." msgstr "" "Si vous rencontrez des problèmes avec un paquet particulier, faites d'abord " "une recherche sur le site du <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;" "\">système de suivi des bogues Debian (BTS)</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package" msgstr "" "Liste de sites web clés pour résoudre les problèmes avec un paquet " "particulier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "web site" msgstr "site web" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Home page of <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug " "tracking system (BTS)</ulink>" msgstr "" "Page d'accueil du <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">système de " "suivi des bogues Debian (BTS)</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/\"</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>sensible-browser « http://bugs.debian.org/ »</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The bug report of a known package name" msgstr "Signalement de bogue d'un nom de paquet connu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/<package_name>\"</" "literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>sensible-browser « http://bugs.debian.org/<nom_paquet>" " »</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The bug report of known bug number" msgstr "Rapport de bogue concernant un numéro de bogue connu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/<bug_number>\"</" "literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>sensible-browser « http://bugs.debian.org/<bug_number>" " »</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Search <ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> with search words including " "\"<literal>site:debian.org</literal>\", \"<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</" "literal>\", \"<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>\", etc." msgstr "" "Rechercher sur <ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> avec des mots de " "recherche comprenant « <literal>site:debian.org</literal> », " "« <literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal> », « <literal>site:" "lists.debian.org</literal> », etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When you file a bug report, please use " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command." msgstr "" "Pour déposer un signalement de bogue, veuillez utiliser la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Basic package management operations" msgstr "Opérations de base de la gestion des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Basic package management operations on the Debian system can be performed by " "any package management tools available on the Debian system. Here, we " "explain basic package management tools: <literal>apt-get</literal> / " "<literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" "Les opérations de base de gestion des paquets avec le système Debian peuvent " "être réalisées à l'aide de n'importe quel outil de gestion de paquets " "disponible avec le système Debian. Nous décrirons ici les outils de base de " "gestion des paquets : <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</" "literal> et <literal>aptitude</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "For the package management operation which involves package installation or " "updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege." msgstr "" "Pour les opérations de gestion des paquets qui concernent l'installation des " "paquets ou les mises à jour des métadonnées des paquets, vous aurez besoin " "des privilèges de l’administrateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> vs. " "<literal>aptitude</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> comparés à " "<literal>aptitude</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are " "the most <emphasis role=\"strong\">basic</emphasis> package management tool." msgstr "" "Les commandes <literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> " "sont les outils les plus <emphasis role=\"strong\">basiques</emphasis> de " "gestion des paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the " "commandline user interface." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> n’offre qu’une " "interface utilisateur en ligne de commandes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> est le mieux adapté pour les <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">mises à jour majeures du système</emphasis> entre les " "versions, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role=\"strong\">robust and " "stable</emphasis> package resolver which uses the common package state data." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> offre un système de résolution des paquets " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">robuste et stable</emphasis> qui utilise les " "données habituelles d’états des paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources. It " "consumes less memory and runs faster." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> nécessite moins de ressources matérielles. Il " "consomme moins de mémoire et fonctionne plus rapidement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> has been updated to support autoinstall and " "autoremove of recommended packages." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> a été mis à jour afin de prendre en charge " "l’installation automatique et la suppression automatique des paquets " "recommandés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> has been updated to support logging of package " "activities." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> a été mis à jour afin de prendre en charge la " "tenue d’un journal de l’activité des paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis role=\"strong\">standard</" "emphasis> regex based search on the package name and description." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-cache</literal> offre une recherche basée sur des expressions " "rationnelles <emphasis role=\"strong\">standard</emphasis> sur les noms et " "les descriptions des paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage " "multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> " "but it is quite cumbersome." msgstr "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal> peuvent gérer des " "versions multiples des paquets en utilisant <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> mais est assez lourd." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">versatile</emphasis> package management tool." msgstr "" "La commande <literal>aptitude</literal> est l’outil de gestion des paquets " "le plus <emphasis role=\"strong\">flexible</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user " "interface." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offre une interface utilisateur interactive en " "plein écran en mode texte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offre aussi une interface utilisateur en ligne " "de commandes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as inspecting " "installed packages and searching available packages." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> est le mieux adapté pour la <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">gestion interactive journalière des paquets</emphasis> comme, par " "exemple, la vérification des paquets installés et la recherche de paquets " "disponibles." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources. It " "consumes more memory and runs slower." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> nécessite plus de ressources matérielles. Il " "consomme plus de mémoire et fonctionne moins rapidement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role=\"strong\">enhanced</" "emphasis> package resolver which also uses an extra package state data used " "only by <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offre un solveur <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">avancé</emphasis> de paquets qui utilise aussi des données d’état " "supplémentaires des paquets qui ne sont utilisées que par <literal>aptitude</" "literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> supports autoinstall and autoremove of " "recommended packages." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> prend en charge l’installation automatique et la " "suppression automatique des paquets recommandés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> supports logging of package activities." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> prend en charge la tenue d’un journal de " "l’activité des paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role=\"strong\">enhanced</" "emphasis> regex based search on all of the package metadata." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offre une recherche <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">avancée</emphasis> basée sur des expressions rationnelles pour la " "recherche sur toutes les métadonnées des paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without " "using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive." msgstr "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> peut gérer des versions multiples des paquets " "sans utiliser <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> et est assez intuitif." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features " "such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may " "still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url=\"&bugebbbcd;\">Bug " "#411123</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bugfbejda;\">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"&bugfhadhh;\">Bug #570377</ulink>. In case of doubt, please use the " "<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over " "the <literal>aptitude</literal> command." msgstr "" "Bien que la commande <literal>aptitude</literal> soit disponible avec de " "riches fonctionnalités comme son solveur de paquets avancé, cette complexité " "a causé (et peut encore causer) certaines régressions comme le <ulink url=" "\"&bugebbbcd;\">bogue #411123</ulink>, le <ulink url=\"&bugfbejda;\">bogue " "#514930</ulink> et le <ulink url=\"&bugfhadhh;\">bogue #570377</ulink>. En " "cas de doute, veuillez utiliser les commandes <literal>apt-get</literal> et " "<literal>apt-cache</literal> plutôt que la commande <literal>aptitude</" "literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Basic package management operations with the commandline" msgstr "Opérations de base de gestion des paquets en ligne de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Voici les opérations de base de gestion des paquets en ligne de commandes en " "utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "" "Basic package management operations with the commandline using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "Opérations de base de gestion des paquets avec la ligne de commandes en " "utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> syntax" msgstr "syntaxe d'<literal>aptitude</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax" msgstr "syntaxe d'<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>apt-cache</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "update package archive metadata" msgstr "mettre à jour les métadonnées de l’archive du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude install foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude install toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get install foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get install toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "install candidate version of \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its " "dependencies" msgstr "" "installer la version candidate du paquet « <literal>toto</" "literal> » ainsi que ses dépendances" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other " "packages" msgstr "" "installer les versions candidates des paquets installés sans supprimer aucun " "autre paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade <package></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade <paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "install candidate version of installed packages while removing other " "packages if needed" msgstr "" "installer les versions candidates des paquets installés en supprimant " "d'autres paquets si nécessaire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude remove foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude remove toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get remove foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get remove toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "remove \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package while leaving its configuration " "files" msgstr "" "supprimer le paquet « <literal>toto</literal> » en laissant ses " "fichiers de configuration" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "N/A" msgstr "N/A" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get autoremove</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get autoremove</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "remove auto-installed packages which is no longer required" msgstr "" "supprimer les paquets installés automatiquement lorsqu'ils ne sont plus " "nécessaires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude purge foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude purge toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get purge foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get purge toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "purge \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its configuration files" msgstr "" "purger le paquet « <literal>toto</literal> » ainsi que ses " "fichiers de configuration" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude clean</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude clean</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get clean</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get clean</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely" msgstr "" "nettoyer complètement le dépôt local des fichiers de paquets récupérés " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude autoclean</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude autoclean</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get autoclean</literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get autoclean</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated " "packages" msgstr "nettoyer le dépôt local des fichiers des paquets périmés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude show foo</literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude show toto</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-cache show <package></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-cache show <paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display detailed information about \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package" msgstr "" "afficher des informations détaillées concernant le paquet « " "<literal>toto</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude search <regex></literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude search <expression rationnelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-cache search <regex></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-cache search <expression rationnelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "search packages which match <regex>" msgstr "" "rechercher les paquets qui correspondent à l’<expression rationnelle>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude why <regex></literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude why <expression rationnelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "explain the reason why <regex> matching packages should be installed" msgstr "" "expliquer les raisons qui font que les paquets correspondant à l’<" "expression rationnelle> devront être installés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude why-not <regex></literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude why-not <expression rationnelle></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "explain the reason why <regex> matching packages can not be installed" msgstr "" "expliquer les raisons pour lesquels les paquets qui correspondent à l’<" "expression rationnelle> ne peuvent pas être installés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Since <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> share auto-" "installed package status (see <xref linkend=\"_the_package_state_for_apt\"/" ">) after <literal>lenny</literal>, you can mix these tools without major " "troubles (see <ulink url=\"&bugfjeeja;\">Bug #594490</ulink>)." msgstr "" "Puisqu'<literal>apt-get</literal> et <literal>aptitude</literal> partagent " "l'état de paquet installé automatiquement (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_the_package_state_for_apt\"/>) après <literal>lenny</literal>, vous " "pouvez mélanger ces outils sans trop de problème (consultez le <ulink url=" "\"&bugfjeeja;\">Bogue #594490</ulink>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The difference between \"<literal>safe-upgrade</literal>\"/" "\"<literal>upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>full-upgrade</literal>\"/" "\"<literal>dist-upgrade</literal>\" only appears when new versions of " "packages stand in different dependency relationships from old versions of " "those packages. The \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" command " "does not install new packages nor remove installed packages." msgstr "" "La différence entre « <literal>safe-upgrade</literal> »/« " "<literal>upgrade</literal> » et « <literal>full-upgrade</" "literal> »/« <literal>dist-upgrade</literal> » n'apparaît que " "lorsque les nouvelles versions des paquets reposent sur des relations de " "dépendances différentes des anciennes versions de ces paquets. La commande " "« <literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal> » n'installe pas de " "nouveau paquet et ne supprime aucun des paquets installés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>aptitude why <regex></literal>\" can list more " "information by \"<literal>aptitude -v why <regex></literal>\". " "Similar information can be obtained by \"<literal>apt-cache rdepends <" "package></literal>\"." msgstr "" "« <literal>aptitude why <expression-rationnelle></literal> » " "peut afficher plus d'informations par « <literal>aptitude -v why <" "expression_rationnelle></literal> ». On peut obtenir des " "informations similaires par « <literal>apt-cache rdepends <paquet>" "</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode " "and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full " "screen interactive mode by pressing \"<literal>e</literal>\"-key later at " "the prompt." msgstr "" "Lorsque la commande <literal>aptitude</literal> est lancée en mode ligne de " "commande, et rencontre des problèmes tels que des conflits de paquets, vous " "pouvez passez en mode plein écran en pressant ensuite la touche « " "<literal>e</literal> » à l’invite de commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You may provide command options right after \"<literal>aptitude</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez indiquer les options de commande juste après « " "<literal>aptitude</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "" "Notable command options for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "Options importantes de la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "command option" msgstr "option de la commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-s</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-s</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "simulate the result of the command" msgstr "simuler le résultat de la commande" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-d</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-d</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "download only but no install/upgrade" msgstr "" "télécharger seulement les paquets sans les installer ni les mettre à jour" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-D</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-D</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals" msgstr "" "afficher une courte explication avant les installations ou les suppressions " "automatiques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and \"aptitude user's manual\" at \"<literal>/usr/" "share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>\" for more." msgstr "" "Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et le « manuel de l’utilisateur " "d'aptitude » à « <literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</" "literal> » pour en apprendre davantage." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The <literal>dselect</literal> package is still available and was the " "preferred full screen interactive package management tool in previous " "releases." msgstr "" "Le paquet <literal>dselect</literal> est encore disponible et était l’outil " "de gestion des paquets en mode plein écran préféré des versions précédentes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Interactive use of aptitude" msgstr "Utilisation interactive d'aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the interactive package management, you start <literal>aptitude</" "literal> in interactive mode from the console shell prompt as follows." msgstr "" "Pour une gestion interactive des paquets, lancez <literal>aptitude</literal> " "en mode interactif depuis l’invite de l’interpréteur de commandes à la " "console comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo aptitude -u\n" "Password:" msgstr "" "$ sudo aptitude -u\n" "Password:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the " "package list in the full screen with menu. Aptitude places its " "configuration at \"<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Cela va mettre à jour la copie locale des informations de l’archive et " "afficher la liste des paquets en plein écran avec un menu. On trouvera la " "configuration d'aptitude dans « <literal>~/.aptitude/config</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use " "\"<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>\" instead of \"<literal>sudo " "aptitude …</literal>\" in the above expression." msgstr "" "Si vous désirez utiliser la configuration de l’administrateur (root) plutôt " "que celle de l’utilisateur, utilisez la commande « <literal>sudo -H " "aptitude …</literal> » en remplacement de « <literal>sudo aptitude " "…</literal> » dans l’expression précédente." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "<literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started interactively. If you do not " "like it, you can reset it from menu: \"Action\" → \"Cancel pending actions\"." msgstr "" "<literal>Aptitude</literal> définit automatiquement les <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">actions en attente</emphasis> lorsqu'il est lancé de manière " "interactive. Si elles ne vous conviennent pas, vous pouvez le réinitialiser " "depuis le menu : « Action » → « Annuler les opérations " "en attente »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Key bindings of aptitude" msgstr "Raccourcis clavier d'aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set \"planned action" "\" on them in this full screen mode are the following." msgstr "" "Les raccourcis clavier principaux pour parcourir l’état des paquets et pour " "définir les « actions prévues » sur ces paquets dans le mode plein " "écran sont les suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of key bindings for aptitude" msgstr "Liste des raccourcis clavier d'aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>" msgstr "<literal>F10</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "menu" msgstr "menu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "display <emphasis role=\"strong\">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more " "complete listing)" msgstr "" "afficher l’<emphasis role=\"strong\">aide </emphasis> pour les raccourcis " "clavier (liste plus complète)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual" msgstr "<literal>F10</literal> → Aide → Manuel de l’utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "display User's Manual" msgstr "afficher le Manuel de l’utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>u</literal>" msgstr "<literal>u</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "update package archive information" msgstr "mettre à jour les informations de l’archive des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>+</literal>" msgstr "<literal>+</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrade</emphasis> or the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">install</emphasis>" msgstr "" "marquer le paquet pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">mise à niveau</emphasis> ou " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">installation</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">remove</emphasis> (keep " "configuration files)" msgstr "" "marquer le paquet pour <emphasis role=\"strong\">suppression</emphasis> " "(conserver ses fichiers de configuration)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>_</literal>" msgstr "<literal>_</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">purge</emphasis> (remove " "configuration files)" msgstr "" "marquer le paquet pour être <emphasis role=\"strong\">purgé</emphasis> " "(supprimer ses fichiers de configuration)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>=</literal>" msgstr "<literal>=</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "place the package on <emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis>" msgstr "" "mettre le paquet dans l’état « <emphasis role=\"strong\">conservé</" "emphasis> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>U</literal>" msgstr "<literal>U</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis role=\"strong\">full-" "upgrade</emphasis>)" msgstr "" "marquer tous les paquets susceptibles de mise à niveau (fonctionne comme " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">full-upgrade</emphasis>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>g</literal>" msgstr "<literal>g</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "start <emphasis role=\"strong\">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">installing</emphasis> selected packages" msgstr "" "lancer le <emphasis role=\"strong\">téléchargement</emphasis> et l’<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">installation</emphasis> des paquets sélectionnés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>q</literal>" msgstr "<literal>q</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "quit current screen and save changes" msgstr "quitter l’écran actuel et enregistrer les modifications" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>x</literal>" msgstr "<literal>x</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "quit current screen and discard changes" msgstr "quitter l’écran actuel en abandonnant les modifications" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Enter</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Entrée</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "view information about a package" msgstr "afficher les informations concernant un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>C</literal>" msgstr "<literal>C</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "view a package's changelog" msgstr "" "afficher le journal des modifications (« changelog ») d'un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "change the limit for the displayed packages" msgstr "modifier les limites pour les paquets affichés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "search for the first match" msgstr "rechercher la première correspondance" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>\\</literal>" msgstr "<literal>\\</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "repeat the last search" msgstr "répéter la dernière recherche" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after " "pressing \"<literal>l</literal>\" and \"<literal>//</literal>\" take the " "aptitude regex as described below. Aptitude regex can explicitly match a " "package name using a string started by \"<literal>~n</literal> and followed " "by the package name." msgstr "" "L’indication du nom de fichier sur la ligne de commandes et à l’invite du " "menu après avoir pressé « <literal>l</literal> » et « " "<literal>//</literal> » prend l’expression rationnelle d'aptitude telle " "que décrite ci-dessous. Une expression rationnelle d'aptitude peut " "correspondre explicitement à un nom de paquet en utilisant une chaîne de " "caractère commençant par « <literal>~n</literal> » et suivie du " "nom de paquet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You need to press \"<literal>U</literal>\" to get all the installed packages " "upgraded to the <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> in " "the visual interface. Otherwise only the selected packages and certain " "packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Vous devrez presser « <literal>U</literal> » pour obtenir la mise " "à niveau de tous les paquets installés vers la <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">version candidate</emphasis> de l’interface visuelle. Sinon, seuls les " "paquets sélectionnés et certains paquets ayant des dépendances versionnées " "sur ces paquets seront mis à niveau vers la <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">version candidate</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Package views under aptitude" msgstr "Vues des paquets sous aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the interactive full screen mode of " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, packages in the package list are displayed as the " "next example." msgstr "" "Dans le mode interactif en plein écran " "d'<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, les paquets de la liste des paquets sont affichés " "comme dans l’exemple suivant." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "idA libsmbclient -2220kB 3.0.25a-1 3.0.25a-2" msgstr "idA libsmbclient -2220ko 3.0.25a-1 3.0.25a-2" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Here, this line means from the left as the following." msgstr "Cette ligne signifie, en partant de la gauche :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The \"current state\" flag (the first letter)" msgstr "Indicateur d'« état actuel » (la première lettre)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The \"planned action\" flag (the second letter)" msgstr "Indicateur d'« action prévue » (la seconde lettre)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The \"automatic\" flag (the third letter)" msgstr "Indicateur « automatique » (la troisième lettre)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The Package name" msgstr "Nom du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The change in disk space usage attributed to \"planned action\"" msgstr "" "Modification de l’utilisation du disque attribuée à l’« action " "prévue »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The current version of the package" msgstr "Version actuelle du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The candidate version of the package" msgstr "Version candidate du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing \"<literal>?</literal>\"." msgstr "" "La liste complète des indicateurs est donnée en bas de l’écran d’<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">Aide</emphasis> affiché en pressant « <literal>?</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen " "according to the current local preferences (see " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/" ">)." msgstr "" "La <emphasis role=\"strong\">version candidate</emphasis> est choisie en " "fonction des préférences locales actuelles (consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/" ">)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Several types of package views are available under the menu " "\"<literal>Views</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Plusieurs types de vues de paquets sont disponibles depuis le menu « " "<literal>Vues</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of views for aptitude" msgstr "Liste des vues d'aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "view" msgstr "vue" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "status" msgstr "état" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of view" msgstr "description de la vue" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Package View</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Vue des paquets</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Good" msgstr "Bon" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "see <xref linkend=\"standard-package-views\"/> (default)" msgstr "consultez <xref linkend=\"standard-package-views\"/> (défaut)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Recommendations d'audit</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet " "installed are listed" msgstr "" "liste des paquets qui sont recommandés par certains paquets installés mais " "qui ne sont pas encore installés sur le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Flat Package List</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Liste de paquet « à plat »</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list packages without categorization (for use with regex)" msgstr "" "liste des paquets sans regroupement par catégories (pour l’utilisation avec " "des expressions rationnelles)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Debtags Browser</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Navigateur de Debtags</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Very usable" msgstr "Très utilisable" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "list packages categorized according to their <ulink url=\"&debtags;" "\">debtags</ulink> entries" msgstr "" "liste des paquets classés selon leur entrée <ulink url=\"&debtags;" "\">debtags</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Categorical Browser</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Navigateur par catégories</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Deprecated" msgstr "Obsolète" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "list packages categorized according to their category (use <literal>Debtags " "Browser</literal>, instead)" msgstr "" "liste des paquets classés selon leur catégorie (utiliser plutôt " "<literal>Debtags Browser</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Please help us <ulink url=\"&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;\">improving " "tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>" msgstr "" "Merci de nous aider à <ulink url=\"&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;" "\">améliorer le marquage des paquets avec debtags !</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The standard \"<literal>Package View</literal>\" categorizes packages " "somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features." msgstr "" "La « <literal>Vue des paquets</literal> » standard classe les " "paquets un peu comme le fait <literal>dselect</literal> avec quelques " "fonctionnalités supplémentaires." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The categorization of standard package views" msgstr "Classement par catégories des vues de paquets standard" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "category" msgstr "catégorie" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Paquets susceptibles de mise à jour</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</" "literal> → <literal>package</literal>" msgstr "" "liste des paquets organisée sous la forme <literal>section</literal> → " "<literal>zone</literal> → <literal>paquet</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>New Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Nouveaux paquets</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Paquets installés</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Paquets non installés</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Paquets obsolètes ou créés localement</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Virtual Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Paquets virtuels</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list packages with the same function" msgstr "liste des paquets ayant la même fonction" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Tasks</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Tâches</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list packages with different functions generally needed for a task" msgstr "" "liste des paquets ayant les différentes fonctions généralement nécessaires à " "une tâche" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "<literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your " "task." msgstr "" "La vue des <literal>tâches</literal> peut être utilisée pour choisir les " "paquets nécessaires à votre tâche." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Search method options with aptitude" msgstr "Options de la méthode de recherche avec aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex " "formula." msgstr "" "Aptitude vous offre différentes options pour rechercher des paquets en " "utilisant sa formule d'expressions rationnelles." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Shell commandline:" msgstr "Ligne de commande du shell :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>aptitude search '<aptitude_regex>'</literal>\" to list " "installation status, package name and short description of matching packages" msgstr "" "« <literal>aptitude search '<expression_rationnelle_aptitude>'</" "literal> » afin d'afficher l’état d'installation, le nom du paquet et " "une courte description des paquets correspondants" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>aptitude show '<package_name>'</literal>\" to list detailed " "description of the package" msgstr "" "« <literal>aptitude show '<nom_paquet>'</literal> » pour " "afficher la description détaillée du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Interactive full screen mode:" msgstr "Mode interactif plein écran :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>l</literal>\" to limit package view to matching packages" msgstr "" "« <literal>l</literal> » pour limiter la vue des paquets à ceux " "qui correspondent" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/</literal>\" for search to a matching package" msgstr "" "« <literal>/</literal> » pour rechercher un paquet correspondant" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>\\</literal>\" for backward search to a matching package" msgstr "" "« <literal>\\</literal> » pour rechercher en arrière un paquet " "correspondant" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>n</literal>\" for find-next" msgstr "« <literal>n</literal> » pour rechercher le suivant" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>N</literal>\" for find-next (backward)" msgstr "" "« <literal>N</literal> » pour rechercher le suivant (en arrière)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The string for <package_name> is treated as the exact string match to " "the package name unless it is started explicitly with \"<literal>~</literal>" "\" to be the regex formula." msgstr "" "La chaîne du <nom_paquet> est traitée comme la correspondance exacte " "de chaîne pour le nom de paquet à moins qu'il ne soit lancé explicitement " "avec « <literal>~</literal> » pour être la formule d'expression " "rationnelle." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The aptitude regex formula" msgstr "Les formules d'expressions rationnelles d'aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) and the " "meanings of the <literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule " "extensions are as follows." msgstr "" "La formule des expressions rationnelles d'aptitude est étendue <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> de manière similaire à mutt (consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) et la signification des extensions de " "règles de correspondance spécifiques à <literal>aptitude</literal> est la " "suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of the aptitude regex formula" msgstr "Liste des formules d'expressions rationnelles d'aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of the extended match rule" msgstr "description des règles étendues de correspondance " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "regex formula" msgstr "formules d'expressions rationnelles" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on package name" msgstr "correspond au nom du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~n<regex_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~n<expression_rationnelle_nom></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on description" msgstr "correspond à la description" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~d<regex_description></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~d<expression_rationnelle_description></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on task name" msgstr "correspond au nom de la tâche" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~t<regex_task></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~t<expression_rationnelle_tâche></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on debtag" msgstr "correspond à l’étiquette debtag" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~G<regex_debtag></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~G<expression_rationnelle_debtag></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on maintainer" msgstr "correspond au responsable du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~m<regex_maintainer></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~m<expression_rationnelle_responsable></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on package section" msgstr "correspond à la section du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~s<regex_section></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~s<expression_rationnelle_section></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match on package version" msgstr "correspond à la version du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~V<regex_version></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~V<expression_rationnelle_version></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match archive" msgstr "correspond à l’archive" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~A{sarge,etch,sid</literal>}" msgstr "<literal>~A{sarge,etch,sid</literal>}" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match origin" msgstr "correspond à l’origine" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~O{debian,…</literal>}" msgstr "<literal>~O{debian,…</literal>}" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match priority" msgstr "correspond à la priorité" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~p{extra,important,optional,required,standard</literal>}" msgstr "<literal>~p{extra,important,optional,required,standard</literal>}" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match essential packages" msgstr "correspond aux paquets essentiels" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~E</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~E</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match virtual packages" msgstr "correspond aux paquets virtuels" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~v</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~v</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match new packages" msgstr "correspond aux nouveaux paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~N</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~N</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match with pending action" msgstr "correspond aux actions en attente" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~a{install,upgrade,downgrade,remove,purge,hold,keep</literal>}" msgstr "" "<literal>~a{install,upgrade,downgrade,remove,purge,hold,keep</literal>}" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match installed packages" msgstr "correspond aux paquets installés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~i</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~i</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match installed packages with <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark " "(auto installed package)" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets installés ayant la marque <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">A</emphasis> (paquets installés automatiquement)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~M</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~M</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match installed packages without <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark " "(administrator selected package)" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets installés n'ayant pas la marque <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">A</emphasis> (paquets sélectionnés par l’administrateur)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match installed and upgradable packages" msgstr "correspond aux paquets installés et pouvant être mis à jour" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~U</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~U</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match removed but not purged packages" msgstr "correspond aux paquets supprimés mais non purgés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~c</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~c</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages" msgstr "correspond aux paquets supprimés, purgés ou pouvant être supprimés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~g</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~g</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match packages with broken relation" msgstr "correspond aux paquets ayant une relation cassée" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~b</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~b</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match packages with broken depends/predepends/conflict" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets ayant des dépendances, prédépendances ou conflits " "cassés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~B<type></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~B<type></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match packages from which relation <type> is defined to <term> " "package" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets depuis lesquels une relation <type> est définie " "vers le paquet <term>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~D[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~D[<type>:]<term></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match packages from which <emphasis role=\"strong\">broken</emphasis> " "relation <type> is defined to <term> package" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets depuis lesquels une relation de <type> " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">casse</emphasis> est définie vers le paquet <" "term>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~DB[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~DB[<type>:]<term></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match packages to which the <term> package defines relation <" "type>" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets vers lesquels le paquet <term> définit une " "relation <type>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~R[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~R[<type>:]<term></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match packages to which the <term> package defines <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">broken</emphasis> relation <type>" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets vers lesquels le paquet <term> définit un <" "type> de relation <emphasis role=\"strong\">casse</emphasis> " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~RB[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~RB[<type>:]<term></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match packages to which some other installed packages depend on" msgstr "correspond aux paquets desquels dépendent d'autres paquets installés " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~R~i</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~R~i</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match packages to which no other installed packages depend on" msgstr "correspond aux paquets desquels ne dépend aucun autre paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>!~R~i</literal>" msgstr "<literal>!~R~i</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on" msgstr "" "correspond aux paquets vers lesquels d'autres paquets installés dépendent ou " "qu'ils recommandent" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match <term> package with filtered version" msgstr "correspond au paquet <term> dont la version est filtrée" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~S filter <term></literal>" msgstr "<literal>~S filter <term></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match all packages (true)" msgstr "correspond à tous les paquets (vrai)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~T</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~T</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "match no packages (false)" msgstr "ne correspond à aucun paquet (faux)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>~F</literal>" msgstr "<literal>~F</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The regex part is the same <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> as the " "one used in typical Unix-like text tools using \"<literal>^</literal>\", " "\"<literal>.*</literal>\", \"<literal>$</literal>\" etc. as in " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "La partie expression rationnelle est la même <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</" "emphasis> que celle utilisée dans les outils UNIX typiques en utilisant " "« <literal>^</literal> », « <literal>.*</literal> », " "« <literal>$</literal> » etc. comme dans " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The relation <type> is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, " "suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides)." msgstr "" "La relation <type> est prise dans la liste (depends, predepends, " "recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The default relation type is \"depends\"." msgstr "Le type de relation par défaut est « depends »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "When <regex_pattern> is a null string, place \"<literal>~T</literal>\" " "immediately after the command." msgstr "" "Lorsqu'un <motif d'expression rationnelle> (« regex_pattern>" " ») est une chaîne de caractère vide, placez « <literal>~T</" "literal> » directement après la commande." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Here are some short cuts." msgstr "Voici quelques raccourcis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>~P<term></literal>\" == \"<literal>~Dprovides:<term></" "literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>~P<term></literal> » == « " "<literal>~Dprovides:<term></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>~C<term></literal>\" == \"<literal>~Dconflicts:<term>" "</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>~C<term></literal> » == « " "<literal>~Dconflicts:<term></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>…~W term</literal>\" == \"<literal>(…|term)</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>…~W term</literal> » == « <literal>(…|term)</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the " "inspiration for the expression syntax. See \"SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND " "EXPRESSIONS\" in the \"User's Manual\" \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/" "README</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Les utilisateurs familiers avec <literal>mutt</literal> comprendront " "rapidement car mutt a été la source d'inspiration pour la syntaxe des " "expressions. Consultez « SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS » " "dans le manuel de l’utilisateur (« <literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/" "README</literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, the new <emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</" "emphasis> syntax such as \"<literal>?broken</literal>\" may be used for " "regex matching in place for its old <emphasis role=\"strong\">short form</" "emphasis> equivalent \"<literal>~b</literal>\". Now space character " "\"<literal> </literal>\" is considered as one of the regex terminating " "character in addition to tilde character \"<literal>~</literal>\". See " "\"User's Manual\" for the new <emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</emphasis> " "syntax." msgstr "" "Avec la version <literal>lenny</literal> " "d'<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, la nouvelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">forme " "longue</emphasis> de la syntaxe comme « <literal>?broken</" "literal> » peut être utilisée pour la correspondance des expressions " "rationnelles en remplacement de l’ancien équivalent « <literal>~b</" "literal> » en <emphasis role=\"strong\">forme courte</emphasis>. Le " "caractère d'espacement « <literal> </literal> » est maintenant " "considérée comme l’un des caractères de terminaison d'une expression " "rationnelle en plus du caractère tilde « <literal>~</literal> ». " "Consultez la syntaxe de la nouvelle <emphasis role=\"strong\">forme longue</" "emphasis> dans le « Manuel de l’utilisateur »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Dependency resolution of aptitude" msgstr "Résolution des dépendances par aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in " "packages which are defined in its \"<literal>Depends:</literal>\" list but " "also defined in the \"<literal>Recommends:</literal>\" list if the menu " "\"<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Dependency handling\" is set " "accordingly. These auto installed packages are removed automatically if " "they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" "La sélection d'un paquet dans <literal>aptitude</literal> récupère non " "seulement les paquets définis dans son champ « <literal>Depends:</" "literal> » mais aussi ceux définis dans le champ « " "<literal>Recommends:</literal> » si la configuration a été faite dans " "ce sens dans le menu « <literal>F10</literal> → Options → Préférences → " "Gestion des dépendances ». Ces paquets installés automatiquement seront " "supprimés automatiquement s'ils ne sont plus nécessaires sous " "<literal>aptitude</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Before the <literal>lenny</literal> release, <literal>apt-get</literal> and " "other standard APT tools did not offer the autoremove functionality." msgstr "" "Avant la diffusion de <literal>lenny</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> " "et d'autre outils standard d'APT n'offraient pas la fonctionnalité de " "suppression automatique (« autoremove »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Package activity logs" msgstr "Journaux d'activité des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "You can check package activity history in the log files." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez vérifier l’activité de l’historique des paquets dans les " "fichiers journaux." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The log files for package activities" msgstr "Fichiers journaux de l’activité des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "file" msgstr "fichier" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "content" msgstr "contenu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/log/dpkg.log</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/log/dpkg.log</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities" msgstr "" "Enregistrement des actions au niveau de <literal>dpkg</literal> pour " "l’activité de tous les paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/log/apt/term.log</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/log/apt/term.log</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Log of generic APT activity" msgstr "Journal de l’activité générique d'APT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/log/aptitude</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/log/aptitude</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity" msgstr "Journal des actions de la commande <literal>aptitude</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out " "from these logs. See <xref linkend=" "\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/> for easier way." msgstr "" "En réalité, il n'est pas aussi facile de comprendre la signification de ces " "journaux. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files" "\"/> pour une façon de faire plus simple." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Examples of aptitude operations" msgstr "Exemples d'opérations avec aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Here are few examples of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> operations." msgstr "" "Voici quelques exemples d'opérations " "d'<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Listing packages with regex matching on package names" msgstr "" "Afficher les paquets dont les noms correspondent à une expression rationnelle" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names." msgstr "" "La commande suivante affiche les paquets dont les noms correspondent à une " "expression rationnelle." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ aptitude search '~n(pam|nss).*ldap'\n" "p libnss-ldap - NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service\n" "p libpam-ldap - Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces" msgstr "" "$ aptitude search '~n(pam|nss).*ldap'\n" "p libnss-ldap - NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service\n" "p libpam-ldap - Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package." msgstr "Il vous est assez facile de trouver le nom exact d'un paquet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Browsing with the regex matching" msgstr "Parcours en correspondance avec une expression rationnelle" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The regex \"<literal>~dipv6</literal>\" in the \"New Flat Package List\" " "view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt, limits view to packages with the " "matching description and let you browse their information interactively." msgstr "" "L’expression rationnelle « <literal>~dipv6</literal> » entrée dans " "la vue « Nouvelle liste des paquets » (« New Flat Package " "List » depuis l’invite « <literal>l</literal> » limite la vue " "aux paquets dont la description correspond à cette expression rationnelle et " "vous permet de parcourir les informations de manière interactive." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Purging removed packages for good" msgstr "Purger pour de bon les paquets supprimés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez supprimer tous les fichiers de configuration subsistant des " "paquets supprimés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Check results of the following command." msgstr "Vérifiez le résultat de la commande suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# aptitude search '~c'" msgstr "# aptitude search '~c'" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following " "command." msgstr "" "Si vous pensez que les paquets affichés doivent être purgés, exécutez la " "commande suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# aptitude purge '~c'" msgstr "# aptitude purge '~c'" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained " "control." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez avoir envie de faire la même chose en mode interactif avec un " "contrôle plus fin." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You provide the regex \"<literal>~c</literal>\" in the \"New Flat Package " "List\" view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt. This limits the package " "view only to regex matched packages, i.e., \"removed but not purged\". All " "these regex matched packages can be shown by pressing \"<literal>[</literal>" "\" at top level headings." msgstr "" "Indiquez l’expression rationnelle « <literal>~c</literal> » dans " "la « Nouvelle liste des paquets » en utilisant l’invite « " "<literal>l</literal> ». Cela limite la vue des paquets à ceux qui " "correspondent à l’expression rationnelle, c'est-à-dire « supprimé mais " "non purgé ». On peut visualiser tous les paquets correspondant à cette " "expression rationnelle en pressant « <literal>[</literal> » depuis " "une section de haut niveau." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Then you press \"<literal>_</literal>\" at top level headings such as " "\"Installed Packages\". Only regex matched packages under the heading are " "marked to be purged by this. You can exclude some packages to be purged by " "pressing \"<literal>=</literal>\" interactively for each of them." msgstr "" "Pressez ensuite « <literal>_</literal> » depuis une fenêtre de " "haut niveau comme « Paquets installés ». Seuls les paquets " "correspondants à l’expression rationnelle se trouvant dans cette section " "seront marqués comme devant être purgés par cette commande. Vous pouvez " "exclure certains paquets de cette opération en pressant de manière " "interactive la touche « <literal>=</literal> » en face de chacun " "d'eux." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys." msgstr "" "Cette technique est assez pratique et fonctionne avec de nombreuses autres " "touches de commande." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Tidying auto/manual install status" msgstr "Toilettage de l’état d'installation automatique / manuel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using non-" "aptitude package installer etc.)." msgstr "" "Voici comment je nettoie l’état d'installation automatique / manuel des " "paquets (après avoir utilisé un installateur de paquets autre qu'aptitude, " "etc.)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root." msgstr "" "Démarrer <literal>aptitude</literal> en mode interactif en tant " "qu'administrateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Type \"<literal>u</literal>\", \"<literal>U</literal>\", \"<literal>f</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>g</literal>\" to update and upgrade package list " "and packages." msgstr "" "Entrer « <literal>u</literal> », « <literal>U</" "literal> », « <literal>f</literal> » et « <literal>g</" "literal> » pour mettre à jour la liste des paquets et mettre à niveau " "les paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>\" and type \"<literal>M</" "literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as auto installed." msgstr "" "Entrer « <literal>l</literal> » afin de définir la limite " "d'affichage des paquets avec « <literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</" "literal> » et entrez « <literal>M</literal> » sur « " "<literal>Paquets installés</literal> » automatiquement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>\" and type " "\"<literal>m</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as " "manual installed." msgstr "" "Entrer « <literal>l</literal> » afin de définir la limite " "d'affichage des paquets avec « <literal>~prequired|~pimportant|" "~pstandard|~E</literal> » et entrez « <literal>m</literal> » " "sur les « <literal>Paquets installés</literal> » manuellement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~i!~M</literal>\" and remove unused package by typing \"<literal>-" "</literal>\" over each of them after exposing them by typing \"<literal>[</" "literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Entrer « <literal>l</literal> » pour définir la limite d'affichage " "des paquets avec « <literal>~i!~M</literal> » et supprimez tous " "les paquets inutilisés en entrant <literal>-</literal> » sur chacun " "d'eux après les avoir affichés en entrant « <literal>[</literal> » " "sur « <literal>Paquets installés</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~i</literal>\" and type \"<literal>m</literal>\" over " "\"<literal>Tasks</literal>\" as manual installed." msgstr "" "Entrer « <literal>l</literal> » pour définir la limite d'affichage " "des paquets avec « <literal>~i</literal> » et entrez <literal>m</" "literal> » sur les « <literal>Tâches</literal> » manuellement " "installées." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "Quitter <literal>aptitude</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Start \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to check " "what are not used." msgstr "" "Lancer « <literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal> » en tant " "qu'administrateur pour vérifier les paquets non utilisés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed " "packages as \"<literal>m</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Redémarrer <literal>aptitude</literal> en mode interactif et marquer les " "paquets nécessaires comme « <literal>m</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Restart \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to recheck " "REMOVED contain only expected packages." msgstr "" "Redémarrer « <literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal> » en " "tant qu'administrateur et vérifier à nouveau que « REMOVED » ne " "contient que les paquets voulus." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Start \"<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to autoremove " "unused packages." msgstr "" "Lancer « <literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal> » en tant " "qu'administrateur pour supprimer automatiquement les paquets inutilisés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>m</literal>\" action over \"<literal>Tasks</literal>\" is an " "optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future." msgstr "" "L’action « <literal>m</literal> » sur les « <literal>Tâches</" "literal> » est facultative pour éviter une situation de suppression en " "masse de paquets dans le futur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "System wide upgrade" msgstr "Mise à jour pour l’ensemble du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean " "installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described " "below. This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes " "you to the best combination of latest packages. Of course, you should make " "a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend=" "\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a dual " "boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest " "transition." msgstr "" "Lors du changement vers une nouvelle version, etc., vous devriez envisager " "d'effectuer une installation propre d'un nouveau système même si Debian peut " "être mis à niveau comme décrit ci-dessous. Cela vous donne une chance de " "supprimer les résidus amassés et vous présente la meilleure combinaison des " "derniers paquets. Bien entendu, vous devrez effectuer une sauvegarde totale " "de votre système vers un endroit sûr (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) avant de faire cela. Je vous recommande de faire " "une configuration dual boot en utilisant des partitions différentes afin " "d'effectuer une transition en douceur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents " "of the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file pointing to a new " "release and running the \"<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</" "literal>\" command." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez effectuer une mise à niveau de l’ensemble du système vers une " "nouvelle version en modifiant le contenu du fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/" "sources.list</literal> » pour qu'il pointe vers la nouvelle version et " "en lançant la commande « <literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or " "<literal>unstable</literal>, you replace \"<literal>&codename-stable;</" "literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" example of " "<xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/> with \"<literal>&codename-testing;" "</literal>\" or \"<literal>sid</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Pour effectuer la mise à jour depuis <literal>stable</literal> vers " "<literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>, remplacez « " "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal> » dans le fichier « <literal>/" "etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » d'exemple donné dans <xref linkend= " "\"_debian_archive_basics\"/> par « <literal>&codename-testing;</" "literal> » ou « <literal>sid</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition " "issues, mostly due to package dependencies. The larger the difference of " "the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles. For the transition " "from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> " "after its release, you can read its new <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;" "\">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure described in it to " "minimize troubles." msgstr "" "En réalité, vous pouvez rencontrer quelques complications en raison de " "problèmes de transition de paquets, le plus souvent pour des problèmes de " "dépendances de paquets. Plus la mise à jour est importante, plus vous avez " "de chances de rencontrer des problèmes importants. Lors de la transition de " "l’ancienne version <literal>stable</literal> vers la nouvelle version " "<literal>stable</literal> après sa diffusion, afin de minimiser les " "problèmes vous pouvez lire ses nouvelles <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;\">Notes " "de diffusion</ulink> et suivre la procédure exacte qui y est décrite." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</" "literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;" "\">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference between " "<literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have grown " "quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and makes " "upgrade situation complicated." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous décidez de changer de la version <literal>stable</literal> vers " "la version <literal>testing</literal> avant sa diffusion formelle, il n'y a " "pas de <ulink url=\"&releasenotes;\">Notes de diffusion</ulink> pour vous " "aider. La différence entre <literal>stable</literal> et <literal>testing</" "literal> peut être devenue assez importante depuis la diffusion de la " "version <literal>stable</literal> précédente et rendre compliquée la " "situation de la mise à jour." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering " "latest information from mailing list and using common senses." msgstr "" "Vous devriez aller vers la mise à niveau complète avec précaution tout en " "récupérant les dernières informations depuis les listes de diffusion et en " "usant de bon sens." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Read previous \"Release Notes\"." msgstr "Lire les « Notes de diffusion » précédentes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information)." msgstr "" "Faire la sauvegarde de l’ensemble du système (particulièrement les données " "et les informations de configuration)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader." msgstr "" "Avoir un support amorçable prêt au cas où le chargeur initial serait cassé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Inform users on the system well in advance." msgstr "Informer les utilisateurs du système bien à l’avance." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Record upgrade activity with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Enregistrer l’activité de mise à jour avec " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Apply \"unmarkauto\" to required packages, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude " "unmarkauto vim</literal>\", to prevent removal." msgstr "" "Appliquer « unmarkauto » aux paquets nécessaires, par exemple " "« <literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal> », afin d'en éviter " "la suppression." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., " "remove desktop task packages." msgstr "" "Minimiser les paquets installés pour réduire les chances de conflits de " "paquets, par exemple supprimer les paquets de la tâche « bureau »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Remove the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file (disable apt-" "pinning)." msgstr "" "Supprimer le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> » (désactiver l’épinglage apt « apt-pinning »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</" "literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>." msgstr "" "Essayer de mettre à jour par étapes  : <literal>oldstable</literal> → " "<literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</" "literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Update the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to point to new " "archive only and run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Mettre à jour le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » afin qu'il pointe uniquement vers la nouvelle archive et " "lancer « <literal>aptitude update</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Install, optionally, new <emphasis role=\"strong\">core packages</emphasis> " "first, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Installer d'abord, de manière facultative, le nouveau <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">core packages</emphasis>, par exemple « <literal>aptitude install " "perl</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Run the \"<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>\" command to assess " "impact." msgstr "" "Lancer la commande « <literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal> » " "pour contrôler quel en sera l’impact." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run the \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" command at last." msgstr "" "Et enfin lancer la commande « <literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between " "<literal>stable</literal> releases." msgstr "" "Il n'est pas sage de sauter une version majeure de Debian lors de la mise à " "niveau entre versions <literal>stable</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "In previous \"Release Notes\", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, " "APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide " "upgrade." msgstr "" "Dans les « Notes de diffusion » précédentes, GCC, Linux Kernel, " "initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, etc. ont demandé une attention " "particulière pour une mise à niveau de l’ensemble du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref linkend=" "\"_safeguarding_for_package_problems\"/>." msgstr "" "Pour une mise à jour quotidienne d'<literal>unstable</literal>, consultez " "<xref linkend=\"_safeguarding_for_package_problems\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Advanced package management operations" msgstr "Opérations avancées de gestion des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Advanced package management operations with commandline" msgstr "Opérations avancées de gestion des paquets en ligne de commandes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here are list of other package management operations for which " "<literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required " "functionalities." msgstr "" "Voici la liste des autres opérations de gestion des paquets pour lesquelles " "<literal>aptitude</literal> est de trop haut niveau ou n'a pas la " "fonctionnalité requise." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of advanced package management operations" msgstr "Liste des opérations avancées de gestion des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <package_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <motif_nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list status of an installed package for the bug report" msgstr "afficher l’état d'un paquet installé pour le signalement de bogue" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg -L <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg -L <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list contents of an installed package" msgstr "afficher le contenu d'un paquet installé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>dpkg -L <package_name> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</" "literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>dpkg -L <nom_paquet> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</" "literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list manpages for an installed package" msgstr "afficher les pages de manuel d'un paquet installé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg -S <file_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg -S <motif_nom_fichier></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list installed packages which have matching file name" msgstr "afficher les paquets installés dont le nom correspond" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-file search <file_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-file search <motif_nom_fichier></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list packages in archive which have matching file name" msgstr "afficher les paquets de l’archive dont le nom correspond" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-file list <package_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-file list <motif_nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list contents of matching packages in archive" msgstr "afficher le contenu d'un paquet correspondant de l’archive" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "reconfigure the exact package" msgstr "reconfigurer le paquet exact" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question" msgstr "reconfigurer le paquet exact avec la question la plus détaillée" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>configure-debian</literal>" msgstr "<literal>configure-debian</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "reconfigure packages from the full screen menu" msgstr "reconfigurer les paquets depuis le menu en plein écran" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg --audit</literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg --audit</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "audit system for partially installed packages" msgstr "système de vérification des paquets partiellement installés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg --configure -a</literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg --configure -a</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "configure all partially installed packages" msgstr "configurer tous les paquets partiellement installés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-cache policy <binary_package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-cache policy <nom_paquet_binaire></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary package" msgstr "" "afficher la version disponible, la priorité et les informations concernant " "l’archive du paquet binaire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-cache madison <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-cache madison <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "show available version, archive information of a package" msgstr "" "afficher la version disponible et les informations de l’archive concernant " "un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-cache showsrc <binary_package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-cache showsrc <nom_paquet_binaire></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "show source package information of a binary package" msgstr "" "afficher les informations concernant le paquet source d'un paquet binaire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get build-dep <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get build-dep <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "install required packages to build package" msgstr "installer les paquets nécessaires à la construction d'un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>aptitude build-dep <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>aptitude build-dep <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>apt-get source <package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>apt-get source <nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "download a source (from standard archive)" msgstr "télécharger une source (depuis l’archive standard)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dget <URL for dsc file></literal>" msgstr "<literal>dget <URL pour le fichier dsc></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "download a source packages (from other archive)" msgstr "télécharger un paquet source (depuis une autre archive)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>dpkg-source -x <package_name>_<version>-<" "debian_version>.dsc</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>dpkg-source -x <nom_paquet>_<version>-<" "version_debian>.dsc</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "build a source tree from a set of source packages (\"<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>\"/\"<literal>*.diff.gz</" "literal>\")" msgstr "" "construire une arborescence source depuis un ensemble de paquets source" "(« <literal>*.tar.gz</literal> » et « <literal>*.diff.gz</" "literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>debuild binary</literal>" msgstr "<literal>debuild binary</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "build package(s) from a local source tree" msgstr "construire des paquets depuis une arborescence source locale" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>" msgstr "<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree" msgstr "" "construire un paquet du noyau à partir de l’arborescence source du noyau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>" msgstr "<literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled" msgstr "" "construire un paquet du noyau à partir de l’arborescence source du noyau " "avec initramfs activé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>dpkg -i <package_name>_<version>-<debian_version>" "_<arch>.deb</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>dpkg -i <nom_paquet>_<version>-<version_debian>" "_<arch>.deb</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "install a local package to the system" msgstr "installer un paquet local sur le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>debi <package_name>_<version>-<debian_version>" "_<arch>.dsc</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>debi <nom_paquet>_<version>-<version_debian>_<" "arch>.dsc</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "install local package(s) to the system" msgstr "installer des paquets locaux sur le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' >selection.txt</literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' >selection.txt</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information" msgstr "" "enregistrer l’information d'état de la sélection des paquets au niveau de " "<literal>dpkg</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>dpkg --set-selections <selection.txt</literal>" msgstr "<literal>dpkg --set-selections <selection.txt</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information" msgstr "" "définir l’information d'état de sélection des paquets au niveau de " "<literal>dpkg</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal>echo <package_name> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal>echo <nom_paquet> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to \"<literal>aptitude " "hold <package_name></literal>\")" msgstr "" "définir l’information d'état de sélection des paquets au niveau de " "<literal>dpkg</literal> à <emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis> (gelé, " "équivalent à <literal>aptitude hold <nom_paquet></literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Lower level package tools such as \"<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>debi …</literal>\" should be carefully used by the system " "administrator. It does not automatically take care required package " "dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options \"<literal>--force-all</literal>\" " "and similar (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) are intended to be " "used by experts only. Using them without fully understanding their effects " "may break your whole system." msgstr "" "Un outil de plus bas niveau tel que « <literal>dpkg -i …</" "literal> » et « <literal>debi …</literal> » devra être " "utilisé avec précautions par l’administrateur du système. Il ne s'assure pas " "automatiquement des dépendances exigées par le paquet. Les options « " "<literal>--force-all</literal> » et similaires de la ligne de commandes " "de dpkg (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) ne sont prévues pour " "être utilisées que par des experts. Les utiliser sans comprendre entièrement " "leurs effets peut casser l’ensemble de votre système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Please note the following." msgstr "Veuillez noter ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from " "root." msgstr "" "Toutes les commandes de configuration et d'installation doivent être lancées " "avec le compte de l’administrateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref linkend=" "\"_regular_expressions\"/>), other package management commands use pattern " "like shell glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)." msgstr "" "Au contraire d'<literal>aptitude</literal> qui utilise des expressions " "rationnelles (consultez <xref linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>), les " "autres commandes de gestion des paquets utilisent des motifs semblables aux " "motifs génériques (« glob ») de l’interpréteur de commandes " "(consultez <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> " "package must run \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" in advance." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> fourni par le paquet <literal>apt-file</literal> " "doit être précédé de l’exécution de la commande « <literal>apt-file " "update</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>configure-debian</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by the <literal>configure-debian</" "literal> package runs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>configure-debian</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> fourni par le paquet <literal>configure-debian</" "literal> exécute en fond <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> runs package scripts using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> exécute les scripts du paquet en utilisant en fond " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>\", \"<literal>apt-get source</literal>" "\" and \"<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>\" commands require " "\"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" entry in \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "Les commandes « <literal>apt-get build-dep</literal> », « " "<literal>apt-get source</literal> » et « <literal>apt-cache " "showsrc</literal> » ont besoin d'une entrée « <literal>deb-src</" "literal> » dans « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dget</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> require <literal>devscripts</literal> package." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dget</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> " "et<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ont besoin du paquet <literal>devscripts</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "See (re)packaging procedure using \"<literal>apt-get source</literal>\" in " "<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>." msgstr "" "Consultez la procédure de (re)paquetage en utilisant « <literal>apt-get " "source</literal> » dans <xref linkend=" "\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the <literal>kernel-package</" "literal> package (see <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>)." msgstr "" "La commande <literal>make-kpkg</literal> exige le paquet <literal>kernel-" "package</literal> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_making_debian_package\"/> for general packaging." msgstr "" "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_making_debian_package\"/> pour la réalisation de " "paquets en général." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Verification of installed package files" msgstr "Vérifier les fichiers de paquets installés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of " "installed package files against MD5sum values in the \"<literal>/var/lib/" "dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>\" file with " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. See <xref linkend=\"_the_md5_sum\"/> for how " "MD5sum works." msgstr "" "L’installation de <literal>debsums</literal> permet, avec " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, la vérification des fichiers des paquets " "installés d'après les valeurs de MD5sum se trouvant dans le fichier « " "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal> » Consultez <xref " "linkend=\"_the_md5_sum\"/> pour le fonctionnement de MD5sum." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> is of limited use as a security tool. It is only " "good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage due to " "media errors." msgstr "" "Comme la base de données MD5sum peut être trafiquée par un intrus, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> est d'une utilité restreinte en tant qu'outil de " "sécurité. Il n'est bon que pour la vérification locale des modifications de " "l’administrateur ou des défectuosités en raison de problèmes de support." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Safeguarding for package problems" msgstr "Protection contre les problèmes de paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis role=\"strong\">unstable</" "emphasis> release of the Debian system for its new features and packages. " "This makes the system more prone to be hit by the critical package bugs." msgstr "" "De nombreux utilisateurs préfèrent suivre la version <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">unstable</emphasis> du système Debian parce qu'elle propose de nouvelles " "fonctionnalités et de nouveaux paquets. Cela rend le système davantage sujet " "aux bogues critiques de paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards " "your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for " "critical bugs when upgrading with APT system." msgstr "" "L’installation du paquet <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> protège votre " "système contre les bogues critiques en recherchant automatiquement dans le " "BTS de Debian les bogues critiques lors de la mise à jour par " "l’intermédiaire du système APT." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides " "important news in \"<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>\" when upgrading with APT " "system." msgstr "" "L’installation du paquet <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> indique les " "nouveautés importantes se trouvant dans « <literal>NEWS.Debian</" "literal> » lors de la mise à jour du système avec APT." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Searching on the package meta data" msgstr "Rechercher dans les métadonnées du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Although visiting Debian site <ulink url=\"&httppackagesdebianorg;\">http://" "packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilitates easy ways to search on the package " "meta data these days, let's look into more traditional ways." msgstr "" "Bien que visiter le site Debian à <ulink url=\"&httppackagesdebianorg;" "\">http://packages.debian.org/</ulink> permette aujourd'hui de rechercher " "facilement les métadonnées des paquets, voyons les méthodes plus " "traditionnelles :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-status</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-available</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> commands can be used to search any file which has " "the general format of a Debian package control file." msgstr "" "Les commandes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-status</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-available</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peuvent être utilisées " "pour effectuer des recherches dans tous les fichiers dont le format général " "est celui d'un fichier de contrôle de Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>dpkg -S <file_name_pattern></literal>\" can be used " "search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by " "<literal>dpkg</literal>. But this overlooks files created by the maintainer " "scripts." msgstr "" "« <literal>dpkg -S <motif_nom_fichier></literal> » peut être " "utilisé pour rechercher les noms de paquets installés par <literal>dpkg</" "literal>.qui contiennent des fichiers dont le nom correspond au motif. Mais " "les fichiers créés par les scripts du responsable du paquet ne sont pas pris " "en compte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to " "run \"<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>\" command in the " "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>\" directory. This makes you search " "words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts." msgstr "" "Si vous devez faire des recherches plus élaborées sur les métadonnées de " "dpkg, il vous faudra lancer la commande « <literal>grep -e " "motif_expression_rationnelle *</literal> » dans le répertoire « " "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal> ». Cela vous permet de " "rechercher des mots mentionnés dans les scripts des paquets et les textes " "des requêtes d'installation." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-rdepends</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Pour rechercher de manière récursive les dépendances de paquets, vous devrez " "utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-rdepends</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Debian package management internals" msgstr "Fonctionnement interne de la gestion des paquets Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally. This " "should help you to create your own solution to some package problems." msgstr "" "Voyons comment le système Debian de gestion des paquets fonctionne de " "manière interne. Cela vous permettra de créer votre propre solution à " "certains problèmes de paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Archive meta data" msgstr "Métadonnées de l'archive" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Meta data files for each distribution are stored under \"<literal>dist/<" "codename></literal>\" on each Debian mirror sites, e.g., " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/</literal>\". Its archive " "structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta " "data." msgstr "" "Les fichiers de métadonnées de chaque distribution se trouvent sur chaque " "miroir Debian, dans « <literal>dist/<nom_de_code></" "literal> », par exemple, « <literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/" "debian/</literal> ». On peut parcourir la structure de son archive à " "l'aide d'un navigateur web. Il existe 6 types de métadonnées clés :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The content of the Debian archive meta data" msgstr "Contenu des métadonnées de l’archive Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "location" msgstr "emplacement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Release</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Release</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "top of distribution" msgstr "sommet de la distribution" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "archive description and integrity information" msgstr "description de l’archive et informations d'intégrité" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "signature file for the \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file signed with the " "archive key" msgstr "" "fichier signature du fichier « <literal>Release</literal> » signé " "avec la clé de l’archive" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Contents-<architecture></literal>" msgstr "<literal>Contents-<architecture></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive" msgstr "" "liste de tous les fichiers pour tous les paquets dans l’archive pertinente" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "top of each distribution/area/architecture combination" msgstr "sommet de chaque combinaison de distribution/section/architecture" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "archive description used for the rule of " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "description de l’archive utilisée pour la règle de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Packages</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Packages</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination" msgstr "" "sommet de chaque combinaison de distribution/section/architecture binaire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages" msgstr "<literal>debian/control</literal> concaténés des paquets binaires" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>Sources</literal>" msgstr "<literal>Sources</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "top of each distribution/area/source combination" msgstr "sommet de chaque combinaison distribution/section/source" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages" msgstr "<literal>debian/control</literal> concaténés des paquets sources" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and " "differential files to reduce network traffic." msgstr "" "Dans les archives récentes, ces métadonnées sont enregistrées sous forme " "compressée et différentielle afin de limiter le trafic réseau." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Top level \"Release\" file and authenticity" msgstr "Fichier « Release » de plus haut niveau et authenticité" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is used for signing the " "archive under the <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system." msgstr "" "Le fichier « <literal>Release</literal> » de plus haut niveau est " "utilisé pour signer l’archive au moyen du système <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">secure APT</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level \"<literal>Release</literal>" "\" file, e.g., \"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/" "Release</literal>\", as follows." msgstr "" "Chaque version de l’archive Debian possède un fichier « " "<literal>Release</literal> » de plus haut niveau, par exemple, « " "<literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</" "literal> », comme ci-dessous :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "Suite: unstable\n" "Codename: sid\n" "Date: Sat, 14 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n" "Valid-Until: Sat, 21 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n" "Architectures: alpha amd64 armel hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 kfreebsd-amd64 kfreebsd-i386 mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc\n" "Components: main contrib non-free\n" "Description: Debian x.y Unstable - Not Released\n" "MD5Sum:\n" " bdc8fa4b3f5e4a715dd0d56d176fc789 18876880 Contents-alpha.gz\n" " 9469a03c94b85e010d116aeeab9614c0 19441880 Contents-amd64.gz\n" " 3d68e206d7faa3aded660dc0996054fe 19203165 Contents-armel.gz\n" "..." msgstr "" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "Suite: unstable\n" "Codename: sid\n" "Date: Sat, 14 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n" "Valid-Until: Sat, 21 May 2011 08:20:50 UTC\n" "Architectures: alpha amd64 armel hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 kfreebsd-amd64 kfreebsd-i386 mips mipsel powerpc s390 sparc\n" "Components: main contrib non-free\n" "Description: Debian x.y Unstable - Not Released\n" "MD5Sum:\n" " bdc8fa4b3f5e4a715dd0d56d176fc789 18876880 Contents-alpha.gz\n" " 9469a03c94b85e010d116aeeab9614c0 19441880 Contents-amd64.gz\n" " 3d68e206d7faa3aded660dc0996054fe 19203165 Contents-armel.gz\n" "..." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Here, you can find my rationale to use the \"suite\", and \"codeneme\" in " "<xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>. The \"distribution\" is used " "when referring to both \"suite\" and \"codeneme\". All archive \"area\" " "names offered by the archive are listed under \"Component\"." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez trouver ici ma justification pour l’utilisation de « " "suite », « nom de code » dans <xref linkend=" "\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>. La « distribution » est utilisée " "pour désigner à la fois « suite » et « nom de code ». " "Tous les noms possibles de « sections » de l'archive sont indiqués " "dans l'archive sous « Composant »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The integrity of the top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is " "verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url=\"&secureapt;" "\">secure apt</ulink>." msgstr "" "L’intégrité du fichier « <literal>Release</literal> » de plus haut " "niveau est vérifiée par une infrastructure cryptographique appelée <ulink " "url=\"&secureapt;\">secure apt</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The cryptographic signature file \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" is " "created from the authentic top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file and " "the secret Debian archive key." msgstr "" "Le fichier de signature chiffré « <literal>Release.gpg</literal> » " "est créé à partir du fichier « <literal>Release</literal> » réel " "de plus haut niveau et de la clé secrète de l’archive Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The public Debian archive key can be seeded into \"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted." "gpg</literal>\";" msgstr "" "La clé publique de l’archive Debian peut être placée dans « <literal>/" "etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "automatically by installing the keyring with the latest <literal>base-files</" "literal> package, or" msgstr "" "automatiquement en installant le trousseau de clés avec la dernière version " "du paquet <literal>base-files</literal>, ou" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "manually by <literal>gpg</literal> or <literal>apt-key</literal> tool with " "<ulink url=\"&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;\">the latest public archive " "key posted on the ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> ." msgstr "" "manuellement, avec les outils <literal>gpg</literal> ou <literal>apt-key</" "literal> en utilisant <ulink url=\"&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;\"> la " "dernière clé publique de l’archive postée sur ftp-master.debian.org</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system verifies the " "integrity of the downloaded top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file " "cryptographically by this \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" file and the " "public Debian archive key in \"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Le système <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> vérifie de " "manière cryptographique, à l’aide du fichier « <literal>Release.gpg</" "literal> » et de la clé publique de l’archive Debian de « " "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal> », l’intégrité du fichier " "« <literal>Release</literal> » de plus haut niveau téléchargé ." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The integrity of all the \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files are verified by using MD5sum values in " "its top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file. The integrity of all " "package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the " "\"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files. " "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend=" "\"_verification_of_installed_package_files\"/>." msgstr "" "L’intégrité de tous les fichiers « <literal>Packages</literal> » " "et « <literal>Sources</literal> » est vérifiée en utilisant les " "valeurs des sommes MD5 se trouvant dans son fichier de plus haut niveau " "« <literal>Release</literal> ». L’intégrité de tous les fichiers " "de paquets est vérifiée en utilisant les valeurs des sommes MD5 se trouvant " "dans les fichiers « <literal>Packages</literal> » et « " "<literal>Sources</literal> ». Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend=" "\"_verification_of_installed_package_files\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Since the cryptographic signature verification is very CPU intensive process " "than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each package " "while using cryptographic signature for the top level \"<literal>Release</" "literal>\" file provides <ulink url=\"&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;" "\">the good security with the performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend=" "\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>)." msgstr "" "Comme la vérification de la signature cryptographique est un processus " "beaucoup plus consommateur de processeur que les calculs de sommes MD5, " "l’utilisation d'une somme MD5 pour chacun des paquets tout en utilisant une " "signature cryptographique pour le fichier « <literal>Release</" "literal> » de plus haut niveau allie <ulink url=" "\"&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;\">une bonne sécurité avec de bonnes " "performances</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure" "\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Archive level \"Release\" files" msgstr "Fichiers « Release » au niveau de l’archive" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files are used for the rule " "of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Les fichiers « <literal>Release</literal> » au niveau de l’archive " "sont utilisés pour la règle d'<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There are archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files for all archive " "locations specified by \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line in \"<literal>/etc/" "apt/sources.list</literal>\", such as \"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/" "debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/" "Release</literal>\" as follows." msgstr "" "Il y a des fichiers « <literal>Release</literal> » du niveau de " "l’archive pour tous les emplacements d’archives indiqués par une ligne " "« <literal>deb</literal> » dans « <literal>/etc/apt/sources." "list</literal> » comme, par exemple, « <literal>http://ftp.fr." "debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal> » " "ou « <literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-" "amd64/Release</literal> » comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Archive: unstable\n" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "Component: main\n" "Architecture: amd64" msgstr "" "Archive: unstable\n" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "Component: main\n" "Architecture: amd64" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "For \"<literal>Archive:</literal>\" stanza, suite names (\"<literal>stable</" "literal>\", \"<literal>testing</literal>\", \"<literal>unstable</literal>\", " "…) are used in <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> " "while codenames (\"<literal>dapper</literal>\", \"<literal>feisty</literal>" "\", \"<literal>gutsy</literal>\", \"<literal>hardy</literal>\", " "\"<literal>intrepid</literal>\", …) are used in <ulink url=" "\"&theubuntuarchive;\">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>." msgstr "" "Pour l’entrée « <literal>Archive:</literal> », les noms de version " "(« <literal>stable</literal> », « <literal>testing</" "literal> », « <literal>unstable</literal> », …) sont utilisés " "dans <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">l’archive Debian</ulink> alors que " "les noms de code (« <literal>dapper</literal>\", « " "<literal>feisty</literal> », « <literal>gutsy</literal> », " "« <literal>hardy</literal> », « <literal>intrepid</" "literal> », …) sont utilisés dans <ulink url=\"&theubuntuarchive;" "\">l’archive Ubuntu</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which " "should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-" "amd64/Release</literal>\" as follows." msgstr "" "Pour certaines archives, comme <literal>experimental</literal> et " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, qui contiennent des paquets " "qui ne devraient pas être installés automatiquement, il y a une ligne " "supplémentaire, par exemple « <literal>http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/" "dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal> » comme " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Archive: experimental\n" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "NotAutomatic: yes\n" "Component: main\n" "Architecture: amd64" msgstr "" "Archive: experimental\n" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "NotAutomatic: yes\n" "Component: main\n" "Architecture: amd64" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please note that for normal archives without \"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</" "literal>\", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special " "archives with \"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\", the default Pin-" "Priority value is 1 (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend=" "\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)." msgstr "" "Remarquez que les archives normales, sans « <literal>NotAutomatic: yes</" "literal> », la valeur par défaut de « Pin-Priority » est de " "500, alors que pour les archives spéciales avec « " "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal> » la valeur par défaut de « " "Pin-Priority » est de 1 (consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/" ">)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Fetching of the meta data for the package" msgstr "Récupérer les métadonnées d'un paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</" "literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, " "<literal>auto-apt</literal>, … are used, we need to update the local copies " "of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local " "copies have following file names corresponding to the specified " "<literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and " "<literal>architecture</literal> names in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources." "list</literal>\" (see <xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>)." msgstr "" "Lorsqu'on utilise les outils APT, comme <literal>aptitude</literal>, " "<literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</" "literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, etc., il faut mettre à jour les " "copies locales des métadonnées contenant les informations de l’archive " "Debian. Ces copies locales ont les noms de fichier suivants, correspondant " "aux noms de la <literal>distribution</literal>, de la <literal>section</" "literal> et de l’<literal>architecture</literal> indiquées dans « " "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_Release</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_Release</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_Release.gpg</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_Release.gpg</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_<area>_binary-<architecture>_Packages</literal>" "\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_<area>_binary-<architecture>_Packages</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_<area>_source_Sources</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_<area>_source_Sources</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_Contents-<architecture>.gz</literal>\" (for " "<literal>apt-file</literal>)" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<" "distribution>_Contents-<architecture>.gz</literal> » (pour " "<literal>apt-file</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and " "updated from command line by \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\". The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" " "meta data are updated if there is the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\". The \"<literal>Sources</" "literal>\" meta data are updated if there is the \"<literal>deb-src</literal>" "\" line in \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Les quatre premiers types de fichiers sont partagés par toutes les commandes " "APT pertinentes et sont mis à jour depuis la ligne de commandes par « " "<literal>apt-get update</literal> » et « <literal>aptitude update</" "literal> ». Les métadonnées « <literal>Packages</literal> » " "sont mises à jour s'il y a une ligne « <literal>deb</literal> » " "dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> ». Les " "métadonnées « <literal>Sources</literal> » sont mises à jour s'il " "y a une ligne « <literal>deb-src</literal> » dans le fichier " "« <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" meta " "data contain \"<literal>Filename:</literal>\" stanza pointing to the file " "location of the binary and source packages. Currently, these packages are " "located under the \"<literal>pool/</literal>\" directory tree for the " "improved transition over the releases." msgstr "" "Les métadonnées « <literal>Packages</literal> » et « " "<literal>Sources</literal> » contiennent une entrée « " "<literal>Filename:</literal> » pointant vers l’emplacement du paquet " "binaire et du paquet source. Actuellement, ces paquets sont situés dans " "l’arborescence du répertoire « <literal>pool/</literal> » afin " "d'améliorer le passage d'une version à l’autre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Local copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" meta data can be " "interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>. The " "specialized search command <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can search local " "copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" " "meta data." msgstr "" "On peut effectuer des recherches interactivement dans les copies locales des " "métadonnées « <literal>Packages</literal> » à l’aide " "d'<literal>aptitude</literal>. La commande de recherche spécialisée " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> peut effectuer des recherches dans les copies " "locales des métadonnées « <literal>Packages</literal> » et « " "<literal>Sources</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Local copy of \"<literal>Contents-<architecture></literal>\" meta data " "can be updated by \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" and its location is " "different from other 4 ones. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (The <literal>auto-" "apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of \"<literal>Contents-" "<architecture>.gz</literal>\" as default.)" msgstr "" "La copie locale des métadonnées « <literal>Contents-<architecture>" "</literal> » peut être mise à jour par « <literal>apt-file update</" "literal> », son emplacement est différent des quatre autres. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. (<literal>auto-apt</literal> utilise par défaut " "un emplacement différent pour la copie locale de « <literal>Contents-" "<architecture>.gz</literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The package state for APT" msgstr "État des paquets pour APT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after " "<literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state " "information in the \"<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>\" which " "is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages." msgstr "" "En plus des métadonnées récupérées par téléchargement, l’outil APT des " "versions ultérieures à <literal>Lenny</literal> enregistre l'état de " "l’installation généré localement dans « <literal>/var/lib/apt/" "extended_states</literal> » qui est utilisé par tous les outils APT " "afin de suivre tous les paquets installés automatiquement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The package state for aptitude" msgstr "État des paquets pour aptitude" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the <literal>aptitude</" "literal> command stores its locally generated installation state information " "in the \"<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>\" which is used only " "by it." msgstr "" "En plus des métadonnées récupérées par téléchargement, la commande " "<literal>aptitude</literal> enregistre l'état de l'installation généré " "localement dans « <literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal> » " "qu'il est le seul à utiliser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Local copies of the fetched packages" msgstr "Copies locales des paquets téléchargés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the " "\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>\" until they are cleaned." msgstr "" "Tous les paquets ayant été téléchargés au moyen du mécanisme APT sont " "enregistrés dans le répertoire « <literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</" "literal> » jusqu'à ce qu'ils en soient supprimés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Debian package file names" msgstr "Nom de fichier d'un paquet Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Debian package files have particular name structures." msgstr "Les fichiers de paquets Debian ont une structure de nom particulière." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The name structure of Debian packages" msgstr "Structure du nom des paquets Debian :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "package type" msgstr "type de paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "name structure" msgstr "structure du nom" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)" msgstr "Paquet binaire (encore appelé <literal>deb</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<" "debian.version>-<architecture>.deb</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal><nom_paquet>_<epoch>:<version_amont>-<" "version_debian>-<architecture>.deb</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The binary package (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)" msgstr "Paquet binaire (encore appelé <literal>udeb</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<" "debian.version>-<architecture>.udeb</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal><nom_paquet>_<epoch>:<version_amont>-<" "version_debian>-<architecture>.udeb</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The source package (upstream source)" msgstr "paquet source (source amont)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<" "debian.version>.orig.tar.gz</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal><nom_paquet>_<epoch>:<version_amont>-<" "version_debian>.orig.tar.gz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)" msgstr "Paquet source <literal>1.0</literal> (modifications Debian)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<" "debian.version>.diff.gz</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal><nom_paquet>_<epoch>:<version_amont>-<" "version_debian>.diff.gz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)" msgstr "Paquet source <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> (modifications Debian)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<" "debian.version>.debian.tar.gz</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal><nom_paquet>_<epoch>:<version_amont>-<" "version_debian>.debian.tar.gz</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "The source package (description)" msgstr "paquet source (description)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<" "debian.version>.dsc</literal>" msgstr "" "<literal><nom_paquet>_<epoch>:<version_amont>-<" "version_debian>.dsc</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Here only the basic source package formats are described. See more on " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-source</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Seuls les formats de paquets source de base sont décrits ici. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-source</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour davantage d’informations." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names" msgstr "" "Caractères utilisables pour chacune des composantes des noms de paquets " "Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "name component" msgstr "nom de la composante" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "usable characters (regex)" msgstr "caractères utilisables (expression rationnelle)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "existence" msgstr "existence" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal><package-name></literal>" msgstr "<literal><nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-]+</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-]+</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "required" msgstr "nécessaire" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal><epoch>:</literal>" msgstr "<literal><epoch>:</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[0-9]+:</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[0-9]+:</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "optional" msgstr "optionnel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal><upstream-version></literal>" msgstr "<literal><version_amont></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-,:]+</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,-,:]+</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal><debian.version></literal>" msgstr "<literal><version_debian></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,~]+</literal>" msgstr "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,+,~]+</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "You can check package version order by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e.g., \"<literal>dpkg " "--compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>\" ." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez vérifier l’ordre des versions d'un paquet à l’aide de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, par exemple, « <literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7." "~pre1 ; echo $?</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebianinstallerdi;\">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> " "uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package " "instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>. An <literal>udeb</literal> " "package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few " "non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing " "the package policy requirements. Both <literal>deb</literal> and " "<literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure. The " "\"<literal>u</literal>\" stands for micro." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebianinstallerdi;\">L’installateur Debian (d-i)</ulink> " "utilise <literal>udeb</literal> comme extension du nom de fichier de ses " "paquets binaires plutôt que le <literal>deb</literal> normal. Un paquet " "<literal>udeb</literal> est un paquet <literal>deb</literal> allégé dont " "certaines parties non essentielles du contenu, comme la documentation, sont " "supprimées afin d'économiser de la place en relâchant les exigences de la " "charte des paquets. Les paquet <literal>deb</literal> et <literal>udeb</" "literal> partagent la même structure de paquet. Le « <literal>u</" "literal> » signifie micro." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The dpkg command" msgstr "La commande dpkg" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> is the lowest level tool for the Debian package management. " "This is very powerful and needs to be used with care." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> est l’outil de plus bas niveau pour la gestion des paquets de " "Debian. C'est un outil très puissant et il faut l’utiliser avec précaution." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "While installing package called \"<literal><package_name></literal>\", " "<literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order." msgstr "" "Lors de l’installation d'un paquet appelé « <literal><nom_paquet>" "</literal> », <literal>dpkg</literal> le traite selon l’ordre " "suivant :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Unpack the deb file (\"<literal>ar -x</literal>\" equivalent)" msgstr "" "dépaquetage du fichier deb (équivalent à « <literal>ar -x</" "literal> ») ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Execute \"<literal><package_name>.preinst</literal>\" using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "exécution de « <literal><nom_paquet>.preinst</literal> » en " "utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Install the package content to the system (\"<literal>tar -x</literal>\" " "equivalent)" msgstr "" "installation du contenu du paquet sur le système (équivalent à « " "<literal>tar -x</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Execute \"<literal><package_name>.postinst</literal>\" using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "exécution de « <literal><nom_paquet>.postinst</literal> » en " "utilisant <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction " "with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend=\"_i18n_and_l10n\"/>) supports." msgstr "" "Le système <literal>debconf</literal> fournit une interaction standardisée " "avec l’utilisateur avec la prise en charge de I18N and L10N (<xref linkend=" "\"_i18n_and_l10n\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>" msgstr "Fichiers particuliers créés par <literal>dpkg</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of contents" msgstr "description du contenu" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.conffiles</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.conffiles</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list of configuration files. (user modifiable)" msgstr "liste de fichiers de configuration. (modifiables par l’utilisateur)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.list</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.list</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list of files and directories installed by the package" msgstr "liste des fichiers et répertoires installés par le paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.md5sums</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.md5sums</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package" msgstr "" "liste des valeurs de hachage MD5 pour les fichiers installés par le paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.preinst</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.preinst</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package script run before the package installation" msgstr "script du paquet exécuté avant l’installation du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postinst</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.postinst</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package script run after the package installation" msgstr "script du paquet exécuté après l’installation du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.prerm</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.prerm</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package script run before the package removal" msgstr "script du paquet exécuté avant la suppression du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postrm</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.postrm</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package script run after the package removal" msgstr "script du paquet exécuté après la suppression du paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.config</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.config</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system" msgstr "script du paquet pour le système <literal>debconf</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<package_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<nom_paquet></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "the alternative information used by the <literal>update-alternatives</" "literal> command" msgstr "" "information d'alternative utilisé par la commande <literal>update-" "alternatives</literal> command" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the availability information for all the package" msgstr "information de disponibilité de tous les paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/diversions</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/diversions</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "the diversions information used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set by`dpkg-divert`" "(8)" msgstr "" "informations de diversions utilisées par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et définies par `dpkg-" "divert`(8)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "the stat override information used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set by`dpkg-" "statoverride`(8)" msgstr "" "information « stat override » utilisée par " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> et définie par `dpkg-statoverride`(8)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the status information for all the packages" msgstr "informations d'état pour tous les paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "the first-generation backup of the \"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" "\" file" msgstr "" "fichier de sauvegarde de première génération du fichier « <literal>var/" "lib/dpkg/status</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status*</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status*</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "the second-generation backup and older ones of the \"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/" "status</literal>\" file" msgstr "" "fichier de sauvegarde de seconde génération du fichier « <literal>var/" "lib/dpkg/status</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>status</literal>\" file is also used by the tools such as " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, \"<literal>dselect update</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get -" "u dselect-upgrade</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Le fichier « <literal>status</literal> » est aussi utilisé par des " "outils comme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, « <literal>dselect update</literal> » " "et « <literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The specialized search command <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can search the local " "copies of \"<literal>status</literal>\" and \"<literal>available</literal>\" " "meta data." msgstr "" "La commande de recherche spécialisée <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-" "dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> peut rechercher " "des copies locales des métadonnées « <literal>status</literal> » " "et « <literal>available</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "In <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the debian-installer</ulink> " "environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open " "<literal>udeb</literal> packages. The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a " "stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command." msgstr "" "Dans l’environnement de <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">l’installateur " "debian</ulink>, la commande <literal>udpkg</literal> est utilisée pour " "ouvrir les paquets <literal>udeb</literal>. La commande <literal>udpkg</" "literal> est une version allégée de la commande <literal>dpkg</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The update-alternative command" msgstr "Commande update-alternative" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs " "peacefully using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For example, you can " "make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run <literal>vim</literal> " "while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>nvi</literal> " "packages." msgstr "" "Le système Debian possède un mécanisme pour installer paisiblement des " "paquets qui présentent un certain recouvrement en utilisant " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Par exemple, vous " "pouvez faire que la commande <literal>vi</literal> choisisse de lancer " "<literal>vim</literal> alors que les paquets <literal>vim</literal> et " "<literal>nvi</literal> sont tous deux installés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -l $(type -p vi)\n" "lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -> /etc/alternatives/vi\n" "$ sudo update-alternatives --display vi\n" "...\n" "$ sudo update-alternatives --config vi\n" " Selection Command\n" " ----------------------------------------------\n" " 1 /usr/bin/vim\n" "*+ 2 /usr/bin/nvi\n" "\n" "Enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number: 1" msgstr "" "$ ls -l $(type -p vi)\n" "lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -> /etc/alternatives/vi\n" "$ sudo update-alternatives --display vi\n" "...\n" "$ sudo update-alternatives --config vi\n" " Selection Command\n" " ----------------------------------------------\n" " 1 /usr/bin/vim\n" "*+ 2 /usr/bin/nvi\n" "\n" "Appuyez sur <Entrée> pour conserver la valeur par défaut[*] ou choisissez le numéro sélectionné :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in " "\"<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>\". The selection process uses " "corresponding file in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Le système d'alternatives de Debian utilise des liens symboliques dans " "« <literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal> » pour enregistrer ses " "sélections. Le processus de sélection utilise le fichier correspondant de " "« <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The dpkg-statoverride command" msgstr "Commande dpkg-statoverride" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command are a way to tell " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If \"<literal>--update</" "literal>\" is specified and file exists, it is immediately set to the new " "owner and mode." msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Stat overrides</emphasis>, fournie par la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> est un moyen d'indiquer à " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> d'utiliser un propriétaire ou un mode différent pour un " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier</emphasis> lorsqu'un paquet est installé. " "Si « <literal>--update</literal> » est indiqué et que le fichier " "existe, il est immédiatement configuré avec le nouveau propriétaire et le " "nouveau mode." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis role=\"strong\">file</" "emphasis> owned by the package using <literal>chmod</literal> or " "<literal>chown</literal> commands by the system administrator is reset by " "the next upgrade of the package." msgstr "" "Une modification directe par l’administrateur du propriétaire ou du mode " "d'un <emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier</emphasis> dont le propriétaire est " "le paquet en utilisant les commandes <literal>chmod</literal> ou " "<literal>chown</literal> sera réinitialisée lors d'une nouvelle mise à " "niveau du paquet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "I use the word <emphasis role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> here, but in " "reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> " "handles, including directories, devices, etc." msgstr "" "J'utilise ici le mot <emphasis role=\"strong\">fichier</emphasis>, mais en " "réalité, ce peut être n'importe quel objet d'un système de fichiers que gère " "<literal>dpkg</literal>, y compris les répertoires, les périphériques, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The dpkg-divert command" msgstr "Commande dpkg-divert" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "File <emphasis role=\"strong\">diversions</emphasis> provided by the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command are a way of forcing " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> not to install a file into its default location, but to a " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">diverted</emphasis> location. The use of " "<literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance " "scripts. Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated." msgstr "" "Les fichiers <emphasis role=\"strong\">diversions</emphasis> fournis par la " "commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sont un moyen de " "forcer <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> à ne pas installer un fichier à son emplacement " "par défaut, mais à un emplacement <emphasis role=\"strong\">détourné</" "emphasis> (« diverted »). L’utilisation de <literal>dpkg-divert</" "literal> est destinée à la maintenance de paquets par des scripts. Son " "utilisation occasionnelle par l’administrateur du système est obsolète." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Recovery from a broken system" msgstr "Récupérer un système cassé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "When running <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is " "expected to recover from broken package management situation." msgstr "" "En utilisant le système <literal>unstable</literal>, l’administrateur peut " "avoir à restaurer le système à partir d'une situation où la gestion des " "paquets est défectueuse." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Some methods described here are high risk actions. You have been warned!" msgstr "" "Certaines des méthodes décrites ici sont des actions très risquées. Vous " "avez été prévenu !" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Incompatibility with old user configuration" msgstr "Incompatibilité avec une ancienne configuration de l’utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream " "version upgrade, you should suspect interferences with old local " "configuration files created by it. If it is stable under newly created user " "account, this hypothesis is confirmed. (This is a bug of packaging and " "usually avoided by the packager.)" msgstr "" "Si un programme avec une interface graphique présente une instabilité après " "une mise à niveau amont importante, vous devriez songer à des interférences " "avec les anciens fichiers de configurations locaux qu'il avait créé. S'il " "est stable avec un compte d'utilisateur fraîchement créé, cette hypothèse " "est confirmée. (C'est un bogue de réalisation du paquet et c'est le plus " "souvent évité par le responsable du paquet)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration " "files and restart the GUI program. You may need to read old configuration " "file contents to recover configuration information later. (Do not erase " "them too quickly.)" msgstr "" "Pour retrouver la stabilité, vous devrez déplacer les fichiers de " "configuration locaux et redémarrer le programme ayant une interface " "graphique. Il vous faudra peut-être lire le contenu de l’ancien fichier de " "configuration pour retrouver plus tard vos informations de configuration. " "(Ne les effacez pas trop rapidement)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Different packages with overlapped files" msgstr "Différents paquets ayant des fichiers communs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Archive level package management systems, such as " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, do not even try to " "install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies (see <xref " "linkend=\"_package_dependencies\"/>)." msgstr "" "Les système de gestion d'archive au niveau du paquet, tels " "qu'<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ne tenteront même pas, " "grâce aux dépendances des paquets, d'installer des paquet ayant des fichiers " "qui se superposent (consultez <xref linkend=\"_package_dependencies\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed " "source of archives (see <xref linkend=" "\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) by the system administrator " "may create situation with incorrectly defined package dependencies. When you " "install a package with overlapped files using " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under such situation, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> which unpacks package ensures to return error to the calling " "program without overwriting existing files." msgstr "" "Des erreurs du responsable du paquet ou le déploiement de sources d'archives " "mélangées et incohérentes (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) par l’administrateur du " "système peuvent créer une situation où les dépendances des paquets sont " "décrites de manière incorrecte. Lorsque, dans une telle situation, vous " "installez un paquet qui écrase des fichiers en utilisant " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> ou <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> qui dépaquette le paquet va retourner une erreur au programme " "appelant sans écraser les fichiers existants." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via " "maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to " "your system. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command only protects " "against overwriting by the unpacking." msgstr "" "L’utilisation de programmes tierce partie introduit un risque significatif " "par l’intermédiaire des scripts du responsable qui sont lancés avec les " "privilèges de l’administrateur et peuvent effectuer n'importe quoi sur votre " "système. La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ne protège que contre " "l’écrasement des fichiers lors du dépaquetage." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending " "package, <literal><old-package></literal>, first." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez contourner un tel problème d'installation cassée en supprimant " "d'abord l’ancien paquet, <literal><ancien_paquet></literal>, qui pose " "des problèmes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo dpkg -P <old-package>" msgstr "$ sudo dpkg -P <ancien_paquet>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Fixing broken package script" msgstr "Corriger les scripts cassés des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the " "script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action " "and ends up with partially installed packages. When a package contains bugs " "in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and " "quite nasty." msgstr "" "Lorsqu'une commande dans le script du paquet retourne une erreur pour une " "raison quelconque et que le script retourne une erreur, le système de " "gestion des paquets arrête son action et se termine en laissant des paquets " "partiellement installés. Lorsqu'un paquet comporte des bogues dans les " "scripts de suppression, le paquet peut devenir impossible à supprimer et " "assez déplaisant." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For the package script problem of \"<literal><package_name></literal>" "\", you should look into following package scripts." msgstr "" "Pour les problèmes avec le script de paquet de « <literal><" "nom_paquet></literal> », il vous faudra regarder dans les scripts du " "paquet suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.preinst</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.preinst</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postinst</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.postinst</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.prerm</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.prerm</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postrm</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<nom_paquet>.postrm</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques." msgstr "" "Éditez le script du paquet posant problème avec le compte de " "l’administrateur en utilisant les techniques suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "disable the offending line by preceding \"<literal>#</literal>\"" msgstr "" "désactiver la ligne posant problème avec un « <literal>#</" "literal> » en tête de ligne ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "force to return success by appending the offending line with \"<literal>|| " "true</literal>\"" msgstr "" "forcer un retour avec succès en ajoutant à la fin de la ligne qui pose " "problème « <literal>|| true</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Configure all partially installed packages with the following command." msgstr "" "Configurez tous les paquets partiellement installés à l’aide de la commande " "suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg --configure -a" msgstr "# dpkg --configure -a" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Rescue with the dpkg command" msgstr "Récupération avec la commande dpkg" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can " "function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without " "network connection. Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken " "and needs to be replaced." msgstr "" "Comme <literal>dpkg</literal> est un outil de gestion des paquets de très " "bas niveau, il peut fonctionner dans des situations très difficiles telles " "qu'un système qu'on ne peut pas démarrer et qui n'a pas de connexion réseau. " "Supposons que le paquet <literal>toto</literal> soit cassé et doive être " "remplacé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of <literal>foo</" "literal> package in the package cache directory: \"<literal>/var/cache/apt/" "archives/</literal>\". (If not, you can download it from archive of <ulink " "url=\"&httpsnapshotdebiannet;\">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> or copy " "it from package cache of a functioning machine.)" msgstr "" "Vous pouvez trouver des copies de l’ancienne version du paquet <literal>foo</" "literal> sans bogue dans le répertoire de cache des paquets « <literal>/" "var/cache/apt/archives/</literal> ». (Si ce n'est pas le cas, vous " "pouvez télécharger l’archive depuis <ulink url=\"&httpsnapshotdebiannet;" "\">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> ou la copier depuis le cache des " "paquets d'une machine qui fonctionne)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command." msgstr "" "Si vous pouvez démarrer le système, vous pouvez l’installer avec la commande " "suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg -i /path/to/foo_<old_version>_<arch>.deb" msgstr "# dpkg -i /chemin/vers/toto_<ancienne-version>_<arch>.deb" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole " "system as <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/> using the higher level " "APT system." msgstr "" "Si la casse du système est minime, vous pouvez faire un retour en arrière " "(downgrade) de tout le système comme <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading" "\"/> en utilisant le système de plus haut niveau APT." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to " "boot it." msgstr "" "Si votre système ne peut pas être démarré depuis le disque dur, vous devrez " "rechercher d'autres manières de le démarrer :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode." msgstr "" "Démarrez le système en utilisant le CD de l’installateur Debian en mode " "secours (« rescue mode »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to \"<literal>/target</literal>" "\"." msgstr "" "Montez le système qui ne veut pas démarrer sur le disque dur sur « " "<literal>/target</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following." msgstr "" "Installez une version plus ancienne du paquet <literal>toto</literal> en " "faisant ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg --root /target -i /path/to/foo_<old_version>_<arch>.deb" msgstr "# dpkg --root /target -i /chemin/vers/toto_<ancienne_version>_<arch>.deb" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard " "disk is broken." msgstr "" "Cet exemple fonctionne même si la commande <literal>dpkg</literal> qui se " "trouve sur le disque dur est cassée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux " "CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue " "broken system." msgstr "" "Tous les systèmes GNU/Linux démarrés depuis un autre système sur le disque " "dur, depuis un CD autonome GNU/Linux, depuis une clé USB amorçable, depuis " "le réseau peuvent être utilisés de manière similaire pour restaurer un " "système cassé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency " "violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can " "override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s \"<literal>--ignore-" "depends</literal>\", \"<literal>--force-depends</literal>\" and other " "options. If you do this, you need to make serious effort to restore proper " "dependency later. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details." msgstr "" "Si la tentative d'installation d'un paquet de cette manière échoue en raison " "de la violation de certaines dépendances et que vous voulez vraiment le " "faire, vous pouvez, en dernier ressort, outrepasser les dépendances en " "utilisant les options « <literal>--ignore-depends</literal> », " "« <literal>--force-depends</literal> » de <literal>dpkg</literal> " "et d'autres options. Si vous le faites, vous aurez un sérieux effort à faire " "pour restaurer les dépendances correctes par la suite. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> pour davantage d'informations." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "When your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of " "system to a safe place (see <xref linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) and " "should perform a clean installation. This is less time consuming and " "produces better results in the end." msgstr "" "Lorsque votre système est sérieusement cassé, vous devriez faire une " "sauvegarde complète du système dans un endroit sûr (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) et effectuer une installation propre. Cela " "demande moins de temps et donne, en fin de compte, de meilleurs résultats." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Recovering package selection data" msgstr "Récupérer les données de sélection des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" becomes corrupt for any " "reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers " "severely. Look for the old \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file " "at \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>\" or \"<literal>/var/" "backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Si le fichier « <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal> » est " "corrompu pour une raison quelconque, le système Debian perd les données de " "paquets sélectionnés et est sérieusement endommagé. Regardez l’ancienne " "version du fichier « <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal> » " "dans « <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal> » ou « " "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Keeping \"<literal>/var/backups/</literal>\" in a separate partition may be " "a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data." msgstr "" "Conserver « <literal>/var/backups/</literal> » sur une partition " "séparée peut être une bonne idée car ce répertoire contient de nombreuses " "données importantes du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making " "backup of the system. Even if everything in \"<literal>/var/</literal>\" is " "gone, you can still recover some information from directories in \"<literal>/" "usr/share/doc/</literal>\" to guide your new installation." msgstr "" "Pour les casses sévères, je recommande de faire une réinstallation propre " "après avoir fait une sauvegarde du système. Même si vous avez perdu tout ce " "qui se trouve dans « <literal>/var/</literal> », vous pouvez " "encore récupérer certaines informations depuis les répertoires qui se " "trouvent dans « <literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal> » afin de vous " "guider dans votre nouvelle installation." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Reinstall minimal (desktop) system." msgstr "Réinstaller un système (de bureau) minimum." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# mkdir -p /path/to/old/system" msgstr "# mkdir -p /chemin/vers/ancien/système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Mount old system at \"<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Montez l’ancien système sur « <literal>/chemin/vers/ancien/système/</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /path/to/old/system/usr/share/doc\n" "# ls -1 >~/ls1.txt\n" "# cd /usr/share/doc\n" "# ls -1 >>~/ls1.txt\n" "# cd\n" "# sort ls1.txt | uniq | less" msgstr "" "# cd /chemin/vers/ancien/système/usr/share/doc\n" "# ls -1 >~/ls1.txt\n" "# cd /usr/share/doc\n" "# ls -1 >>~/ls1.txt\n" "# cd\n" "# sort ls1.txt | uniq | less" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Then you are presented with package names to install. (There may be some " "non-package names such as \"<literal>texmf</literal>\".)" msgstr "" "Le système vous présentera alors les noms de paquets à installer. (Il peut y " "avoir des noms qui ne soient pas des noms de paquets, comme, par exemple, " "« <literal>texmf</literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Tips for the package management" msgstr "Astuces pour la gestion des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "How to pick Debian packages" msgstr "Comment obtenir des paquets Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with <literal>aptitude</" "literal> from the package description or from the list under \"Tasks\"." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez rechercher les paquets qui satisfont à vos besoins avec " "<literal>aptitude</literal> à partir de la description du paquet ou depuis " "la liste se trouvant dans « Tasks »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to " "install without \"trial and error\" efforts, you should use some <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">common sense</emphasis>. I consider following points are " "good indications of preferred packages." msgstr "" "Si vous trouvez deux paquets similaires et que vous vous demandez lequel " "installer sans faire des efforts d'« essais et erreurs », vous " "pouvez user de <emphasis role=\"strong\">bon sens</emphasis>. Je considère " "que les points suivants constituent de bonnes indications pour les paquets à " "privilégier :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Essential: yes > no" msgstr "Essential : yes > no" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Component: main > contrib > non-free" msgstr "Composante : main > contrib > non-free" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Priority: required > important > standard > optional > extra" msgstr "" "Priorité : required > important > standard > optional > " "extra" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as \"Desktop environment\"" msgstr "" "Tâches : paquets affichés dans les tâches tels que « Environnement " "de bureau »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>python2.4</" "literal> by <literal>python</literal>)" msgstr "" "Les paquets sélectionnés par le paquet de dépendances (par exemple, " "<literal>python2.4</literal> par <literal>python</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Popcon: higher in the vote and install number" msgstr "Popcon : les votes et le nombre d'installations les plus élevés" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer" msgstr "" "Journaux des modifications (« Changelog ») : mises à jour " "régulières par le responsable" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)" msgstr "BTS : pas de bogue RC (pas de bogue critique, grave ou sérieux)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports" msgstr "BTS : réactivité du responsable aux signalements de bogues" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs" msgstr "BTS : le plus grand nombre de bogues réglés récemment" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs" msgstr "" "BTS : le plus faible nombre de bogues restants qui ne soient pas dans " "la liste des vœux" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its " "archive contains many packages with different focus and quality. You must " "make your own decision what to do with them." msgstr "" "Debian étant un projet basé sur le volontariat avec un modèle développement " "distribué, son archive contient de nombreux paquets avec des cibles " "différentes et de qualité variable. Vous devrez choisir vous-même ce que " "vous voulez en faire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Packages from mixed source of archives" msgstr "Paquets venant de sources mélangées" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the " "official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular " "combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink url=" "\"&securityupdates;\">security updates</ulink> and <ulink url=" "\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink>." msgstr "" "Installer des paquets provenant de sources d'archives mélangées n'est pas " "pris en charge par la distribution officielle de Debian sauf pour la prise " "en charge officielle d'une combinaison particulière d'archives telle que " "<literal>stable</literal> avec <ulink url=\"&securityupdates;\">security " "updates</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-" "updates</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version " "packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking " "<literal>testing</literal> for single occasion." msgstr "" "Voici un exemple des opérations pour inclure des paquets d'une version amont " "spécifique plus récente se trouvant dans <literal>unstable</literal> pour " "une seule occasion tout en suivant <literal>testing</literal> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Change the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file temporarily to " "single \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" entry." msgstr "" "modifier le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » " "de manière temporaire avec la seule entrée « <literal>unstable</" "literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"." msgstr "lancer « <literal>aptitude update</literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude install <package-name></literal>\"." msgstr "" "lancer « <literal>aptitude install <nom_paquet></" "literal> » ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Recover the original \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file for " "<literal>testing</literal>." msgstr "" "rétablir le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » " "pour <literal>testing</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file nor " "need to worry about apt-pinning with this manual approach. But this is very " "cumbersome." msgstr "" "Vous ne créez pas le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> » et vous n'avez pas besoin de vous préoccuper de l’épinglage " "apt (« apt-pinning ») avec cette approche manuelle. Mais c'est " "très lourd." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of " "packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package " "incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge " "these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is " "completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you " "to use." msgstr "" "En utilisant une source d'archive mixte, vous devez vous assurer par vous-" "même de la compatibilité des paquets car Debian ne la garantit pas. S'il " "existe des incompatibilités de paquets, vous pouvez casser votre système. " "Vous devrez être capable d'apprécier ces exigences techniques. L’utilisation " "de sources mixtes d'archives aléatoires est une opération entièrement " "facultative et son utilisation est quelque chose que je ne vous encourage " "pas à faire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "General rules for installing packages from different archives are followings." msgstr "" "Les règles générales pour l’installation de paquets de différentes archives " "sont les suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Non-binary packages (\"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") are <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> to install." msgstr "" "Les paquets non binaires (« <literal>Architecture: all</" "literal> ») sont plus <emphasis role=\"strong\">sûrs</emphasis> à " "installer :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "documentation packages: no special requirements" msgstr "paquets de documentation : pas d'exigence particulière" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available" msgstr "" "paquet de programmes d'interpréteur : un interpréteur compatible doit " "être disponible" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Binary packages (non \"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") usually face " "many road blocks and <emphasis role=\"strong\">unsafe</emphasis> to install." msgstr "" "Les paquets binaires (qui ne sont pas « <literal>Architecture: all</" "literal> ») sont confrontés à de nombreux barrages et ne sont <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">pas sûrs</emphasis> à installer" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "library version compatibility (including \"<literal>libc</literal>\")" msgstr "" "compatibilité des versions de bibliothèques (y compris « <literal>libc</" "literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "related utility program version compatibility" msgstr "compatibilité des versions des programmes utilitaires en rapport" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Kernel <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility" msgstr "compatibilité avec l’<ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> du noyau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "C++ <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility" msgstr "compatibilité avec l’<ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> C++ " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "…" msgstr "…" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "In order to make a package to be <emphasis role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> " "to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided " "with completely statically linked libraries. You should still check <ulink " "url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them." msgstr "" "De manière à rendre un paquet <emphasis role=\"strong\">plus sûr</emphasis> " "à installer, certains programmes commerciaux binaires et non libres peuvent " "être fournis liés avec des bibliothèques complètement statiques. Vous devrez " "quand même vérifier leurs problèmes de compatibilité avec l’<ulink url=" "\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink>, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages " "from officially unsupported archives is generally bad idea. This is true " "even if you use apt-pinning (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version" "\"/>). You should consider chroot or similar techniques (see <xref linkend=" "\"_virtualized_system\"/>) to run programs from different archives." msgstr "" "Sauf pour éviter à court terme un paquet cassé, installer des paquets " "binaires depuis des archives officiellement non supportées est en général " "une mauvaise idée. C'est vrai même si vous utilisez l’épinglage apt (« " "apt-pinning ») (consultez <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/" ">). Vous devriez envisager chroot ou des techniques similaires (consultez " "<xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>) afin de faire tourner des " "programmes en provenance d'archives différentes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Tweaking candidate version" msgstr "Ajuster la version candidate" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Without the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file, APT system " "choses the latest available version as the <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string. This is the " "normal state and most recommended usage of APT system. All officially " "supported combinations of archives do not require the \"<literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal>\" file since some archives which should not be used as " "the automatic source of upgrades are marked as <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly." msgstr "" "Sans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> », le " "système APT choisit, en utilisant la chaîne de version, la dernière version " "disponible comme <emphasis role=\"strong\">version candidate</emphasis>. " "C'est l’état normal et l’utilisation la plus recommandée du système APT. " "Toutes les combinaisons d'archives officiellement prises en charge n'exigent " "pas le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> » car " "certaines archives qui ne peuvent pas être utilisées comme source des mises " "à jour automatiques sont marquées <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</" "emphasis> et gérées proprement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., " "\"<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" "\" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>)." msgstr "" "La règle de comparaison de la chaîne de version peut être vérifiée avec, par " "exemple « <literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</" "literal> » (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend=" "\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) regularly, you can automate " "these complicated operations by creating the \"<literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal>\" file with proper entries and tweaking the package " "selection rule for <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> as " "described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This is called " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous installez régulièrement des paquets depuis un mélange de " "sources d'archives (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>), vous pouvez automatiser ces " "opérations compliquées en créant le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal> » avec les entrées correctes et en ajustant la " "règle de sélection des paquets pour la <emphasis role=\"strong\">version " "candidate</emphasis> comme décrit dans " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. C'est appelé <emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage " "apt</emphasis> (« apt-pinning »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "Use of apt-pinning by a novice user is sure call for major troubles. You " "must avoid using apt-pinning except when you absolutely need it." msgstr "" "L’utilisation de l’épinglage apt par un débutant est une source certaine de " "problèmes majeurs. Vous devriez éviter l’utilisation de l’épinglage apt sauf " "si vous en avez absolument besoin." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "When using apt-pinning, you must ensure compatibility of packages by " "yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. The apt-pinning is " "completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you " "to use." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous utilisez l’épinglage apt, vous devez vérifier vous-même de la " "compatibilité des paquets car le système Debian ne la garantit pas. " "L’épinglage apt est une opération entièrement facultative et je ne vous " "encourage pas à l’utiliser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Archive level Release files (see <xref linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files" "\"/>) are used for the rule of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Thus apt-pinning " "works only with \"suite\" name for <ulink url=\"&normaldebianarchives;" "\">normal Debian archives</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&securitydebianarchives;" "\">security Debian archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink url=" "\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink> archives). For example, you can do " "\"<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>\" but can not do " "\"<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal>\" file." msgstr "" "Les fichiers Release au niveau de l’archive (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) sont utilisés pour la règle de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. L’épinglage apt ne fonctionne donc qu'avec le nom " "de « suite » pour les <ulink url=\"&normaldebianarchives;" "\">archives normales de Debian</ulink> et les <ulink url=" "\"&securitydebianarchives;\">archives de sécurité de Debian</ulink> c'est " "différent des archives <ulink url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink>). Par exemple, " "dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> », il " "est possible de mettre « <literal>Pin: release a=unstable </" "literal> » mais pas « <literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "When you use non-Debian archive as a part of apt-pinning, you should check " "what they are intended for and also check their credibility. For example, " "Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous utilisez une archive ne venant pas de Debian en tant que partie " "d'épinglage apt, vous devez vérifier ce pour quoi elles sont prévues et " "aussi vérifier leur crédibilité. Par exemple, Ubuntu et Debian ne sont pas " "prévues pour être mélangées." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "Even if you do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" " "file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref linkend=" "\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/> and <xref linkend=" "\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) without apt-pinning." msgstr "" "Même si vous ne créez pas le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> », vous pouvez effectuer des opérations assez complexes sur le " "système sans épinglage apt (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/> et <xref linkend=" "\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</" "emphasis> technique." msgstr "" "Voici une explication simplifiée de la technique d'<emphasis role=\"strong" "\">épinglage apt</emphasis> (« apt-pinning ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "APT system choses highest Pin-Priority <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrading</" "emphasis> package from available package sources defined in the \"<literal>/" "etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">candidate version</emphasis> package. If the Pin-Priority of the package " "is larger than 1000, this version restriction for <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable downgrading (see <xref linkend=" "\"_emergency_downgrading\"/>)." msgstr "" "Le système APT choisit la <emphasis role=\"strong\">mise à niveau</emphasis> " "du paquet de plus haute priorité d'épinglage (« Pin-Priority ») " "dans la liste des sources de paquets disponible dans le fichier « " "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » comme paquet de « " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">version candidate</emphasis>. Si la priorité " "d'épinglage du paquet est supérieure à 1000, cette restriction de version " "pour la <emphasis role=\"strong\">mise à niveau</emphasis> est levée afin de " "permettre le retour vers une version précédente (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_emergency_downgrading\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by \"Pin-Priority\" entries in " "the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file or uses its default " "value." msgstr "" "La valeur de priorité d'épinglage de chaque paquet est définie par l’entrée " "« Pin-Priority » dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal> » ou utilise sa valeur par défaut." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "" "List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-" "pinning</emphasis> technique." msgstr "" "Liste de valeurs remarquables des priorités d'épinglage (Pin-Priority) pour " "la technique d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage apt</emphasis> (« apt-" "pinning ») :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "Pin-Priority" msgstr "priorité d'épinglage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "apt-pinning effects to the package" msgstr "conséquence de l'épinglage apt sur le paquet" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "1001" msgstr "1001" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package" msgstr "installer le paquet même s'il s'agit d'un retour en arrière" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "990" msgstr "990" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</" "emphasis> archive" msgstr "" "utilisé par défaut pour l'archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">version cible</" "emphasis> " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "500" msgstr "500" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">normal</emphasis> " "archive" msgstr "" "utilisé par défaut pour l'archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">normale</" "emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "100" msgstr "100" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</" "emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> " "archive" msgstr "" "utilisé par défaut pour l'archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">non automatique</" "emphasis> <emphasis role=\"strong\">mais mises à niveau automatiques</" "emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "used for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">installed</emphasis> package" msgstr "utilisé pour le paquet <emphasis role=\"strong\">installé</emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</" "emphasis> archive" msgstr "" "utilisé par défaut pour l'archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">non automatique</" "emphasis>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "-1" msgstr "-1" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">never install</emphasis> the package even if " "recommended" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ne jamais installer</emphasis> le paquet même s'il " "est recommandé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</emphasis> archive can be set " "by several methods." msgstr "" "Il y a plusieurs méthodes pour définir l’archive <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">version cible</emphasis> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" configuration file with " "\"<literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</literal>\" line" msgstr "" "fichier de configuration « <literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal> » " "avec la ligne « <literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "command line option, e.g., \"<literal>apt-get install -t testing some-" "package</literal>\"" msgstr "" "option de la ligne de commandes, par exemple, « <literal>apt-get " "install -t testing un_paquet</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive server " "having its archive level Release file (see <xref linkend=" "\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) containing both \"<literal>NotAutomatic: " "yes</literal>\" and \"<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>\". The " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive " "server having its archive level Release file containing only " "\"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\"." msgstr "" "L'archive <emphasis role=\"strong\">non automatique</emphasis> <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">mais mises à niveau automatiques</emphasis> est définie par " "le serveur d'archive dont le fichier Release au niveau de l'archive " "(consultez <xref linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) contient à la " "fois « <literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal> » et " "« <literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal> ». L'archive <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">non automatique</emphasis> est définie par le serveur d'archive " "dont le fichier Release au niveau de l'archive contient " "« <literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of <" "package> from multiple archive sources is displayed by \"<literal>apt-" "cache policy <package></literal>\"." msgstr "" "La <emphasis role=\"strong\">situation d'épinglage apt</emphasis> de <" "paquet> provenant de sources d'archive multiple est affichée par « " "<literal>apt-cache policy <paquet></literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "A line started with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" lists the package " "version of <emphasis role=\"strong\">pin</emphasis> if association just with " "<package> is defined, e.g., \"<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Une ligne commençant par « <literal>Package pin:</literal> » " "affiche la version d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage</emphasis> du " "paquet si l’association n'est définie que pour <paquet> par exemple, " "« <literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "No line with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" exists if no association " "just with <package> is defined." msgstr "" "Il n'existe pas de ligne avec « <literal>Package pin:</literal> » " "s'il n'y a pas d'association définie uniquement avec <paquet>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Pin-Priority value associated just with <package> is listed right " "side of all version strings, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 700</literal>\"." msgstr "" "La valeur de Pin-Priority associée uniquement avec <paquet> est " "affichée sur la partie droite de toutes les chaînes de version, par exemple, " "« <literal>0.181 700</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>0</literal>\" is listed right side of all version strings if no " "association just with <package> is defined, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 0</" "literal>\"." msgstr "" "« <literal>0</literal> » est affiché à droite de toutes les " "chaînes de version s'il n'y a pas d'association définie avec uniquement <" "paquet>, par exemple, « <literal>0.181 0</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as \"<literal>Package: *</" "literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file) are " "listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., \"<literal>100 http://ftp.XX." "debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Les valeurs de Pin-Priority des archives (définies par « " "<literal>Package: *</literal> » dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/" "apt/preferences</literal> ») sont affichées sur la gauche de tous les " "chemins vers les archives, par exemple, « <literal>100 http://ftp.XX." "debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Updates and Backports" msgstr "Mises à jour et rétroportages" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There are <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</" "ulink> and <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> " "archives which provide updgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal> " "(<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)." msgstr "" "Les archives du <ulink url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-" "updates</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</" "ulink> fournissent des paquets mis à niveau pour <literal>stable</literal> " "(<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" "Afin d'utiliser ces archives, placez la liste de toutes les archives " "nécessaires dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> » de " "la manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-updates main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports main contrib non-free" msgstr "" "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n" "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-updates main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports main contrib non-free" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the \"<literal>/etc/" "apt/preferences</literal>\" file. When newer packages become available, the " "default configuration provides most reasonable upgrades (see <xref linkend=" "\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>)." msgstr "" "Il n'est pas nécessaire de définir explicitement la valeur de Pin-Priority " "dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> ». Quand de " "nouveaux paquets sont disponibles, la configuration par défaut fournit les " "mises à niveau les plus saines (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from " "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>." msgstr "" "Tous les paquets installés les plus anciens sont mis à niveau vers les plus " "récents à partir de <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Only manually installed older packages from <literal>&codename-stable;-" "backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-" "stable;-backports</literal>." msgstr "" "Seuls les paquets les plus anciens installés à partir de <literal>&codename-" "stable;-backports</literal> sont mis à niveau vers les plus récents à partir " "de <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Whenever you wish to install a package named \"<literal><package-name>" "</literal>\" with its dependency from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</" "literal> archive manually, you use following command while switching target " "release with \"<literal>-t</literal>\" option." msgstr "" "Chaque fois que vous désirerez installer un paquet nommé « <literal><" "nom_paquet></literal> » avec ses dépendances depuis l’archive " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> vous-même, vous utiliserez la " "commande suivante en changeant de version cible avec l’option « " "<literal>-t</literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports <package-name>" msgstr "$ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports <nom_paquet>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Blocking packages installed by \"Recommends\"" msgstr "Blocage des paquets installés par « Recommends »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by \"Recommends" "\", you must create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file and " "explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following." msgstr "" "Si vous ne voulez pas tirer des paquets particuliers automatiquement avec " "« Recommends », vous devez créer le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal> » et y placer la liste explicite de tous ces " "paquets au début du fichier comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: <package-1>\n" "Pin: version *\n" "Pin-Priority: -1\n" "\n" "Package: <package-2>\n" "Pin: version *\n" "Pin-Priority: -1" msgstr "" "Package: <paquet-1>\n" "Pin: version *\n" "Pin-Priority: -1\n" "\n" "Package: <paquet-2>\n" "Pin: version *\n" "Pin-Priority: -1" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "" "Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from " "<literal>unstable</literal>" msgstr "" "Suivre <literal>testing</literal> avec quelques paquets d'<literal>unstable</" "literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is an example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> " "technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in " "<literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking " "<literal>testing</literal>. You list all required archives in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" "Voici un exemple de technique d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage apt </" "emphasis> permettant d'inclure de manière régulière une version amont plus " "récente de paquets spécifiques se trouvant dans <literal>unstable</literal> " "tout en suivant <literal>testing</literal>. Listez toutes les archives " "nécessaires dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » de la manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib" msgstr "" "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as as the following." msgstr "" "Configurez le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> » " "comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 100" msgstr "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 100" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When you wish to install a package named \"<literal><package-name></" "literal>\" with its dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive " "under this configuration, you issue the following command which switches " "target release with \"<literal>-t</literal>\" option (Pin-Priority of " "<literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990.)." msgstr "" "Lorsque vous désirez installer un paquet appelé « <literal><" "nom_paquet></literal> » avec ses dépendances depuis l’archive " "<literal>unstable</literal> avec cette configuration, vous utilisez la " "commande suivante qui modifie la version cible avec l’option « " "<literal>-t</literal> » (la priorité d'épinglage de <literal>unstable</" "literal> devient 990)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo apt-get install -t unstable <package-name>" msgstr "$ sudo apt-get install -t unstable <nom_paquet>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "With this configuration, usual execution of \"<literal>apt-get upgrade</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" (or " "\"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude full-" "upgrade</literal>\") upgrades packages which were installed from " "<literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> " "archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" "Avec cette configuration, l’exécution habituelle de « <literal>apt-get " "upgrade</literal> » et « <literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</" "literal> » (ou « <literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal> » " "et « <literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal> » met à niveau les " "paquets qui avaient été installés depuis l’archive <literal>testing</" "literal> en utilisant l’archive <literal>testing</literal> actuelle et les " "paquets qui avaient été installés depuis l’archive <literal>unstable</" "literal> en utilisant l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> actuelle." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Be careful not to remove \"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry from the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file. Without " "\"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages " "using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" "Faites bien attention à ne pas supprimer l’entrée « <literal>testing</" "literal> » du fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> ». Sans l’entrée « <literal>testing</literal> », le " "système APT mettra à niveau les paquets en utilisant la nouvelle archive " "<literal>unstable</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "I usually edit the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to " "comment out \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" archive entry right after above " "operation. This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in " "the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file although this prevents " "upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" "J'édite habituellement le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » en commentant l’entrée correspondant à l’archive « " "<literal>unstable</literal> » juste après avoir effectué les opérations " "ci-dessus. Cela évite un processus de mise à jour lent en raison du nombre " "trop important d'entrées dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources." "list</literal> » bien que cela ne permette pas de mettre à niveau les " "paquets qui avaient été installés depuis l’archive <literal>unstable</" "literal> en utilisant l’archive <literal>unstable</literal> actuelle." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If \"<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>\" is used instead of \"<literal>Pin-" "Priority: 100</literal>\" for the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" "\" file, already installed packages having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not " "upgraded by <literal>unstable</literal> archive even if \"<literal>testing</" "literal>\" entry in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file is " "removed." msgstr "" "Si on utilise « <literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal> » à la place de " "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal> » pour le fichier « <literal>/" "etc/apt/preferences</literal> », les paquets déjà installés ayant une " "valeur de Pin-Priority de 100 ne seront pas mis à niveau depuis l’archive " "<literal>unstable</literal> même si l’entrée « <literal>testing</" "literal> » du fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » est supprimée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> " "automatically without initial \"<literal>-t unstable</literal>\" " "installation, you must create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" "\" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the " "following." msgstr "" "Si vous désirez suivre automatiquement un paquet particulier dans " "<literal>unstable</literal> sans une installation initiale « <literal>-" "t unstable</literal> », vous devrez créer le fichier « <literal>/" "etc/apt/preferences</literal> » et y placer la liste explicite de tous " "ces paquets au début du fichier de la manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: <package-1>\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700\n" "\n" "Package: <package-2>\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" msgstr "" "Package: <paquet-1>\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700\n" "\n" "Package: <paquet-2>\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package. For example, in " "order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this " "\"Debian Reference\" in English, you should have following entries in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file." msgstr "" "Cela définit la valeur de Pin-Priority pour chacun de ces paquets " "spécifiques. Par exemple, pour suivre la dernière version <literal>unstable</" "literal> de cette « Référence Debian » en français, vous devrez " "ajouter les entrées suivantes dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/" "preferences</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: debian-reference-en\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700\n" "\n" "Package: debian-reference-common\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" msgstr "" "Package: debian-reference-fr\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700\n" "\n" "Package: debian-reference-common\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "This apt-pinning technique is valid even when you are tracking " "<literal>stable</literal> archive. Documentation packages have been always " "safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, " "so far." msgstr "" "Cette technique d'épinglage apt est aussi valable si vous suivez l’archive " "<literal>stable</literal>. Jusqu'à présent et selon mon expérience, les " "paquets de documentation ont toujours été sûrs à installer depuis l’archive " "<literal>unstable</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "" "Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from " "<literal>experimental</literal>" msgstr "" "Suivre <literal>unstable</literal> avec quelques paquets " "d'<literal>experimental</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is another example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> " "technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in " "<literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>. " "You list all required archives in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" "Voici un autre exemple de technique d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">épinglage " "apt</emphasis> destinée à inclure une version amont plus récente de paquets " "spécifiques se trouvant dans <literal>experimental</literal> tout en suivant " "<literal>unstable</literal>. Vous donnez la liste de toutes les archives " "nécessaires dans fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » de la manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib" msgstr "" "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive " "is always 1 (<<100) since it is <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref linkend=" "\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>). There is no need to set Pin-Priority " "value explicitly in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file " "just to use <literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track " "particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading." msgstr "" "La valeur de Pin-Priority par défaut pour l’archive <literal>experimental</" "literal> est toujours de 1 (<<100) car c'est une archive <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">non automatique</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>). Il n'y a pas besoin de définir " "explicitement de valeur de Pin-Priority dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/" "apt/preferences</literal> » simplement pour utiliser l’archive " "<literal>experimental</literal> à moins que vous ne désiriez suivre des " "paquets particulier dans cette archive de manière automatique pour la mise à " "niveau suivante." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Automatic download and upgrade of packages" msgstr "Chargement et mise à niveau automatique de paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>\" to support the automatic download " "of packages. This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade " "of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> " "package. These can be customized by parameters in \"<literal>/etc/apt/apt." "conf.d/02backup</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-" "upgrades</literal>\" as described in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-" "upgrades/README</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Le paquet <literal>apt</literal> est diffusé avec son propre script " "d'événements planifiés (cron) « <literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</" "literal> » afin de gérer le téléchargement automatique de paquets. Ce " "script peut être amélioré afin d'effectuer la mise à niveau automatique des " "paquets en installant le paquet <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal>. Cela " "peut être personnalisé à l’aide de paramètres se trouvant dans « " "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal> » et « <literal>/" "etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal> » comme décrit dans " "« <literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for " "the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system. If the risk " "of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic " "upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its " "security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should " "consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the " "following." msgstr "" "Le paquet <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> est principalement destiné " "à des mises à jour de sécurité des systèmes <literal>stable</literal>. Si le " "risque de casser un système <literal>stable</literal> existant par la mise à " "niveau automatique est plus faible que celui d'avoir un système cassé par un " "intrus utilisant une de ses failles de sécurité qui a été fermée par une " "mise à jour de sécurité, vous devriez envisager d'utiliser cette mise à " "niveau automatique avec les paramètres de configuration suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\";" msgstr "" "APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\";" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are running an <literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to " "use the automatic upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day. Even " "for such <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may still want to download " "packages in advance to save time for the interactive upgrade with " "configuration parameters as the following." msgstr "" "Si vous faites tourner un système <literal>unstable</literal>, vous ne " "devriez pas utiliser les mises à niveau automatiques car cela cassera " "probablement votre système un jour ou l’autre. Même dans ce cas, avec " "<literal>unstable</literal>, vous pourrez télécharger des paquets à l’avance " "afin de gagner du temps pour la mise à niveau interactive avec les " "paramètres de configuration suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"0\";" msgstr "" "APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"0\";" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Limiting download bandwidth for APT" msgstr "Diminuer la bande passante utilisée par APT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec " "(=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as " "the following." msgstr "" "Si vous désirez limiter la bande passante utilisée par APT à, par exemple, " "800Kib/sec (=100kio/sec), vous devrez configurer APT avec son paramètre de " "configuration comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "APT::Acquire::http::Dl-Limit \"800\";" msgstr "APT::Acquire::http::Dl-Limit \"800\";" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Emergency downgrading" msgstr "Retour d'urgence à une version précédente (downgrade) " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design. It should " "be done only as a part of emergency recovery process. Despite of this " "situation, it is known to work well in many incidents. For critical " "systems, You should backup all important data on the system after the " "recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch." msgstr "" "Le retour vers une version antérieure n'est pas officiellement géré par " "Debian dans sa conception. Ce ne devrait être fait qu'en tant que partie " "d'un processus de récupération d'urgence. Malgré cette situation, on sait " "que cela fonctionne bien pour de nombreux incidents. Avec les systèmes " "critiques vous devrez effectuer un sauvegarde des données importantes du " "système après l’opération de récupération et réinstaller le nouveau système " "depuis le départ." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover " "from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref linkend=" "\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>). This is lazy alternative to tedious " "actions of many \"<literal>dpkg -i <broken-package>_<old-" "version>.deb</literal>\" commands (see <xref linkend=" "\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/>)." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez être assez chanceux pour revenir en arrière depuis une archive " "plus récente vers une archive plus ancienne afin de récupérer une mise à " "jour du système en manipulant la <emphasis role=\"strong\"> version " "candidate</emphasis> (consultez <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version" "\"/>). Cette méthode est un remplacement de paresseux des nombreuses et " "fastidieuses commandes « <literal>dpkg -i <paquet-cassé>_<" "ancienne-version>.deb</literal> » (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Search lines in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file " "tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following." msgstr "" "Recherchez les lignes du fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</" "literal> » permettant de suivre <literal>unstable</literal> ayant la " "forme suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-unstable; main contrib non-free" msgstr "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-unstable; main contrib non-free" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>." msgstr "" "Remplacez-la avec la suivante pour suivre <literal>testing</literal> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-testing; main contrib non-free" msgstr "deb http://ftp.fr.debian.org/debian/ &codename-testing; main contrib non-free" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" "Définissez comme suit le fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> » :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=testing\n" "Pin-Priority: 1010" msgstr "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=testing\n" "Pin-Priority: 1010" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Run \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" to force downgrading of " "packages across the system." msgstr "" "Lancez « <literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal> » pour forcer " "l’installation à une version antérieure des paquets du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Remove this special \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file after " "this emergency downgrading." msgstr "" "Supprimez ce fichier spécial « <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</" "literal> » après ce retour en arrière d'urgence." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "It is good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize " "dependency problems. You may need to manually remove and install some " "packages to get system downgraded. Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, " "APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require " "special attention." msgstr "" "C'est une bonne idée de supprimer (sans purger) autant de paquets que " "possible afin de limiter les problèmes de dépendances. Vous devrez peut-être " "supprimer et installer manuellement un certain nombre de paquets afin de " "remettre le système dans un étant antérieur. Le noyau de Linux, le " "gestionnaire d'amorçage, udev, PAM, APT, et les paquets relatifs au réseau " "ainsi que leurs fichiers de configuration demandent une attention " "particulière." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Who uploaded the package?" msgstr "Qui a envoyé le paquet ?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Although the maintainer name listed in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>\" " "provide some information on \"who is behind the packaging activity\", the " "actual uploader of the package is somewhat obscure. " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>who-uploads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package " "identifies the actual uploader of Debian source packages." msgstr "" "Bien que le nom du responsable figure dans « <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/" "available</literal> » et « <literal>/usr/share/doc/nom_paquet/" "changelog</literal> » procure quelques informations sur « qui se " "trouve derrière l’activité de construction des paquets », celui qui a " "réellement envoyé le paquet est un peu obscur. " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>who-uploads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> dans le paquet <literal>devscripts</literal> " "identifie celui qui a réellement envoyé les paquets sources Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The equivs package" msgstr "Paquet equivs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, " "it is best to make it into a real local debianized package (<literal>*.deb</" "literal>) and use private archive." msgstr "" "Si vous devez compiler un programme à partir de ses sources pour remplacer " "un paquet Debian, le mieux est d'en faire un paquet local réellement « " "debianisé » (<literal>*.deb</literal>) et d'utiliser une archive privée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under " "\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" instead, you may need to use " "<literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package " "dependency." msgstr "" "Si vous choisissez de compiler un programme depuis ses sources et de " "l’installer plutôt sous « <literal>/usr/local</literal> », vous " "pouvez avoir besoin d'utiliser <literal>equivs</literal> en dernier ressort " "pour satisfaire les dépendances des paquets manquants." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: equivs\n" "Priority: extra\n" "Section: admin\n" "Description: Circumventing Debian package dependencies\n" " This is a dummy package which can be used to create Debian\n" " packages, which only contain dependency information." msgstr "" "Package: equivs\n" "Priority: extra\n" "Section: admin\n" "Description: Passer outre les dépendances de paquets.\n" " Ce paquet factice peut être utilisé pour créer des paquets Debian\n" " qui ne contiennent que des informations sur les dépendances." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Porting a package to the stable system" msgstr "Porter un paquet vers le système stable" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a " "package within its environment using the source package is desirable. This " "avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies." msgstr "" "Pour des mises à niveau partielles du système <literal>stable</literal>, il " "est souhaitable de reconstruire un paquet dans son environnement en " "utilisant le paquet source. Cela évite des mises à niveau massives de " "paquets en raison de leurs dépendances." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Add the following entries to the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" "\" of a <literal>stable</literal> system." msgstr "" "Ajoutez les entrées suivantes au fichier « <literal>/etc/apt/sources." "list</literal> » d'un système <literal>stable</literal> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free" msgstr "deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Install required packages for the compilation and download the source " "package as the following." msgstr "" "Installez les paquets nécessaires à la compilation et téléchargez les " "sources comme suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# apt-get update\n" "# apt-get dist-upgrade\n" "# apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n" "$ apt-get build-dep foo\n" "$ apt-get source foo\n" "$ cd foo*" msgstr "" "# apt-get update\n" "# apt-get dist-upgrade\n" "# apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n" "$ apt-get build-dep toto\n" "$ apt-get source toto\n" "$ cd toto*" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Adjust installed packages if needed." msgstr "Ajustez les paquets installés si nécessaire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Execute the following." msgstr "Exécutez ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ dch -i" msgstr "$ dch -i" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Bump package version, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+bp1</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>debian/changelog</literal>\"" msgstr "" "Incrémentez la version du paquet, en ajoutant, par exemple « <literal>" "+bp1</literal> » dans « <literal>debian/changelog</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Build packages and install them to the system as the following." msgstr "" "Construisez les paquets et installez-les sur le système en faisant ce qui " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ debuild\n" "$ cd ..\n" "# debi foo*.changes" msgstr "" "$ debuild\n" "$ cd ..\n" "# debi toto*.changes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Proxy server for APT" msgstr "Serveur mandataire (proxy) pour APT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and " "network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable " "consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink url=\"&lan;\">LAN</" "ulink>. APT can be configure to use generic web (http) proxy servers such " "as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref linkend=" "\"_other_network_application_servers\"/>) as described in " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> and in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/" "configure-index.gz</literal>\". The \"<literal>$http_proxy</literal>\" " "environment variable can be used to override proxy server setting in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" file." msgstr "" "Comme effectuer le miroir complet d'une sous-section d'une archive Debian " "gaspille de l’espace disque et de la bande passante du réseau, il est " "souhaitable, lorsque vous administrez de nombreux systèmes sur le <ulink url=" "\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>, de mettre en œuvre un serveur mandataire (« " "proxy ») local pour APT. APT peut être configuré pour utiliser un " "serveur mandataire web (http) générique comme <literal>squid</literal> " "(consultez <xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/>) tel que " "décrit dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> et dans « " "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal> ». La " "variable d'environnement « <literal>$http_proxy</literal> » peut " "être utilisée pour outrepasser le serveur mandataire définit dans le fichier " "« <literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive. You should check BTS " "before using them." msgstr "" "Il y a des outils de proxy spécifiques pour l’archive Debian. Vous devriez " "consulter le BTS avant de les installer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive" msgstr "Liste des outils de proxy spécifiques à l’archive Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink url=\"&ocaml;" "\">OCaml</ulink> program)" msgstr "" "serveur proxy avec cache pour les fichiers de l’archive Debian (programme " "<ulink url=\"&ocaml;\">OCaml</ulink> compilé)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)" msgstr "" "proxy avec cache pour les paquets et les fichiers source Debian (programme " "Perl)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)" msgstr "" "proxy avec cache pour la distribution de paquets de logiciel (programme C++ " "compilé)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Bittorrent proxy for downloading Debian packages (Python program)" msgstr "" "proxy bittorrent pour le téléchargement de paquets Debian (programme Python)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools " "tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be " "functional for a while. On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers " "are more robust and easier to cope with such changes." msgstr "" "Lors que Debian réorganise la structure de son archive, ces outils de proxy " "spécialisés ont tendance à exiger que le code soit réécrit par le " "responsable du paquet et peuvent ne plus fonctionner pendant un certain " "temps. D'un autre côté, les serveur mandataires web (http) génériques sont " "plus robustes et s'accommodent plus facilement de tel changements." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Small public package archive" msgstr "Petite archive publique de paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here is an example for creating a small public package archive compatible " "with the modern <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system (see " "<xref linkend=\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>). Let's assume " "few things." msgstr "" "Voici un exemple de création d'une petite archive publique de paquets " "compatible avec le système moderne d'<emphasis role=\"strong\">APT " "sécurisée</emphasis> system (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>). Définissons un certain " "nombre de choses :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Account name: \"<literal>foo</literal>\"" msgstr "Nom du compte : « <literal>toto</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Host name: \"<literal>www.example.com</literal>\"" msgstr "Nom de machine : « <literal>www.example.com</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Required packages: <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</literal>, " "and other packages" msgstr "" "Paquets nécessaires : <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</" "literal>, et autres paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "URL: \"<literal>http://www.example.com/~foo/</literal>\" ( → \"<literal>/" "home/foo/public_html/index.html</literal>\")" msgstr "" "URL : « <literal>http://www.example.com/~toto/</" "literal> » ( → « <literal>/home/foo/public_html/index.html</" "literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Architecture of packages: \"<literal>amd64</literal>\"" msgstr "Architecture des paquets : « <literal>amd64</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Create an APT archive key of Foo on your server system as the following." msgstr "" "Créez une clé d'archive APT de Toto sur votre serveur en faisant ce qui " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh foo@www.example.com\n" "$ gpg --gen-key\n" "...\n" "$ gpg -K\n" "...\n" "sec 1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14\n" "uid Foo (ARCHIVE KEY) <foo@www.example.com>\n" "ssb 2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14\n" "$ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 >foo.public.key" msgstr "" "$ ssh foo@www.example.com\n" "$ gpg --gen-key\n" "...\n" "$ gpg -K\n" "...\n" "sec 1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14\n" "uid Toto (ARCHIVE KEY) <toto@www.example.com>\n" "ssb 2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14\n" "$ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 >toto.public.key" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Publish the archive key file \"<literal>foo.public.key</literal>\" with the " "key ID \"<literal>3A3CB5A6</literal>\" for Foo" msgstr "" "Publiez le fichier contenant la clé de l’archive « <literal>toto.public." "key</literal> » avec l’ID de clé « <literal>3A3CB5A6</" "literal> » pour toto" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Create an archive tree called \"Origin: Foo\" as the following." msgstr "" "Créez une arborescence d'archive appelée « Origin: Toto » comme " "suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ umask 022\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source\n" "$ cd ~/public_html/debian\n" "$ cat > dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release << EOF\n" "Archive: unstable\n" "Version: 4.0\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Foo\n" "Label: Foo\n" "Architecture: amd64\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat > dists/unstable/main/source/Release << EOF\n" "Archive: unstable\n" "Version: 4.0\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Foo\n" "Label: Foo\n" "Architecture: source\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat >aptftp.conf <<EOF\n" "APT::FTPArchive::Release {\n" " Origin \"Foo\";\n" " Label \"Foo\";\n" " Suite \"unstable\";\n" " Codename \"sid\";\n" " Architectures \"amd64\";\n" " Components \"main\";\n" " Description \"Public archive for Foo\";\n" "};\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat >aptgenerate.conf <<EOF\n" "Dir::ArchiveDir \".\";\n" "Dir::CacheDir \".\";\n" "TreeDefault::Directory \"pool/\";\n" "TreeDefault::SrcDirectory \"pool/\";\n" "Default::Packages::Extensions \".deb\";\n" "Default::Packages::Compress \". gzip bzip2\";\n" "Default::Sources::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n" "Default::Contents::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n" "\n" "BinDirectory \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\" {\n" " Packages \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages\";\n" " Contents \"dists/unstable/Contents-amd64\";\n" " SrcPackages \"dists/unstable/main/source/Sources\";\n" "};\n" "\n" "Tree \"dists/unstable\" {\n" " Sections \"main\";\n" " Architectures \"amd64 source\";\n" "};\n" "EOF" msgstr "" "$ umask 022\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source\n" "$ cd ~/public_html/debian\n" "$ cat > dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release << EOF\n" "Archive: unstable\n" "Version: 4.0\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Foo\n" "Label: Foo\n" "Architecture: amd64\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat > dists/unstable/main/source/Release << EOF\n" "Archive: unstable\n" "Version: 4.0\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Foo\n" "Label: Foo\n" "Architecture: source\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat >aptftp.conf <<EOF\n" "APT::FTPArchive::Release {\n" " Origin \"Foo\";\n" " Label \"Foo\";\n" " Suite \"unstable\";\n" " Codename \"sid\";\n" " Architectures \"amd64\";\n" " Components \"main\";\n" " Description \"Archive publique de Toto\";\n" "};\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat >aptgenerate.conf <<EOF\n" "Dir::ArchiveDir \".\";\n" "Dir::CacheDir \".\";\n" "TreeDefault::Directory \"pool/\";\n" "TreeDefault::SrcDirectory \"pool/\";\n" "Default::Packages::Extensions \".deb\";\n" "Default::Packages::Compress \". gzip bzip2\";\n" "Default::Sources::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n" "Default::Contents::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n" "\n" "BinDirectory \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\" {\n" " Packages \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages\";\n" " Contents \"dists/unstable/Contents-amd64\";\n" " SrcPackages \"dists/unstable/main/source/Sources\";\n" "};\n" "\n" "Tree \"dists/unstable\" {\n" " Sections \"main\";\n" " Architectures \"amd64 source\";\n" "};\n" "EOF" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can automate repetitive updates of APT archive contents on your server " "system by configuring <literal>dupload</literal>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez automatiser les mises à jour répétitives du contenu de l’archive " "APT sur votre serveur en configurant <literal>dupload</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Place all package files into \"<literal>~foo/public_html/debian/pool/main/</" "literal>\" by executing \"<literal>dupload -t foo changes_file</literal>\" " "in client while having \"<literal>~/.dupload.conf</literal>\" containing the " "following." msgstr "" "Placez tous les fichiers de paquets dans « <literal>~toto/public_html/" "debian/pool/main/</literal> » en exécutant « <literal>dupload -t " "toto changes_file</literal> » dans le client avec « <literal>~/." "dupload.conf </literal> » contenant ce qui suite :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$cfg{'foo'} = {\n" " fqdn => \"www.example.com\",\n" " method => \"scpb\",\n" " incoming => \"/home/foo/public_html/debian/pool/main\",\n" " # The dinstall on ftp-master sends emails itself\n" " dinstall_runs => 1,\n" "};\n" "\n" "$cfg{'foo'}{postupload}{'changes'} = \"\n" " echo 'cd public_html/debian ;\n" " apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;\n" " apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable >dists/unstable/Release ;\n" " rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;\n" " gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|\n" " ssh foo@www.example.com 2>/dev/null ;\n" " echo 'Package archive created!'\";" msgstr "" "$cfg{'toto'} = {\n" " fqdn => \"www.example.com\",\n" " method => \"scpb\",\n" " incoming => \"/home/toto/public_html/debian/pool/main\",\n" " # dinstall de ftp-master s'envoie lui-même des courriels\n" " dinstall_runs => 1,\n" "};\n" "\n" "$cfg{'toto'}{postupload}{'changes'} = \"\n" " echo 'cd public_html/debian ;\n" " apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;\n" " apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable >dists/unstable/Release ;\n" " rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;\n" " gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|\n" " ssh toto@www.example.com 2>/dev/null ;\n" " echo 'Archive de paquets créée.'\";" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">postupload</emphasis> hook script initiated by " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dupload</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> creates updated archive files for each upload." msgstr "" "Le script automatique (« hook » <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">postupload</emphasis> lancé par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dupload</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> crée une archive mise " "à jour des fichiers lors de chaque dépôt (« upload »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can add this small public archive to the apt-line of your client system " "by the following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez ajouter cette petite archive publique à la ligne apt de votre " "système client par ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo bash\n" "# echo \"deb http://www.example.com/~foo/debian/ unstable main\" \\\n" " >> /etc/apt/sources.list\n" "# apt-key add foo.public.key" msgstr "" "$ sudo bash\n" "# echo \"deb http://www.example.com/~foo/debian/ unstable main\" \\\n" " >> /etc/apt/sources.list\n" "# apt-key add toto.public.key" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If the archive is located on the local filesystem, you can use " "\"<literal>deb file:///home/foo/debian/ …</literal>\" instead." msgstr "" "Si l’archive est située sur le système de fichiers local, vous pouvez " "utiliser à la place « <literal>deb file:///home/toto/debian/ …</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Recording and copying system configuration" msgstr "Enregistrer et copier la configuration du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can make a local copy of the package and debconf selection states by the " "following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez faire une copie locale de l’état de la sélection des paquets et " "de debconf à l’aide des commandes suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dpkg --get-selections '*' > selection.dpkg\n" "# debconf-get-selections > selection.debconf" msgstr "" "# dpkg --get-selections '*' > selection.dpkg\n" "# debconf-get-selections > selection.debconf" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Here, \"<literal>*</literal>\" makes \"<literal>selection.dpkg</literal>\" " "to include package entries for \"purge\" too." msgstr "" "Ici, « <literal>*</literal> » fait que « <literal>selection." "dpkg</literal> » comportera aussi les entrées de paquets à « " "purger »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can transfer these 2 files to another computer, and install there with " "the following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez transférer ces 2 fichiers vers un autre ordinateur, et les y " "installer avec :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dselect update\n" "# debconf-set-selections < myselection.debconf\n" "# dpkg --set-selections < myselection.dpkg\n" "# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade # or dselect install" msgstr "" "# dselect update\n" "# debconf-set-selections < myselection.debconf\n" "# dpkg --set-selections < myselection.dpkg\n" "# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade # ou dselect install" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you are thinking about managing many servers in a cluster with " "practically the same configuration, you should consider to use specialized " "package such as <literal>fai</literal> to manage the whole system." msgstr "" "Si vous envisagez de gérer de nombreux serveur dans une grappe avec " "pratiquement la même configuration, vous devriez envisager d'utiliser un " "paquet spécialisé tel que <literal>fai</literal> pour gérer l’ensemble du " "système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Converting or installing an alien binary package" msgstr "Convertir ou installer un paquet binaire non Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> enables the conversion of binary packages provided in Red Hat " "<literal>rpm</literal>, Stampede <literal>slp</literal>, Slackware " "<literal>tgz</literal>, and Solaris <literal>pkg</literal> file formats into " "a Debian <literal>deb</literal> package. If you want to use a package from " "another Linux distribution than the one you have installed on your system, " "you can use <literal>alien</literal> to convert it from your preferred " "package format and install it. <literal>alien</literal> also supports LSB " "packages." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> permet de convertir des paquets binaires fournis dans les " "fichiers de format <literal>rpm</literal> de Red Hat, <literal>slp</" "literal>, de Stampede, <literal>tgz</literal> de Slackware et <literal>pkg</" "literal> de Solaris sous forme de paquet <literal>deb</literal> de Debian. " "Si vous voulez utiliser des paquets d'une autre distribution Linux que celle " "sur laquelle vous avez installé sur votre système, vous pouvez utiliser " "<literal>alien</literal> pour les convertir depuis votre format de paquets " "préféré et les installer. <literal>alien </literal> prend aussi en charge " "les paquets LSB." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> should not be used to replace essential system packages, such " "as <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc6</literal>, <literal>libpam-" "modules</literal>, etc. Practically, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> should only used for " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">non-free</emphasis> binary-only packages which are " "LSB compliant or statically linked. For free softwares, you should use " "their source packages to make real Debian packages." msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ne devrait pas être utilisé pour remplacer des paquets " "essentiels du système, tels que <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc6</" "literal>, <literal>libpam-modules</literal>, etc. En pratique, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> ne devrait être utilisé que pour des paquets <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">non libres</emphasis> uniquement binaires qui soient conforme à " "LSB et liés statiquement. Pour les logiciels libres, vous devriez utiliser " "leur paquet source pour en faire de vrais paquets Debian." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Extracting package without dpkg" msgstr "Extraire un paquet sans dpkg" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The current \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" package contents can be extracted " "without using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> on any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " "environment using standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Le contenu du paquet « <literal>*.deb</literal> » actuel peut être " "extrait sans utiliser <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sur un environnement " "quelconque <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">UNIX-like</ulink> en utilisant les " "commandes standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ar x /path/to/dpkg_<version>_<arch>.deb\n" "# ls\n" "total 24\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary\n" "# mkdir control\n" "# mkdir data\n" "# tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control\n" "# tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data" msgstr "" "# ar x /path/to/dpkg_<version>_<arch>.deb\n" "# ls\n" "total 24\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary\n" "# mkdir control\n" "# mkdir data\n" "# tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control\n" "# tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can also browse package content using the <literal>mc</literal> command." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez aussi parcourir le contenu du paquet en utilisant la commande " "<literal>mc</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "More readings for the package management" msgstr "Autres lectures concernant la gestion des paquets" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can learn more on the package management from following documentations." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez en apprendre davantage sur la gestion des paquets dans les " "documentations suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Primary documentations on the package management:" msgstr "Documentations primaires sur la gestion des paquets :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tasksel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-key</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>;" msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tasksel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-key</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>\" from " "the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and" msgstr "" "« <literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</" "literal> » et « <literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index." "html</literal> » du paquet <literal>apt-doc</literal> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>\" from the " "<literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package." msgstr "" "« <literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal> » " "du paquet <literal>aptitude-doc-fr</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:" msgstr "Documentations officielles et détaillées sur l’archive Debian :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Policy Manual " "Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive\"</ulink>," msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">« Charte Debian, " "chapitre 2 - L’archive Debian »</ulink>," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Developer's " "Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian archive" "\"</ulink>, and" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;\">« Manuel de référence " "du développeur Debian, chapitre 4 - Resources pour les développeurs Debian " "4.6 L’archive Debian »</ulink> et" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;\">\"The Debian GNU/Linux " "FAQ, Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives\"</ulink>." msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;\">« FAQ de Debian GNU/" "Linux, chapitre 5 - Les archives FTP Debian »</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:" msgstr "" "Didacticiel pour la construction d'un paquet Debian pour les utilisateurs " "Debian :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">\"Debian New Maintainers' Guide" "\"</ulink>." msgstr "" "« <ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\"><Guide du nouveau " "responsable Debian></ulink> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "The system initialization" msgstr "Initialisation du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the " "Debian system is started and configured. Although the exact details are in " "the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a " "bit overwhelming for most of us." msgstr "" "En tant tant qu'administrateur du système, il est sage que vous sachiez en " "gros comment le système Debian est démarré et configuré. Bien que les " "détails exacts figurent dans les fichiers sources des paquets installés et " "dans leurs documentations, c'est un peu pénible pour la plupart d'entre-" "nous." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I did my best to provide a quick overview of the key points of the Debian " "system and their configuration for your reference, based on the current and " "previous knowledge of mine and others. Since the Debian system is a moving " "target, the situation over the system may have been changed. Before making " "any changes to the system, you should refer to the latest documentation for " "each package." msgstr "" "J'ai fait de mon mieux pour fournir un aperçu rapide des points-clés du " "système Debian et de sa configuration pour vous servir de référence en me " "basant sur mes propres connaissances actuelles et antérieures et celles des " "autres. Comme le système Debian est une cible changeante, la situation sur " "le système peut avoir changé. Avant de faire une quelconque modification au " "système, vous devrez vous référer à la dernière documentation de chacun des " "paquets." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "An overview of the boot strap process" msgstr "Aperçu du processus d'amorçage du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink url=" "\"&bootstrapprocesses;\">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on " "event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the user." msgstr "" "Le système informatique subit plusieurs phases de <ulink url=" "\"&bootstrapprocesses;\">processus d'amorçage</ulink> (« boot strap " "process ») depuis l’événement de mise sous tension jusqu'à ce qu'il " "offre à l’utilisateur un système d'exploitation (OS) pleinement fonctionnel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the " "default installation." msgstr "" "Pour des raison de simplicité, je limiterai la discussion à une plateforme " "PC typique avec l’installation par défaut." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket. Each stage " "rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one." msgstr "" "Le processus d'amorçage typique est comme une fusée à quatre étages. Chaque " "étage de la fusée passe le contrôle du système à l’étage suivant." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_1_the_bios\"/>" msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_1_the_bios\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>" msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_3_the_mini_debian_system\"/>" msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_3_the_mini_debian_system\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_4_the_normal_debian_system\"/>" msgstr "<xref linkend=\"_stage_4_the_normal_debian_system\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Of course, these can be configured differently. For example, if you " "compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian " "system. So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you " "check it yourself." msgstr "" "Bien entendu, elles peuvent être configurées de manière différente. Par " "exemple, si vous avez compilé votre propre noyau, vous pouvez sautez l’étape " "avec le système mini-Debian. Ne supposez donc pas que c'est le cas sur votre " "système avant de l’avoir vérifié vous-même." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "For non-legacy PC platform such as the SUN or the Macintosh system, the BIOS " "on ROM and the partition on the disk may be quite different (<xref linkend=" "\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>). Please seek the platform specific " "documentations elsewhere for such a case." msgstr "" "Pour les plateformes autres que les PC traditionnels tels que les systèmes " "SUN ou Macintosh, le BIOS sur la ROM et la partition sur le disque peuvent " "être assez différents (<xref linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>). " "Veuillez dans ce cas rechercher ailleurs une documentation spécifique à " "votre plateforme." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Stage 1: the BIOS" msgstr "Étage 1 : le BIOS" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> is the 1st stage of the boot process " "which is started by the power-on event. The <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</" "ulink> residing on the <ulink url=\"&readonlymemoryrom;\">read only memory " "(ROM)</ulink> is executed from the particular memory address to which the " "program counter of CPU is initialized by the power-on event." msgstr "" "Le <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> est la première étape du processus " "d'amorçage, il est est démarré par l’événement de mise sous tension. Le " "<ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink>, qui est implanté sur une <ulink url=" "\"&readonlymemoryrom;\">mémoire à lecture seule (ROM)</ulink>, est exécuté " "depuis l’adresse mémoire particulière à laquelle le pointeur de programme du " "processeur est initialisé par l’événement de mise sous tension." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "This BIOS performs the basic initialization of the hardware (<ulink url=" "\"&postpoweronselftest;\">POST: power on self test</ulink>) and hands the " "system control to the next step which you provide. The BIOS is usually " "provided with the hardware." msgstr "" "Ce BIOS effectue l’initialisation de base du matériel (<ulink url=" "\"&postpoweronselftest;\">POST : autotest à la mise sous tension</" "ulink>) (« power on self test ») et passe le contrôle du système à " "l’étape suivante que vous luis indiquez. Le BIOS est habituellement fourni " "avec le matériel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The BIOS startup screen usually indicates what key(s) to press to enter the " "BIOS setup screen to configure the BIOS behavior. Popular keys used are F1, " "F2, F10, Esc, Ins, and Del. If your BIOS startup screen is hidden by a nice " "graphics screen, you may press some keys such as Esc to disable this. These " "keys are highly dependent on the hardware." msgstr "" "L’écran de démarrage du BIOS indique en général quelle(s) touche(s) presser " "pour entrer dans l’écran de configuration du BIOS afin de paramétrer son " "comportement. Des touches courantes sont F1, F2, F10, Échap, Ins et Suppr. " "Si l’écran de démarrage de votre BIOS est caché par un bel écran graphique, " "vous pouvez essayer de presser différentes touches comme Échap pour " "désactiver cet écran. Ces touches dépendent beaucoup du matériel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The hardware location and the priority of the code started by the BIOS can " "be selected from the BIOS setup screen. Typically, the first few sectors of " "the first found selected device (hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, …) are " "loaded to the memory and this initial code is executed. This initial code " "can be any one of the following." msgstr "" "L’emplacement du matériel et la priorité du code lancé par le BIOS peuvent " "être définis depuis l’écran de configuration du BIOS. Typiquement, quelques " "secteurs de début du premier périphérique sélectionné qui est trouvé (disque " "dur, disquette, CD-ROM, …) sont chargés en mémoire et le code initial est " "exécuté. Ce code peut être l’un des suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The boot loader code" msgstr "code du chargeur initial ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The kernel code of the stepping stone OS such as <ulink url=\"&freedos;" "\">FreeDOS</ulink>" msgstr "" "code du noyau d'un OS de transition comme <ulink url=\"&freedos;\">FreeDOS</" "ulink> ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "The kernel code of the target OS if it fits in this small space" msgstr "" "code du système d'exploitation cible s'il peut tenir dans cet espace réduit." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Typically, the system is booted from the specified partition of the primary " "hard disk partition. First 2 sectors of the hard disk on legacy PC contain " "the <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">master boot record (MBR)</ulink>. " "The disk partition information including the boot selection is recorded at " "the end of this MBR. The first boot loader code executed from the BIOS " "occupies the rest of this MBR." msgstr "" "Typiquement, le système est amorcé depuis la partition spécifiée du disque " "dur primaire. Les deux premiers secteurs du disque dur d'un PC traditionnel " "contiennent l’<ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">enregistrement maître " "d'amorçage (MBR)</ulink>. (« master boot record »). Les " "informations de partition du disque, y compris la sélection de l'amorçage, " "sont enregistrées à la fin de ce MBR. Le code initial du chargeur d'amorçage " "exécuté depuis le BIOS occupe le reste de ce MBR." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Stage 2: the boot loader" msgstr "Étage 2 : le chargeur initial" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&bootloader;\">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the " "boot process which is started by the BIOS. It loads the system kernel image " "and the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands " "control over to them. This initrd image is the root filesystem image and " "its support depends on the bootloader used." msgstr "" "Le <ulink url=\"&bootloader;\">chargeur initial</ulink> (« boot " "loader ») est le deuxième étage du processus d'amorçage, il est lancé " "depuis le BIOS. Il charge en mémoire l’image du noyau du système et l’image " "<ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> et leur passe le contrôle. Cette " "image mémoire initiale (« initrd image ») est l’image du système " "de fichiers racine et sa prise en compte dépend du chargeur initial utilisé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system " "kernel. The initrd image for the current 2.6 Linux kernel is technically the " "initramfs (initial RAM filesystem) image. The initramfs image is a gzipped " "cpio archive of files in the root filesystem." msgstr "" "Le système Debian utilise normalement le noyau de Linux comme noyau de " "système par défaut. L’image mémoire initiale de l’actuel noyau de Linux 2.6 " "est techniquement l’image initramfs (initial RAM filesystem : système " "de fichiers initial en mémoire). L’image initramfs est une archive cpio, " "compressée à l’aide de gzip des fichiers du système de fichiers racine." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The default install of the Debian system places first-stage GRUB boot loader " "code into the <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> for the PC platform. There " "are many boot loaders and configuration options available." msgstr "" "L’installation par défaut du système Debian place, pour la plateforme PC, le " "premier étage du code du chargeur initial GRUB sur le <ulink url=\"&mbr;" "\">MBR</ulink>. Il existe de nombreux chargeurs d'amorçage et d'options de " "configuration possibles." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "List of boot loaders" msgstr "Liste des chargeurs initiaux" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "initrd" msgstr "initrd" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "bootloader" msgstr "chargeur initial" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Supported" msgstr "Pris en charge" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&grublegacy;\">GRUB Legacy</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&grublegacy;\">GRUB Legacy</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as " "vfat, ext3, …. (<literal>lenny</literal> default)" msgstr "" "assez intelligent pour comprendre le partitionnement du disque et des " "systèmes de fichiers tels que vfat, ext3, …. (par défaut sous " "<literal>lenny</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&grubc;\">GRUB 2</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&grubc;\">GRUB 2</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as " "vfat, ext3, …." msgstr "" "assez intelligent pour comprendre le partitionnement du disque et des " "systèmes de fichiers tels que vfat, ext3, …." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)" msgstr "" "images de secours amorçables de GRUB 2 (CD et disquettes) (versions PC/BIOS)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&lilo;\">Lilo</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&lilo;\">Lilo</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "This relies on the sector locations of data on the hard disk. (Old)" msgstr "" "réside sur les emplacements des secteurs de données du disque dur. (Ancien)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&isolinux;\">Isolinux</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&isolinux;\">Isolinux</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "This understands the ISO9660 filesystem. This is used by the boot CD." msgstr "" "il comprend le système de fichiers ISO9660. C'est utilisé pour le CD " "d'amorçage CD." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&syslinux;\">Syslinux</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&syslinux;\">Syslinux</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "This understands the <ulink url=\"&msdosfilesystemfat;\">MSDOS filesystem " "(FAT)</ulink>. This is used by the boot floppy." msgstr "" "il comprend le <ulink url=\"&msdosfilesystemfat;\">système de fichiers MSDOS " "(FAT)</ulink>. Il est utilisé par la disquette d'amorçage." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&loadlin;\">Loadlin</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&loadlin;\">Loadlin</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system." msgstr "un nouveau système est démarré depuis le système FreeDOS/MSDOS." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Not supported" msgstr "Non pris en charge" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<ulink url=\"&mbrbyneilturton;\">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>" msgstr "<ulink url=\"&mbrbyneilturton;\">MBR par Neil Turton</ulink>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</" "ulink>. This only understands disk partitions." msgstr "" "c'est un logiciel libre qui se substitue au <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> " "de MSDOS. Il ne comprend que les partitions sur disques." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para> msgid "" "Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (CD or " "floppy) created from images in the <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> " "package. It makes you boot your system even without functioning bootloader " "on the hard disk." msgstr "" "Ne jouez pas avec les chargeurs d'amorçage sans avoir un support de secours " "amorçable (CD ou disquette) créé à partir des images du paquet <literal>grub-" "rescue-pc</literal>. Il vous permettra de démarrer votre système sans même " "avoir de chargeur initial fonctionnel sur le disque dur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "For GRUB Legacy, the menu configuration file is located at \"<literal>/boot/" "grub/menu.lst</literal>\". For example, it has entries as the following." msgstr "" "Le menu de configuration de GRUB Legacy est situé en « <literal>/boot/" "grub/menu.lst</literal> ». Il peut, par exemple, avoir les entrées " "suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "title Debian GNU/Linux\n" "root (hd0,2)\n" "kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3 ro\n" "initrd /initrd.img" msgstr "" "title Debian GNU/Linux\n" "root (hd0,2)\n" "kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3 ro\n" "initrd /initrd.img" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "For GRUB 2, the menu configuration file is located at \"<literal>/boot/grub/" "grub.cfg</literal>\". It is automatically generated by \"<literal>/usr/sbin/" "update-grub</literal>\" using templates from \"<literal>/etc/grub.d/*</" "literal>\" and settings from \"<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>\". For " "example, it has entries as the following." msgstr "" "Le fichier de menu de configuration de GRUB 2 est situé en  <literal>/" "boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal> ». Il est automatiquement créé par « " "<literal>/usr/sbin/update-grub</literal> » depuis les modèles situés " "dans « <literal>/etc/grub.d/*</literal> » et les paramètres situés " "en « <literal>/etc/default/grub</literal> ». Il peut, par exemple, " "avoir les entrées suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "menuentry \"Debian GNU/Linux\" {\n" " set root=(hd0,3)\n" " linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3\n" " initrd /initrd.img\n" "}" msgstr "" "menuentry \"Debian GNU/Linux\" {\n" " set root=(hd0,3)\n" " linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3\n" " initrd /initrd.img\n" "}" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "For these examples, these GRUB parameters mean the following." msgstr "" "Les paramètres de GRUB pour ces exemples ont la signification " "suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "The meaning of GRUB parameters" msgstr "Signification des paramètres de GRUB" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "GRUB parameter" msgstr "Paramètres de GRUB" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>root</literal>" msgstr "<literal>root</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "use 3rd partition on the primary disk by setting it as \"<literal>(hd0,2)</" "literal>\" in GRUB legacy or as \"<literal>(hd0,3)</literal>\" in GRUB 2" msgstr "" "utiliser la 3ème partition du premier disque en la désignant par « " "<literal>(hd0,2)</literal> » avec GRUB legacy ou par « <literal>" "(hd0,3)</literal> » dans GRUB 2" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>kernel</literal>" msgstr "<literal>kernel</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "use kernel located at \"<literal>/vmlinuz</literal>\" with kernel parameter: " "\"<literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</literal>\"" msgstr "" "utiliser le noyau se trouvant en « <literal>/vmlinuz</literal> » " "avec le paramètre du noyau : « <literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>initrd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>initrd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "use <ulink url=\"&initrdinitramfs;\">initrd/initramfs</ulink> image located " "at \"<literal>/initrd.img</literal>\"" msgstr "" "utiliser l’image <ulink url=\"&initrdinitramfs;\">initrd/initramfs</ulink> " "située en « <literal>/initrd.img</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "The value of the partition number used by GRUB legacy program is one less " "than normal one used by Linux kernel and utility tools. GRUB 2 program " "fixes this problem." msgstr "" "La valeur du numéro de partition utilisé par le programme « GRUB " "legacy » est inférieure d'un unité à celle normalement utilisée par le " "noyau de Linux et les outils utilitaires. Le programme GRUB 2 corrige ce " "problème." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend=" "\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) may be used to identify a block " "special device instead of its file name such as \"<literal>/dev/hda3</" "literal>\", e.g.\"<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 " "ro</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Un <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) peut être utilisé pour identifier un " "périphérique spécial par bloc plutôt que son nom de fichier comme « " "<literal>/dev/hda3</literal> », par exemple, « " "<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 ro</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You can start a boot loader from another boot loader using techniques called " "<ulink url=\"&chainloading;\">chain loading</ulink>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez démarrer un chargeur d'amorçage depuis un autre chargeur " "d'amorçage en utilisant une technique appelée <ulink url=\"&chainloading;" "\">chargement en chaîne</ulink> (« chain loading »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "See \"<literal>info grub</literal>\" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grub-" "install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Consultez « <literal>info grub</literal> » et " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grub-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Stage 3: the mini-Debian system" msgstr "Étage 3 : le système mini-Debian" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started " "by the boot loader. It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on " "the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process." msgstr "" "Le système mini-Debian est la troisième étape du processus d'amorçage lancé " "par le chargeur d'amorçage. Elle lance le noyau du système avec son système " "de fichiers racine en mémoire. C'est une étape préparatoire facultative du " "processus de démarrage." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "The term \"the mini-Debian system\" is coined by the author to describe this " "3rd stage boot process for this document. This system is commonly referred " "as the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar " "system on the memory is used by <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the " "Debian Installer</ulink>." msgstr "" "Le terme « système mini-Debian » est utilisé par l’auteur pour " "décrire dans ce document cette 3ème étape du processus de démarrage. On " "désigne souvent ce système par système <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</" "ulink>. Un système semblable en mémoire est utilisé par <ulink url=" "\"&thedebianinstaller;\">l’installateur Debian</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script is executed as the first program in " "this root filesystem on the memory. It is a shell script program which " "initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next " "stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such " "as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root " "filesystem as an encrypted one." msgstr "" "Le script « <literal>/init</literal> » est exécuté en tant que " "premier programme sur le système de fichiers racine en mémoire. C'est un " "script de l’interpréteur de commandes qui initialise le noyau dans l’espace " "utilisateur et passe le contrôle au reste de l’étage. Ce système mini-Debian " "offre au système d'amorçage une flexibilité comme l’ajout de modules du " "noyau avant le processus de démarrage principal ou le montage du système de " "fichiers racines en mode chiffré." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by " "providing \"<literal>break=init</literal>\" etc. to the kernel boot " "parameter. See the \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script for more break " "conditions. This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good " "inspection of your machine's hardware." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez interrompre cette partie du processus d'amorçage afin d'obtenir " "l’invite de l’interpréteur de l’administrateur en indiquant « " "<literal>break=init</literal> » etc. comme paramètre de démarrage du " "noyau. Consultez le script « <literal>/init</literal> » pour " "d'autres conditions d'interruption. Cet environnement d'interpréteur de " "commandes est suffisamment sophistiqué pour effectuer une bonne inspection " "du matériel de votre machine." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and " "mainly provided by a GNU tool called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>busybox</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Les commandes disponibles avec ce système mini-Debian sont des commandes " "réduites et sont principalement fournies par un outil GNU appelé " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para> msgid "" "You need to use \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option for <literal>mount</" "literal> command when you are on the readonly root filesystem." msgstr "" "Vous devrez utiliser l’option « <literal>-n</literal> » de la " "commande <literal>mount</literal> lorsque vous êtes sur le système de " "fichiers en lecture seule." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Stage 4: the normal Debian system" msgstr "Étage 4 : le système Debian normal" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "List of boot utilities for the Debian system" msgstr "Liste d'utilitaires d'amorçage initial pour le système Debian :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "scripts for initializing and shutting down the system" msgstr "scripts pour initialiser et arrêter le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "System-V-like <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities" msgstr "" "Utilitaires <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> de type System-V" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "System-V-like runlevel change mechanism" msgstr "Mécanisme de changement de niveau de fonctionnement de type System-V" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "System-V-like utilities (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startpar</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootlogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)" msgstr "" "Utilitaires de type System-V (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startpar</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootlogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbase;\">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init " "script functionality" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbase;\">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 " "fonctionnalité de script d'initialisation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies" msgstr "" "outil pour organiser la séquence de démarrage en utilisant les dépendances " "du script LSB de init.d " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "event-based <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon for concurrency (alternative to " "<literal>sysvinit</literal>)" msgstr "" "démon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> basé sur des événements pour la concurrence " "(remplacement de <literal>sysvinit</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readahead</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> to preload boot process files" msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>readahead</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> pour précharger les fichiers nécessaires au " "démarrage ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "tools to use userspace software suspend provided by Linux" msgstr "" "outil permettant d'utiliser le programme de l’espace utilisateur de mise en " "veille fourni par Linux" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "kexec tool for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kexec</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> reboots (warm reboot)" msgstr "" "outil kexec pour le redémarrage par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kexec</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (redémarrage à chaud)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "boot process performance analyser" msgstr "analyseur des performances du processus de démarrage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "boot process performance analyser (visualisation)" msgstr "analyseur des performances du processus de démarrage (virtualisation)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "console-only <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> en mode console uniquement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "smart modem <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> replacement" msgstr "" " modem intelligent (« smart modem ») remplaçant de " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para> msgid "" "All boot mechanisms are compatible through \"<literal>/etc/init.d/rc</" "literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/init.d/rcS</literal>\", \"<literal>/usr/sbin/" "update-rc.d</literal>\", and \"<literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal>\" " "scripts." msgstr "" "Tous les mécanismes de redémarrage sont compatibles par l’intermédiaire des " "scripts « <literal>/etc/init.d/rc</literal> », « <literal>/" "etc/init.d/rcS</literal> », « <literal>/usr/sbin/update-rc.d</" "literal> » et « <literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para> msgid "" "The <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> package can speed up starting of a " "system with decent amount of DRAM." msgstr "" "Le paquet <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> peut accélérer le démarrage " "d'un système équipé d'une quantité suffisante de DRAM." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is " "started by the mini-Debian system. The system kernel for the mini-Debian " "system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched " "from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem." msgstr "" "Le système Debian normal est le quatrième étage du processus d'amorçage, il " "est lancé par le système mini-Debian. Le noyau du système mini-Debian " "continue de tourner dans cet environnement. Le système de fichiers racine " "passe de celui en mémoire à celui, réel, lu sur le disque dur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>/sbin/init</literal>\" program is executed as the first " "program and performs the main boot process. The Debian normally uses the " "traditional sysvinit scheme with the <literal>sysv-rc</literal> package. " "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and \"<literal>/usr/" "share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>\" for the exact " "explanation. This main boot process essentially goes through the following." msgstr "" "Le programme « <literal>/sbin/init</literal> » est exécuté en tant " "que premier programme et réalise le processus principal d'amorçage. Debian " "utilise normalement le schéma sysvinit traditionnel à l’aide du paquet " "<literal>sysv-rc</literal>. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et « <literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README." "runlevels.gz</literal> » pour une explication exacte. Le processus " "d'amorçage principal effectue essentiellement ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Debian system goes into <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel N</emphasis> " "(none) to initialize the system by following the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</" "literal>\" description." msgstr "" "Le système Debian passe au <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveau de " "fonctionnement N</emphasis> (« runlevel N ») (aucun) pour " "initialiser le système selon la description de « <literal>/etc/inittab</" "literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Debian system goes into <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel S</emphasis> " "to initialize the system under the single-user mode to complete hardware " "initialization etc." msgstr "" "Le système Debian passe au <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveau de " "fonctionnement S</emphasis> pour initialiser le système en mode utilisateur " "unique afin de terminer l’initialisation matérielle, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The Debian system goes into one of the specified <emphasis role=\"strong" "\">multi-user runlevels (2 to 5)</emphasis> to start the system services." msgstr "" "Pour démarrer les services du système, le système Debian passe alors à l’un " "des <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveaux de fonctionnement multi-utilisateurs " "(2 à 5)</emphasis> indiqués." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The initial runlevel used for multi-user mode is specified with the " "\"<literal>init=</literal>\" kernel boot parameter or in the \"initdefault\" " "line of the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\". The Debian system as " "installed starts at the <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel 2</emphasis>." msgstr "" "Le niveau de fonctionnement initial utilisé pour le mode multi-utilisateurs " "est indiqué par le paramètre de démarrage « <literal>init=</" "literal> » du noyau ou par la ligne « initdefault » du " "fichier « <literal>/etc/inittab</literal> ». Le système Debian tel " "qu'il est installé démarre au <emphasis role=\"strong\">niveau de " "fonctionnement 2</emphasis>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "All actual script files executed by the init system are located in the " "directory \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Tous les fichiers de scripts réels exécutés par le système init sont situés " "dans le répertoire « <literal>/etc/init.d/</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The meaning of the runlevel" msgstr "Signification du niveau de fonctionnement (« runlevel »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Each <ulink url=\"&runlevel;\">runlevel</ulink> uses a directory for its " "configuration and has specific meaning as the following." msgstr "" "Chaque <ulink url=\"&runlevel;\">niveau de fonctionnement </ulink> utilise " "un répertoire pour sa configuration, il possède la signification " "particulière décrite ci-dessous :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of runlevels and description of their usage" msgstr "Liste des niveaux de fonctionnement et description de leur utilisation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "runlevel" msgstr "niveau de fonctionnement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "description of runlevel usage" msgstr "description de l’utilisation du niveau de fonctionnement (runlevel)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>N</literal>" msgstr "<literal>N</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "none" msgstr "aucun" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "system bootup (NONE) level (no \"<literal>/etc/rcN.d/</literal>\" directory)" msgstr "" "niveau d'amorçage du système (NONE) (pas de répertoire « <literal>/etc/" "rcN.d/</literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>0</literal>" msgstr "<literal>0</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc0.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc0.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "halt the system" msgstr "arrêter le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>S</literal>" msgstr "<literal>S</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "single-user mode on boot (alias: \"<literal>s</literal>\")" msgstr "" "mode utilisateur unique lors du démarrage (alias : « <literal>s</" "literal> »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>1</literal>" msgstr "<literal>1</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc1.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc1.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "single-user mode switched from multi-user mode" msgstr "mode utilisateur unique commuté depuis le mode multi-utilisateurs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>2</literal>" msgstr "<literal>2</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "multi-user mode" msgstr "mode multi-utilisateurs" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>3</literal>" msgstr "<literal>3</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc3.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc3.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid ",," msgstr ",," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>4</literal>" msgstr "<literal>4</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc4.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc4.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>5</literal>" msgstr "<literal>5</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc5.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc5.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>6</literal>" msgstr "<literal>6</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc6.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc6.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "reboot the system" msgstr "redémarrer le système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>7</literal>" msgstr "<literal>7</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc7.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc7.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "valid multi-user mode but not normally used" msgstr "mode multi-utilisateurs valable mais normalement non utilisé" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>8</literal>" msgstr "<literal>8</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc8.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc8.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>9</literal>" msgstr "<literal>9</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/rc9.d/</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/rc9.d/</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "You can change the runlevel from the console to, e.g., 4 by the following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez aussi changer de niveau de fonctionnement depuis la console, par " "exemple 4 en faisant ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo telinit 4" msgstr "$ sudo telinit 4" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The Debian system does not pre-assign any special " "meaning differences among the <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink> " "between 2 and 5.</emphasis> The system administrator on the Debian system " "may change this. (I.e., Debian is not <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat " "Linux</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&solarisbysunmicrosystems;\">Solaris by Sun " "Microsystems</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;\">HP-UX by " "Hewlett Packard</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&aixbyibm;\">AIX by IBM</ulink> nor " "…)" msgstr "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Le système Debian n'assigne pas par avance de " "différence spéciale de signification entre les <ulink url=\"&runlevels;" "\">niveaux de fonctionnement</ulink> compris entre de 2 et 5.</emphasis>. " "L’administrateur du système d'un système Debian peut modifier ce " "comportement. (C'est-à-dire que Debian n'est ni <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;" "\">Red Hat Linux</ulink>, ni <ulink url=\"&solarisbysunmicrosystems;" "\">Solaris de Sun Microsystems</ulink>, ni <ulink url=" "\"&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;\">HP-UX de Hewlett Packard</ulink>, ni <ulink url=" "\"&aixbyibm;\">AIX d'IBM</ulink>, ni …)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para> msgid "" "The Debian system does not populate directories for the <ulink url=" "\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink> between 7 and 9 when the package is " "installed. Traditional <ulink url=\"&unixvariants;\">Unix variants</ulink> " "don't use these <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink>." msgstr "" "Le système Debian ne remplit pas les répertoires des <ulink url=\"&runlevels;" "\">niveaux de fonctionnement</ulink> entre 7 et 9 lors de l’installation du " "paquet. Les <ulink url=\"&unixvariants;\">variantes d’UNIX</ulink> " "traditionnelles n'utilisent pas ces <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">niveaux de " "fonctionnement</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The configuration of the runlevel" msgstr "Configuration des niveaux de fonctionnement (« runlevel »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "When <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands goes into the " "runlevel to \"<n>\", the system basically executes the initialization " "scripts as follows." msgstr "" "Lorsque la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> arrive au niveau « <n> », le " "système exécute essentiellement les scripts d'initialisation comme suit." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The script names starting with a \"<literal>K</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/" "rc<n>.d/</literal>\" are executed in alphabetical order with the " "single argument \"<literal>stop</literal>\". (killing services)" msgstr "" "Les noms de scripts de « <literal>/etc/rc<n>.d/</literal> » " "commençant par un « <literal>K</literal> » sont exécutés dans " "l’ordre alphabétique avec le paramètre unique « <literal>stop</" "literal> » (arrêt des services)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The script names starting with an \"<literal>S</literal>\" in \"<literal>/" "etc/rc<n>.d/</literal>\" are executed in alphabetical order with the " "single argument \"<literal>start</literal>\". (starting services)" msgstr "" "Les noms de scripts de « <literal>/etc/rc<n>.d/</literal> » " "commençant par un « <literal>S</literal> » sont exécutés dans " "l’ordre alphabétique avec le paramètre unique « <literal>start</" "literal> » (lancement des services)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For example, if you had the links \"<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>S20exim4</literal>\" in a runlevel directory, " "\"<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>\" which is symlinked to \"<literal>../init." "d/sysklogd</literal>\" would run before \"<literal>S20exim4</literal>\" " "which is symlinked to \"<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Par exemple, si vous avez les liens « <literal>S10sysklogd</" "literal> » et « <literal>S20exim4</literal> » dans un " "répertoire de niveau de fonctionnement, « <literal>S10sysklogd</" "literal> » qui est lié symboliquement à « <literal>../init.d/" "sysklogd</literal> » sera lancé avant « <literal>S20exim4</" "literal> » qui est lié symboliquement à « <literal>../init.d/" "exim4</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This simple sequential initialization system is the classical <ulink url=" "\"&systemv;\">System V</ulink> style boot system and was used up to the " "Debian <literal>lenny</literal> system." msgstr "" "Ce simple système séquentiel d'initialisation est le système de démarrage " "classique de type <ulink url=\"&systemv;\">System V</ulink> tel qu'il a été " "utilisé jusqu'au système Debian <literal>Lenny</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The recent Debian system is optimized to execute the initialization scripts " "concurrently, instead." msgstr "" "Les systèmes Debian récents sont optimisés pour exécuter les scripts " "simultanément." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>insserv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> command uses the LSB package dependency " "information and calculates the dependencies between all scripts." msgstr "" "La commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>insserv</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilise les " "renseignements LSB de dépendances du paquet pour calculer les dépendances " "entre les scripts." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>\"." msgstr "Consultez « <literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "The LSB package dependency information defined in the header of init scripts " "ensures availabilities of required resources." msgstr "" "Les renseignements LSB de dépendances du paquet définis dans l'en-tête des " "scripts d'initialisation assurent la disponibilité des ressources " "nécessaires." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbaseminitialization;\">Linux Standard Base " "Core Specification 3.1, VII. System Initialization</ulink>." msgstr "" "Consultez la <ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbaseminitialization;\">spécification " "principale de Linux Standard Base 3.1, VII. Initialisation du système</" "ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&announcementofpaenabledbydefault;\">Announcement of \"Parallel " "booting enabled by default\"</ulink>" msgstr "" "<ulink url=\"&announcementofpaenabledbydefault;\">Annonce du « démarrage en " "parallèle activé par défaut »</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "It is not advisable to make any changes to symlinks in \"<literal>/etc/rcS.d/" "</literal>\" unless you know better than the maintainer." msgstr "" "Faire des modifications aux liens symboliques se trouvant dans « " "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal> » est déconseillé à moins d'en savoir " "davantage que le responsable du paquet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The runlevel management example" msgstr "Exemple de gestion de niveau de fonctionnement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For example, let's set up runlevel system somewhat like <ulink url=" "\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> as the following." msgstr "" "Définissons, par exemple, définissons un niveau de fonctionnement du système " "comme <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> de la manière " "suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<literal>init</literal> starts the system in runlevel=3 as the default." msgstr "" "<literal>init</literal> démarre le système au niveau 3 qui est la valeur par " "défaut ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>init</literal> does not start <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in runlevel=(0,1,2,6)." msgstr "" "<literal>init</literal> ne démarre pas <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> aux niveaux " "0,1,2,6 ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<literal>init</literal> starts <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in runlevel=(3,4,5)." msgstr "" "<literal>init</literal> démarre <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> aux niveaux " "3,4,5 ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "This can be done by using editor on the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" " "file to change starting runlevel and using user friendly runlevel management " "tools such as <literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> or <literal>bum</literal> to " "edit the runlevel. If you are to use command line only instead, here is how " "you do it (after the default installation of the <literal>gdm3</literal> " "package and selecting it to be the choice of display manager)." msgstr "" "Cela peut être fait en éditant le fichier « <literal>/etc/inittab</" "literal> » afin de modifier les niveaux de lancement et en utilisant " "des outils conviviaux de gestion des niveaux de fonctionnement tels que " "<literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> ou <literal>bum</literal> pour éditer le " "niveau de fonctionnement. Si vous ne devez utiliser que la ligne de " "commande, voici comment faire (après l’installation par défaut du paquet " "<literal>gdm3</literal> et sa sélection comme gestionnaire d'affichage)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /etc/rc2.d ; mv S21gdm3 K21gdm3\n" "# cd /etc ; perl -i -p -e 's/^id:.:/id:3:/' inittab" msgstr "" "# cd /etc/rc2.d ; mv S21gdm3 K21gdm3\n" "# cd /etc ; perl -i -p -e 's/^id:.:/id:3:/' inittab" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Please note the \"<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>\" file " "is checked when starting the display manager daemons: <literal>xdm</" "literal>, <literal>gdm3</literal>, <literal>kdm</literal>, and <literal>wdm</" "literal>." msgstr "" "Veuillez noter que le fichier « <literal>/etc/X11/default-display-" "manager</literal> » est vérifié lors du démarrage des démon de gestion " "d'affichage : <literal>xdm</literal>, <literal>gdm3</literal>, <literal>kdm</" "literal>, et <literal>wdm</literal>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "You can still start X from any console shell with the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> command." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez toujours lancer X depuis l’interpréteur de commandes de " "n'importe quelle console avec la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The default parameter for each init script" msgstr "Paramètre par défaut de chaque script init" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The default parameter for each init script in \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</" "literal>\" is given by the corresponding file in \"<literal>/etc/default/</" "literal>\" which contains environment variable assignments <emphasis role=" "\"strong\">only</emphasis>. This choice of directory name is specific to the " "Debian system. It is roughly the equivalent of the \"<literal>/etc/" "sysconfig</literal>\" directory found in <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red " "Hat Linux</ulink> and other distributions. For example, \"<literal>/etc/" "default/cron</literal>\" can be used to control how \"<literal>/etc/init.d/" "cron</literal>\" works." msgstr "" "Le paramètre par défaut de chacun des scripts d'initialisation de « " "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal> » est donné par le fichier " "correspondant se trouvant dans « <literal>/etc/default/</" "literal> » qui ne contient <emphasis role=\"strong\">que</emphasis> des " "assignations de variables d'environnement. Ce choix de nom de répertoire est " "spécifique au système Debian. Il est en gros l’équivalent du répertoire " "« <literal>/etc/sysconfig</literal> » qu'on trouve dans <ulink url=" "\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> et d'autres distributions. Par " "exemple, « <literal>/etc/default/cron</literal> » peut être " "utilisé pour contrôler la manière dont fonctionne « <literal>/etc/init." "d/cron</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>\" file can be used to customize " "boot-time defaults for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>motd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc." msgstr "" "Le fichier « <literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal> » peut être " "utilisé pour personnaliser les valeurs par défaut au moment du démarrage " "de<citerefentry><refentrytitle>motd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "If you cannot get the behavior you want by changing such variables then you " "may <ulink url=\"&modifytheinitscripts;\">modify the init scripts</ulink> " "themselves. These are configuration files editable by system administrators." msgstr "" "Si vous ne pouvez pas obtenir le comportement que vous souhaitez en " "modifiant ces variables, alors vous pouvez <ulink url=" "\"&modifytheinitscripts;\">modifier les scripts init</ulink> eux-mêmes. Ce " "sont des fichiers de configuration qui peuvent être édités par les " "administrateurs du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The hostname" msgstr "Nom de machine (« hostname »)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The kernel maintains the system <emphasis role=\"strong\">hostname</" "emphasis>. The init script in runlevel S which is symlinked to \"<literal>/" "etc/init.d/hostname.sh</literal>\" sets the system hostname at boot time " "(using the <literal>hostname</literal> command) to the name stored in " "\"<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>\". This file should contain <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a fully qualified " "domain name." msgstr "" "Le noyau conserve le <emphasis role=\"strong\">nom de machine</emphasis> du " "système. Le script d'initialisation du niveau de fonctionnement S qui est " "lié symboliquement à « <literal>/etc/init.d/hostname.sh</" "literal> » définit le nom de machine « hostname » au moment " "du démarrage (en utilisant la commande <literal>hostname</literal>) avec le " "nom qui est enregistré dans « <literal>/etc/hostname</literal> ». " "Ce fichier ne devra contenir<emphasis role=\"strong\">que</emphasis> le nom " "de machine du système et pas un nom de domaine pleinement qualifié." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "To print out the current hostname run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> without an argument." msgstr "" "Pour afficher le nom de la machine utilisée, lancez la commande " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname </refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> sans paramètre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The filesystem" msgstr "Le système de fichiers" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Although the root filesystem is mounted by the kernel when it is started, " "other filesystems are mounted in the runlevel S by the following init " "scripts." msgstr "" "Alors que le système de fichiers racine est monté par le noyau lors de son " "démarrage, les autres systèmes de fichiers sont montés dans le niveau de " "fonctionnement (runlevel) S à l’aide des scripts d'initialisation " "suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal>\" for kernel filesystems in " "\"<literal>/proc</literal>\", \"<literal>/sys</literal>\", etc." msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal> » pour les " "systèmes de fichiers du noyau se trouvant en « <literal>/proc</" "literal> », « <literal>/sys</literal> », etc." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal>\" for virtual filesystems " "in \"<literal>/dev</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal> » pour les " "systèmes de fichiers virtuels de « <literal>/dev</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal>\" for normal filesystems using " "\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal> » pour les systèmes " "de fichiers normaux qui utilisent « <literal>/etc /fstab</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal>\" for network filesystems using" "\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"" msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal> » pour les systèmes " "de fichiers à accès par le réseau en utilisant « <literal>/etc/fstab</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The mount options of kernel filesystems are set in \"<literal>/etc/default/" "rcS</literal>\". See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rcS</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Les options de montage des systèmes de fichiers du noyau sont configurés " "dans « <literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal> ». Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rcS</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The mount options of the filesystem are set in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</" "literal>\". See <xref linkend=\"_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options" "\"/>." msgstr "" "Les options de montage du système de fichiers sont définies dans « " "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal> ». Consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "The actual mounting of network filesystems waits for the start of the " "network interface." msgstr "" "Le montage effectif des systèmes de fichiers à accès par le réseau attendra " "le démarrage de l’interface réseau. " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para> msgid "" "After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in \"<literal>/tmp</" "literal>\", \"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\", and \"<literal>/var/run</" "literal>\" are cleaned for each boot up." msgstr "" "Une fois de tous les systèmes de fichiers montés, les fichiers temporaires " "se trouvant dans « <literal>/tmp</literal> », « <literal>/var/" "lock</literal> » et « <literal>/var/run</literal> » sont " "effacés lors de chaque démarrage du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Network interface initialization" msgstr "Initialisation de l’interface réseau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Network interfaces are initialized in runlevel S by the init script " "symlinked to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown</literal>\". See <xref linkend=" "\"_network_setup\"/> for how to configure them." msgstr "" "Les interfaces réseau sont initialisées dans le niveau de fonctionnement S " "par le script d'initialisation ayant un lien symbolique vers « " "<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal> » et « <literal>/etc/" "init.d/ifupdown</literal> ». Consultez <xref linkend=\"_network_setup\"/" "> pour la manière de les configurer." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "Network service initialization" msgstr "Initialisation des services réseau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Many network services (see <xref linkend=\"_network_applications\"/>) are " "started under multi-user mode directly as daemon processes at boot time by " "the init script, e.g., \"<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal>\" (for " "RUNLEVEL=2) which is a symlink to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/exim4</literal>\"." msgstr "" "De nombreux services réseau (consultez <xref linkend=\"_network_applications" "\"/>) sont directement démarrés en tant que démons sous le mode multi-" "utilisateurs lors du démarrage du système par le script d'initialisation, " "par exemple « <literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal> » (pour " "RUNLEVEL=2) qui est un lien symbolique vers « <literal>/etc/init.d/" "exim4</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Some network services can be started on demand using the <ulink url=" "\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> (or its " "equivalents). The <literal>inetd</literal> is started at boot time by " "\"<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal>\" (for RUNLEVEL=2) which is a " "symlink to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/inetd</literal>\". Essentially, " "<literal>inetd</literal> allows one running daemon to invoke several others, " "reducing load on the system." msgstr "" "Certains services réseau peuvent être démarrés à la demande en utilisant le " "<ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-serveur</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> " "(ou un équivalent). <literal>inetd</literal> est lancé lors au démarrage du " "système par « <literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal> » (pour " "RUNLEVEL=2) qui est un lien symbolique vers « <literal>/etc/init.d/" "inetd</literal> ». Fondamentalement, <literal>inetd</literal> permet à " "un démon en cours de fonctionnement d'en appeler plusieurs autres, ce qui " "réduit la charge du système." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Whenever a request for service arrives at <ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-" "server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> , its protocol and service are " "identified by looking them up in the databases in \"<literal>/etc/protocols</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/services</literal>\". <literal>inetd</" "literal> then looks up a normal Internet service in the \"<literal>/etc/" "inetd.conf</literal>\" database, or a <ulink url=" "\"&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;\">Open Network Computing Remote " "Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> based service in \"<literal>/etc/" "rpc.conf</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Lorsqu'une requête pour un service arrive au <ulink url=\"&superserver;" "\">super-serveur</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal>, le protocole et le " "service sont identifiés par une recherche dans les bases de données se " "trouvant dans « <literal>/etc/protocols</literal> » et « " "<literal>/etc/services</literal> ». <literal>inetd</literal> recherche " "ensuite un service Internet normal dans la base de données « <literal>/" "etc/inetd.conf</literal> » ou un service basé sur <ulink url=" "\"&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;\">Open Network Computing Remote " "Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> dans « <literal>/etc/rpc.conf</" "literal> ». " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Sometimes, <literal>inetd</literal> does not start the intended server " "directly but starts the <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">TCP wrapper</ulink> " "program, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, with the intended server name as its argument in " "\"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\". In this case, <literal>tcpd</" "literal> runs the appropriate server program after logging the request and " "doing some additional checks using \"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" " "and \"<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Parfois, <literal>inetd</literal> ne lance pas directement le serveur voulu " "mais exécute le <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">programme d'enveloppe du démon " "TCP/IP</ulink> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec, en paramètre " "dans « <literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal> », le service demandé. " "Dans ce cas, <literal>tcpd</literal> lance le serveur approprié après avoir " "enregistré la requête dans le journal et avoir fait quelques autres " "vérifications à l’aide de « <literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal> » " "et « <literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For system security, disable as much network service programs as possible. " "See <xref linkend=\"_restricting_access_to_some_server_services\"/>." msgstr "" "Afin d'assurer la sécurité du système, désactivez autant de services réseau " "que possible. Consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_restricting_access_to_some_server_services\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>protocols</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>services</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_access</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_options</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpcinfo</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>portmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/portmapper." "txt.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>protocols</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>services</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_access</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_options</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpcinfo</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>portmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et « <literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/" "portmapper.txt.gz</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The system message" msgstr "Messages du système" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The system message can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</" "literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>\" for both the log " "file and on-screen display. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslog.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. See also <xref linkend=\"_log_analyzer\"/>." msgstr "" "Les messages du système peuvent être personnalisés au moyen de « <literal>/" "etc/default/rsyslog</literal> » et « <literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal> » " "à la fois pour le fichier journal et pour l’affichage à l’écran. Consultez " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslog.conf</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Consultez aussi <xref " "linkend=\"_log_analyzer\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The kernel message" msgstr "Messages du noyau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The kernel message can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/default/klogd</" "literal>\" for both the log file and on-screen display. Set " "\"<literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</literal>\" in this file and run \"<literal>/etc/" "init.d/klogd restart</literal>\". See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Les messages du noyau peuvent être personnalisés au moyen de « " "<literal>/etc/init.d/klogd</literal> » à la fois pour le fichier " "journal et l’affichage à l’écran. Positionnez « <literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</" "literal> » dans ce fichier et lancez « <literal>/etc/init.d/klogd " "restart</literal> ». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "You may directly change the error message level by the following." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez modifier directement le niveau d'erreur des messages de la " "manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "# dmesg -n3" msgstr "# dmesg -n3" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> msgid "List of kernel error levels" msgstr "Liste des niveaux d'erreur du noyau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "error level value" msgstr "valeur du niveau d'erreur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "error level name" msgstr "nom du niveau d'erreur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_EMERG" msgstr "KERN_EMERG" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "system is unusable" msgstr "le système est inutilisable" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_ALERT" msgstr "KERN_ALERT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "action must be taken immediately" msgstr "une action doit être entreprise immédiatement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_CRIT" msgstr "KERN_CRIT" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "critical conditions" msgstr "conditions critiques" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "3" msgstr "3" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_ERR" msgstr "KERN_ERR" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "error conditions" msgstr "conditions d'erreur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "4" msgstr "4" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_WARNING" msgstr "KERN_WARNING" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "warning conditions" msgstr "conditions d'avertissement" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "5" msgstr "5" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_NOTICE" msgstr "KERN_NOTICE" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "normal but significant condition" msgstr "condition normale mais significative" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "6" msgstr "6" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_INFO" msgstr "KERN_INFO" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "informational" msgstr "information" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "7" msgstr "7" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "KERN_DEBUG" msgstr "KERN_DEBUG" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "debug-level messages" msgstr "messages du niveau de débogage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The udev system" msgstr "Le système udev" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "For Linux kernel 2.6, <ulink url=\"&theudevsystem;\">the udev system</ulink> " "provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization " "(see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>). Upon discovery of each device by the kernel, the " "udev system starts a user process which uses information from the <ulink url=" "\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs" "\"/>), loads required kernel modules supporting it using the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> program (see <xref linkend=" "\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>), and creates corresponding device " "nodes." msgstr "" "Pour le noyau Linux 2.6, <ulink url=\"&theudevsystem;\">le système udev</" "ulink> fournit un mécanisme de découverte et d'initialisation automatiques " "du matériel (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Lors de la " "découverte de chaque périphérique par le noyau, le système udev lance un " "processus utilisateur qui utilise les informations provenant du système de " "fichiers <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>), charge les modules du noyau nécessaires pour sa " "prise en charge en utilisant le programme " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> (consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>) et crée les nœuds de périphériques " "en conséquences." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "If \"<literal>/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.dep</literal>\" " "was not generated properly by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for some reason, " "modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute " "\"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" to fix it." msgstr "" "Si « <literal>/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.dep</" "literal> » n'a pas été proprement créé par " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> pour quelque raison, les modules peuvent ne pas être chargés " "par le système udev comme on le souhaiterait. Lancez « <literal>depmod -" "a</literal> » pour corriger ce problème." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The name of device nodes can be configured by udev rule files in \"<literal>/" "etc/udev/rules.d/</literal>\". Current default rules tend to create " "dynamically generated names resulting non-static device names except for cd " "and network devices. By adding your custom rules similar to what cd and " "network devices do, you can generate static device names for other devices " "such as USB memory sticks, too. See \"<ulink url=\"&writingudevrules;" "\">Writing udev rules</ulink>\" or \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/" "writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Le nom des nœuds de périphériques peut être configuré par les fichiers de " "règle de udev se trouvant dans « <literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/</" "literal> ». Les règles actuelles par défaut tendent à créer des noms " "générés dynamiquement ce qui donne des noms de périphériques non statiques " "excepté pour les périphériques cd et réseau. En ajoutant vos règles " "personnalisées semblables à celles existantes pour les périphériques cd et " "réseau, vous pouvez aussi créer des noms de périphériques statiques pour les " "autres périphériques comme les clés USB. Consultez « <ulink url=" "\"&writingudevrules;\">Écrire des règles udev</ulink> » ou « " "<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other " "documentations and describe the minimum information here." msgstr "" "Comme le système udev est une cible quelque peu mouvante, je laisse les " "détails pour d'autres documentations et je ne donnerai ici qu'un minimum " "d'informations." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "For mounting rules in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\", device nodes do not " "need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> to " "mount devices instead of device names such as \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" "\". See <xref linkend=\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>." msgstr "" "Les nœuds de périphériques n'ont pas besoin d'être statiques pour les règles " "de montage se trouvant dans « <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> ». " "Vous pouvez utiliser <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> à la place de leur " "nom de périphérique tel que« <literal>/dev/sda</literal> » pour " "monter les périphériques. Consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> msgid "The kernel module initialization" msgstr "Initialisation des modules du noyau" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> program enables us to configure running Linux " "kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules. The udev " "system (see <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>) automates its invocation " "to help the kernel module initialization." msgstr "" "Le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> nous permet de " "configurer, depuis un processus utilisateur, un noyau Linux en cours " "d'exécution en ajoutant ou en supprimant des modules du noyau. Le système " "udev (consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>) en automatise l’appel " "afin d'aider à l’initialisation du module du noyau." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the " "following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the \"<literal>/etc/" "modules</literal>\" file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modules</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)." msgstr "" "Il existe des modules non liés au matériel et des modules qui pilotent des " "éléments matériels particuliers comme les suivants qui demandent à être " "préchargés en les déclarant dans le fichier « <literal>/etc/modules</" "literal> » (consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modules</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&tuntap;\">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual Point-to-" "Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device (TAP)," msgstr "" "les modules <ulink url=\"&tuntap;\">TUN/TAP</ulink> fournissent un " "périphérique de réseau virtuel point-à-point (TUN) et un périphérique de " "réseau virtuel Ethernet (TAP) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter " "firewall capabilities (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <xref linkend=" "\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>), and" msgstr "" "les modules <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> fournissent les " "fonctions de pare-feu netfilter (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <xref linkend=" "\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "<ulink url=\"&watchdogtimer;\">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules." msgstr "" "le module du pilote du <ulink url=\"&watchdogtimer;\">temporisateur de chien " "de garde</ulink>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The configuration files for the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program are located " "under the \"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>\" directory as explained in " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. (If you want to avoid some kernel modules to be " "auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the \"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/" "blacklist</literal>\" file.)" msgstr "" "Les fichiers de configuration du programme " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> se trouvent dans le répertoire « <literal>/" "etc/modprobes.d/</literal> » comme c'est expliqué dans " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>. (Si vous souhaitez que certains modules du noyau " "ne soient pas chargés automatiquement, vous pouvez les mettre en liste noire " "dans le fichier« <literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal> »)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The \"<literal>/lib/modules/<version>/modules.dep</literal>\" file " "generated by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program describes " "module dependencies used by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program." msgstr "" "Le fichier « <literal>/lib/modules/<version>/modules.dep</" "literal> » généré par le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> décrit les dépendances " "des modules utilisés par le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para> msgid "" "If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or " "with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>, \"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" may resolve " "these issues by reconstructing \"<literal>modules.dep</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Si vous rencontrez des problèmes de chargement de modules lors du chargement " "des modules au démarrage ou avec <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, « " "<literal>depmod -a</literal> » peut résoudre ces problèmes en " "reconstruisant « <literal>modules.dep</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> program shows information about a Linux kernel " "module." msgstr "" "Le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modinfo</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> affiche des " "informations concernant les modules du noyau." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "" "The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> program nicely formats the contents of the " "\"<literal>/proc/modules</literal>\", showing what kernel modules are " "currently loaded." msgstr "" "Le programme <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> formate de manière agréable le contenu de « " "<literal>/proc/modules</literal> », affichant quels sont les modules du " "noyau actuellement chargés." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You can identify exact hardware on your system. See <xref linkend=" "\"_hardware_identification\"/>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez identifier le matériel exact installé sur votre système. " "Consultez <xref linkend=\"_hardware_identification\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware " "features. See <xref linkend=\"_hardware_configuration\"/>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez configurer le matériel au moment du démarrage pour activer les " "fonctionnalités désirées de ce matériel. Consultez <xref linkend=" "\"_hardware_configuration\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para> msgid "" "You can add support for your device by recompiling kernel. See <xref " "linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez ajouter la prise en charge de votre périphérique en recompilant " "le noyau. Consultez <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "Authentication" msgstr "Authentification" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication " "confirms the identity to be a trusted one." msgstr "" "Lorsqu'une personne (ou un programme) demande l’accès au système, " "l’authentification confirme que l’identité est autorisée." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para> msgid "" "Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system. You must " "have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition. To recover, " "boot the system with them and correct things from there." msgstr "" "Des erreurs de configuration de PAM peuvent vous mettre à la porte de votre " "propre système. Vous devez avoir un CD de secours prêt ou une partition de " "démarrage de remplacement. Pour restaurer, démarrez le système depuis l’un " "de ces moyens de secours et corrigez les choses depuis là." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Normal Unix authentication" msgstr "Authentification normale d’UNIX" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Normal Unix authentication is provided by the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> module under the <ulink url=" "\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)" "</ulink>. Its 3 important configuration files, with \"<literal>:</literal>" "\" separated entries, are the following." msgstr "" "L’authentification normale d’UNIX est fournie par le module " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry> avec <ulink url=" "\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication " "Modules : « Modules attachables d'authentification ») </" "ulink>. Il y a trois fichiers de configuration importants, dont les entrées " "sont séparées par des « <literal>:</literal> », ce sont :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "" "3 important configuration files for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "3 fichiers de configuration importants pour " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "permission" msgstr "autorisation" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "user" msgstr "utilisateur" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "(sanitized) user account information" msgstr "informations des comptes utilisateurs (assainie)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>-rw-r-----</literal>" msgstr "<literal>-rw-r-----</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>shadow</literal>" msgstr "<literal>shadow</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "secure user account information" msgstr "informations sécurisées des comptes utilisateurs " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" msgstr "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "group information" msgstr "informations des groupes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" contains the following." msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/passwd</literal> » contient ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" " ...\n" "user1:x:1000:1000:User1 Name,,,:/home/user1:/bin/bash\n" "user2:x:1001:1001:User2 Name,,,:/home/user2:/bin/bash\n" " ..." msgstr "" " ...\n" "utilisateur1:x:1000:1000:Nom Utilisateur1,,,:/home/utilisateur1:/bin/bash\n" "utilisateur2:x:1001:1001:Nom Utilisateur2,,,:/home/utilisateur2:/bin/bash\n" " ..." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each \"<literal>:</" "literal>\" separated entry of this file means the following." msgstr "" "Comme il est expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les entrées de ce " "fichier, séparées par des « <literal>:</literal> », ont la " "signification suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Login name" msgstr "nom de l’utilisateur pour la connexion ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Password specification entry" msgstr "entrée de spécification du mot de passe ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Numerical user ID" msgstr "identifiant numérique de l’utilisateur ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Numerical group ID" msgstr "identifiant numérique du groupe ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "User name or comment field" msgstr "nom de l’utilisateur ou champ de commentaire ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "User home directory" msgstr "répertoire personnel de l’utilisateur ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Optional user command interpreter" msgstr "interpréteur de commandes, optionnel, de l’utilisateur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "The second entry of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" was used for the " "encrypted password entry. After the introduction of \"<literal>/etc/shadow</" "literal>\", this entry is used for the password specification entry." msgstr "" "La seconde entrée de « <literal>/etc/passwd</literal> » était " "autrefois utilisée comme entrée de mot de passe chiffré. Depuis " "l’introduction de « <literal>/etc/shadow</literal> », cette " "entrée est utilisée comme entrée de spécification du mot de passe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "The second entry content of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\"" msgstr "" "Contenu de la seconde entrée de « <literal>/etc/passwd</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "(empty)" msgstr "(vide)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "passwordless account" msgstr "compte sans mot de passe" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "x" msgstr "x" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "the encrypted password is in \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\"" msgstr "" "le mot de passe chiffré se trouve dans « <literal>/etc/shadow</" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "*" msgstr "*" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "no login for this account" msgstr "ce compte ne peut pas se connecter" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "!" msgstr "!" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" contains the following." msgstr "« <literal>/etc/shadow</literal> » contient ceci :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "" " ...\n" "user1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::\n" "user2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::\n" " ..." msgstr "" " ...\n" "utilisateur1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::\n" "utilisateur2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::\n" " ..." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each \"<literal>:</" "literal>\" separated entry of this file means the following." msgstr "" "Comme c'est expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les différentes " "entrées de ce fichier, séparées par des « <literal>:</literal> » " "ont les significations suivantes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Encrypted password (The initial \"<literal>$1$</literal>\" indicates use of " "the MD5 encryption. The \"*\" indicates no login.)" msgstr "" "mot de passe chiffré (le « <literal>$1$</literal> » du début " "indique l’utilisation d'un chiffrement MD5. Le signe « * » " "indique que le compte ne peut pas se connecter) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Days since Jan 1, 1970 that password was last changed" msgstr "" "nombre de jours, à partir du 1er janvier 1970, depuis que ce mot de passe a " "été modifié pour la dernière fois ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Days before password may be changed" msgstr "" "nombre de jours restants avant que l’on ne doive modifier le mot de " "passe ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Days after which password must be changed" msgstr "nombre de jours après lequel on doit modifier le mot de passe ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Days before password is to expire that user is warned" msgstr "" "nombre de jours pendant lesquels l’utilisateur est averti que son mot de " "passe arrive en fin de validité ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "\"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" contains the following." msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/group</literal> » contient ce qui suit :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #, no-wrap msgid "group1:x:20:user1,user2" msgstr "group1:x:20:utilisateur1,utilisateur2" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each \"<literal>:</" "literal>\" separated entry of this file means the following." msgstr "" "Comme il est expliqué dans <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, les entrées de ce " "fichier, séparées par des « <literal>:</literal> », ont la " "signification suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Group name" msgstr "nom du groupe ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Encrypted password (not really used)" msgstr "mot de passe chiffré (non utilisé en pratique) ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "\",\" separated list of user names" msgstr "liste des noms d'utilisateurs séparés par des « , »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>\" provides the similar function as " "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" for \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" but " "is not really used." msgstr "" "« <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> » fournit les mêmes fonctions " "que « <literal>/etc/shadow</literal> » pour « <literal>/etc/" "group</literal> » mais n'est pas réellement utilisé." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if " "\"<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>\" line is added to " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and set it in \"<literal>/etc/" "security/group.conf</literal>\". See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Le groupe d'appartenance réel d'un utilisateur peut être ajouté " "dynamiquement si la ligne « <literal>auth optional pam_group.so</" "literal> » est ajoutée à « <literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</" "literal> » et défini dans « <literal>/etc/security/group.conf</" "literal> ». Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of " "the user and the group: \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-" "groups.html</literal>\"." msgstr "" "Le paquet <literal>base-passwd</literal> contient une liste faisant autorité " "d'utilisateurs et de groupes : « <literal>/usr/share/doc/base-" "passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal> »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Managing account and password information" msgstr "Gestion des informations des comptes et des mots de passes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "Here are few notable commands to manage account information." msgstr "" "Voici quelques commandes importantes pour gérer les informations des " "comptes :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "List of commands to manage account information" msgstr "Liste des commandes servant à gérer les informations des comptes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> msgid "function" msgstr "fonction" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>getent passwd <user_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>getent passwd <nom_utilisateur></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "browse account information of \"<literal><user_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" "consulter les informations du compte « <literal><nom_utilisateur>" "</literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>getent shadow <user_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>getent shadow <nom_utilisateur></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "browse shadowed account information of \"<literal><user_name></literal>" "\"" msgstr "" "consulter les informations cachées du compte « <literal><" "nom_utilisateur></literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>getent group <group_name></literal>" msgstr "<literal>getent group <nom_groupe></literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "browse group information of \"<literal><group_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" "consulter les informations du groupe « <literal><nom_ groupe></" "literal> »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>passwd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>passwd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "manage password for the account" msgstr "gérer le mot de passe de ce compte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>passwd -e</literal>" msgstr "<literal>passwd -e</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "set one-time password for the account activation" msgstr "définir un mot de passe à usage unique pour l’activation du compte" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>chage</literal>" msgstr "<literal>chage</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "manage password aging information" msgstr "gérer les informations de durée de validité du mot de passe" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> for the password and data encryption." msgstr "" "Vous pouvez avoir besoin des droits de l’administrateur pour certaines " "fonctions. Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> pour le chiffrement " "des mots de passe et des données." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para> msgid "" "On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink url=\"&alioth;" "\">alioth</ulink> machine, the content of local \"<literal>/etc/passwd</" "literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/shadow</" "literal>\" may not be actively used by the system. Above commands are valid " "even under such environment." msgstr "" "Sur les systèmes configurés avec PAM et NSS comme la machine <ulink url=" "\"&alioth;\">alioth</ulink> de Debian, le contenu des fichiers locaux « " "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal> », « <literal>/etc/group</" "literal> » et « <literal>/etc/shadow</literal> » peut ne pas " "être utilisé de manière active par le système. Le commandes ci-dessus " "restent valables même sous un tel environnement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Good password" msgstr "Mot de passe de qualité" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "When creating an account during your system installation or with the " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> command, you should choose a <ulink url=\"&goodpassword;" "\">good password</ulink> which consists of 6 to 8 characters including one " "or more characters from each of the following sets according to " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "Lors de la création d'un mot de passe à de l’installation de votre système " "ou avec la commande <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, il vous faudra " "choisir un <ulink url=\"&goodpassword;\">bon mot de passe</ulink> composé de " "6 à 8 caractères, comprenant au moins un des caractères appartenant à " "l’ensemble suivant conformément à <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Lower case alphabetics" msgstr "caractères alphabétiques en minuscules ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Digits 0 through 9" msgstr "chiffres de 0 à 9 ;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "Punctuation marks" msgstr "marques de ponctuation." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para> msgid "Do not chose guessable words for the password." msgstr "Ne pas choisir comme mot de passe des mots qui puissent être devinés. " #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "Creating encrypted password" msgstr "Créer un mot de passe chiffré" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "There are independent tools to generate encrypted password with salt." msgstr "" "Il y a des outils séparés permettant de créer des mots de passe chiffrés à " "partir d'une « semence »." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "List of tools to generate password" msgstr "Liste d'outils permettant de générer des mots de passe" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>mkpasswd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>mkpasswd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "over-featured front end to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> library" msgstr "" "frontal de la bibliothèque <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> avec fonctionnalités " "surabondantes" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "<literal>openssl passwd</literal>" msgstr "<literal>openssl passwd</literal>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</manvolnum></citerefentry>" msgstr "" "calculer le hachage du mot de passe (OpenSSL). " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</" "manvolnum></citerefentry>" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> msgid "PAM and NSS" msgstr "PAM et NSS" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "" "Modern <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the " "Debian system provide <ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM " "(Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink url=" "\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism to " "the local system administrator to configure his system. The role of these " "can be summarizes as the following." msgstr "" "De nombreux systèmes modernes <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">semblable à UNIX</" "ulink>, comme le système Debian, fournissent les mécanismes <ulink url=" "\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)" "</ulink> et <ulink url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</" "ulink> pour la configuration du système par l’administrateur local. Leur " "rôle peut être résumé de la manière suivante :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application " "software thus involves password data exchange." msgstr "" "PAM offre un mécanisme d'authentification souple qui est utilisé par les " "logiciels applicatifs lorsqu'ils ont besoins d'échanger des mots de passe." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the " "<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the " "user and group name for programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry>." msgstr "" "NSS fournit un mécanisme souple de service de noms qui est fréquemment " "utilisé par la <ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">bibliothèque standard C</" "ulink> pour obtenir le nom de groupe de programmes comme " "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></" "citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</" "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently." msgstr "Ces systèmes PAM et NSS doivent être configurés de manière cohérente." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> msgid "The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following." msgstr "" "Les paquets importants des systèmes PAM et NSS sont les suivants :" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> msgid "List of notable PAM and NSS systems" msgstr "Liste des paquets importants des systèmes PAM et NNS" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)" msgstr "" "PAM (« Pluggable Authentication Modules »), Modules attachables " "d'authentification (service de base)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces" msgstr "" "Modules attachables d'authentification permettant l’utilisation d'interfaces " "LDAP" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module to enable cracklib support" msgstr "" "Modules attachables d'authentification permettant la prise en compte de " "cracklib" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)" msgstr "" "Modules attachables d'authentification (documentation en html et texte)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides \"Name Service Switch\" " "service" msgstr "" "bibliothèque GNU C Library : bibliothèques partagées qui fournissent " "aussi le service « Name Service Switch »" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "GNU C Library: Manpages" msgstr "bibliothèque GNU C : pages de manuel" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)" msgstr "" "bibliothèque GNU C : manuel de référence dans les formats info, pdf et " "html (non libre)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution" msgstr "module NSS pour la résolution des noms DNS Multicast" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service" msgstr "module NSS pour l’utilisation de LDAP comme service de nommage" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> msgid "" "NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service (new folk of <literal>libnss-" "ldap</literal>)" msgstr "" "module NSS pour l’utilisation de LDAP en tant que service de nommage " "(nouveau compagnon de <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide\" in <literal>libpam-doc</" "literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration." msgstr "" "« The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide » de <literal>libpam-" "doc</literal> est essentiel à l’apprentissage de la configuration de PAM." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "\"System Databases and Name Service Switch\" section in <literal>glibc-doc-" "reference</literal> is essential for learning NS