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revision 7355 by osamu, Tue May 18 15:35:25 2010 UTC revision 7421 by osamu, Sun Jun 20 11:15:44 2010 UTC
# Line 727  This preserves some of the environment o Line 727  This preserves some of the environment o
727          <title>sudo configuration</title>          <title>sudo configuration</title>
728          <simpara>For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of <literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his user password but without the root password.</simpara>          <simpara>For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of <literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his user password but without the root password.</simpara>
729          <screen># echo "penguin  ALL=(ALL) ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers</screen>          <screen># echo "penguin  ALL=(ALL) ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers</screen>
730            <simpara>Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege without any password.</simpara>
731            <screen># echo "penguin  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers</screen>
732          <simpara>This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you administer and where you are the only user.</simpara>          <simpara>This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you administer and where you are the only user.</simpara>
733          <warning>          <warning>
734            <simpara>Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this because it would be very bad for system security.</simpara>            <simpara>Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this because it would be very bad for system security.</simpara>
# Line 2188  export VISUAL=mcedit</screen> Line 2190  export VISUAL=mcedit</screen>
2190  . /usr/share/mc/bin/mc.sh  . /usr/share/mc/bin/mc.sh
2191    
2192  # set CDPATH to good one  # set CDPATH to good one
2193  CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~/Desktop/src:~/Desktop:~  CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~:~/Desktop:~
2194  export CDPATH  export CDPATH
2195    
2196  PATH="${PATH}":/usr/sbin:/sbin  PATH="${PATH}":/usr/sbin:/sbin
# Line 4552  Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200</screen> Line 4554  Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200</screen>
4554            </row>            </row>
4555            <row>            <row>
4556              <entry>              <entry>
               <literal>kpackage</literal>  
             </entry>  
             <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
             <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
             <entry>  
     graphical package manager (KDE front-end for APT)  
     </entry>  
           </row>  
           <row>  
             <entry>  
4557                <literal>apt-utils</literal>                <literal>apt-utils</literal>
4558              </entry>              </entry>
4559              <entry>              <entry>
# Line 4832  The 2nd argument is the distribution nam Line 4820  The 2nd argument is the distribution nam
4820            </listitem>            </listitem>
4821            <listitem>            <listitem>
4822              <simpara>              <simpara>
4823  The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive component names of the Debian archive.  The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
4824  </simpara>  </simpara>
4825            </listitem>            </listitem>
4826          </itemizedlist>          </itemizedlist>
4827          <simpara>The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" lines can safely be omitted (or commented out by placing "#" at the start of the line) if it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data. The URL can be "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….</simpara>          <simpara>The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" lines can safely be omitted (or commented out by placing "#" at the start of the line) if it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data. The URL can be "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….</simpara>
4828          <tip>          <tip>
4829            <simpara>If "<literal>sid</literal>" is used in the above example instead of "<literal>@-@codename-stable@-@</literal>", the "<literal>deb: <ulink url="http://security.debian.org/">http://security.debian.org/</ulink> …</literal>" line for security updates in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" is not required.   This is because "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>) is always updated whenever security issues are fixed.  There is no need to have a separate security update archive for "<literal>sid</literal>".</simpara>            <simpara>If "<literal>sid</literal>" is used in the above example instead of "<literal>@-@codename-stable@-@</literal>", the "<literal>deb: <ulink url="http://security.debian.org/">http://security.debian.org/</ulink> …</literal>" line for security updates in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" is not required.   This is because there is no security update archive for "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).</simpara>
4830          </tip>          </tip>
4831          <simpara>Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or codename used in the configuration file.</simpara>          <simpara>Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or codename used in the configuration file.</simpara>
4832          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
# Line 4972  The 3rd and following arguments are the Line 4960  The 3rd and following arguments are the
4960            </tgroup>            </tgroup>
4961          </table>          </table>
4962          <caution>          <caution>
4963            <simpara>Only pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed with some packages from <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release.  If you really need the latest version of some programs under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/volatile/">the debian-volatile project</ulink> and <ulink url="http://backports.org">backports.org</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_volatile_and_backports_org"/>) services.  These services must be used with extra care.</simpara>            <simpara>Only pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed with some packages from <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library version mismatch etc.  If you really need the latest version of some programs under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/volatile/">the debian-volatile project</ulink> and <ulink url="http://backports.org">backports.org</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_volatile_and_backports_org"/>) services.  These services must be used with extra care.</simpara>
4964          </caution>          </caution>
4965          <caution>          <caution>
4966            <simpara>You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line.  If you list any combination of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line, APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple listing makes sense for these when the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).</simpara>            <simpara>You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line.  If you list any combination of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line, APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple listing makes sense for these when the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).</simpara>
4967          </caution>          </caution>
4968          <note>          <tip>
4969            <simpara>For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> suites, it is a good idea to include lines with "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" to enable security updates as in the example above.</simpara>            <simpara>For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> suites, it is a good idea to include lines with "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" to enable security updates as in the example above.</simpara>
4970            </tip>
4971            <note>
4972              <simpara>The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian testing security team.  For <ulink url="http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2008/12/msg00019.html">several</ulink> <ulink url="http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2010/01/msg00000.html">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages.  Those for the <literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer.  Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes.  See <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian handles security bugs.</simpara>
4973          </note>          </note>
         <simpara>Each Debian archive consists of 3 components. Components are alternatively called <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-sections">categories in "Debian Policy"</ulink> or areas in <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">"Debian Social Contract"</ulink>.  The component is grouped by the compliance to <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">"The Debian Free Software Guidelines" (DFSG)</ulink>.</simpara>  
4974          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
4975            <title>List of Debian archive components</title>            <title>List of Debian archive area</title>
4976            <tgroup cols="3">            <tgroup cols="3">
4977              <colspec colwidth="59pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="59pt" align="left"/>
4978              <colspec colwidth="130pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="130pt" align="left"/>
# Line 4990  The 3rd and following arguments are the Line 4980  The 3rd and following arguments are the
4980              <thead>              <thead>
4981                <row>                <row>
4982                  <entry>                  <entry>
4983      component      area
4984      </entry>      </entry>
4985                  <entry>                  <entry>
4986      number of packages      number of packages
4987      </entry>      </entry>
4988                  <entry>                  <entry>
4989      criteria of package      criteria of package component
4990      </entry>      </entry>
4991                </row>                </row>
4992              </thead>              </thead>
# Line 5037  The 3rd and following arguments are the Line 5027  The 3rd and following arguments are the
5027              </tbody>              </tbody>
5028            </tgroup>            </tgroup>
5029          </table>          </table>
5030          <simpara>Here the number of packages in the above is for the @-@arch@-@ architecture.  Strictly speaking, only the <literal>main</literal> component archive shall be considered as the Debian system.</simpara>          <simpara>Here the number of packages in the above is for the @-@arch@-@ architecture.  Strictly speaking, only the <literal>main</literal> area archive shall be considered as the Debian system.</simpara>
5031          <simpara>The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or <literal>pool</literal>.</simpara>          <simpara>The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or <literal>pool</literal>.</simpara>
5032          <simpara>The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html#codenames">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following.</simpara>          <simpara>The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/developers-reference/resources.html#codenames">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following.</simpara>
5033          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
# Line 5096  The 3rd and following arguments are the Line 5086  The 3rd and following arguments are the
5086            </tgroup>            </tgroup>
5087          </table>          </table>
5088          <simpara>The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-ftparchives#s-oldcodenames">Debian FAQ: 6.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</ulink></simpara>          <simpara>The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/ch-ftparchives#s-oldcodenames">Debian FAQ: 6.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</ulink></simpara>
5089          <simpara>In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word "section" is specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application area.  (Although, the word "main section" may sometimes be used to describe the Debian archive section which provides the main component.)</simpara>          <simpara>In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word "section" is specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application area.  (Although, the word "main section" may sometimes be used to describe the Debian archive area named as "main".)</simpara>
5090          <simpara>Every time a new upload is done by the Debian developer (DD) to the <literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url="http://incoming.debian.org/">incoming</ulink> processing), DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive.</simpara>          <simpara>Every time a new upload is done by the Debian developer (DD) to the <literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url="http://incoming.debian.org/">incoming</ulink> processing), DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive.</simpara>
5091          <simpara>If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc.</simpara>          <simpara>If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc.</simpara>
5092          <simpara>Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the maturity (about 10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable.</simpara>          <simpara>Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the maturity (about 10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable.</simpara>
# Line 6031  The candidate version of the package Line 6021  The candidate version of the package
6021                    <literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>                    <literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>
6022                  </entry>                  </entry>
6023                  <entry>                  <entry>
6024      list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>component</literal> → <literal>package</literal>      list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>
6025      </entry>      </entry>
6026                </row>                </row>
6027                <row>                <row>
# Line 6893  Run the "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade< Line 6883  Run the "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade<
6883                    <literal>dpkg-source -x &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;.dsc</literal>                    <literal>dpkg-source -x &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;.dsc</literal>
6884                  </entry>                  </entry>
6885                  <entry>                  <entry>
6886      build a source tree from a set of source packages ("<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")      build a source tree from a set of source packages ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")
6887      </entry>      </entry>
6888                </row>                </row>
6889                <row>                <row>
# Line 7006  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag Line 6996  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag
6996  </simpara>  </simpara>
6997            </listitem>            </listitem>
6998          </itemizedlist>          </itemizedlist>
         <tip>  
           <simpara>The source package format described here as a set of source packages ("<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>") is format 1.0 which is still popular.  See more on <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1) for other newer formats.</simpara>  
         </tip>  
6999        </section>        </section>
7000        <section id="_verification_of_installed_package_files">        <section id="_verification_of_installed_package_files">
7001          <title>Verification of installed package files</title>          <title>Verification of installed package files</title>
# Line 7042  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag Line 7029  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag
7029            <title>The content of the Debian archive meta data</title>            <title>The content of the Debian archive meta data</title>
7030            <tgroup cols="3">            <tgroup cols="3">
7031              <colspec colwidth="141pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="141pt" align="left"/>
7032              <colspec colwidth="363pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="336pt" align="left"/>
7033              <colspec colwidth="244pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="244pt" align="left"/>
7034              <thead>              <thead>
7035                <row>                <row>
# Line 7096  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag Line 7083  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag
7083                    <literal>Release</literal>                    <literal>Release</literal>
7084                  </entry>                  </entry>
7085                  <entry>                  <entry>
7086      top of each distribution/component/architecture combination      top of each distribution/area/architecture combination
7087      </entry>      </entry>
7088                  <entry>                  <entry>
7089      archive description used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)      archive description used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)
# Line 7107  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag Line 7094  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag
7094                    <literal>Packages</literal>                    <literal>Packages</literal>
7095                  </entry>                  </entry>
7096                  <entry>                  <entry>
7097      top of each distribution/component/binary-architecture combination      top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination
7098      </entry>      </entry>
7099                  <entry>                  <entry>
7100      concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages      concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages
# Line 7118  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag Line 7105  See <xref linkend="_making_debian_packag
7105                    <literal>Sources</literal>                    <literal>Sources</literal>
7106                  </entry>                  </entry>
7107                  <entry>                  <entry>
7108      top of each distribution/component/source combination      top of each distribution/area/source combination
7109      </entry>      </entry>
7110                  <entry>                  <entry>
7111      concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages      concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages
# Line 7148  MD5Sum: Line 7135  MD5Sum:
7135   43524d07f7fa21b10f472c426db66168  6561398 main/binary-alpha/Packages.gz   43524d07f7fa21b10f472c426db66168  6561398 main/binary-alpha/Packages.gz
7136  ...</screen>  ...</screen>
7137          <note>          <note>
7138            <simpara>Here, you can find my rationale to use the "suite", "codeneme", and "components" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  The "distribution" is used when referring to both "suite" and "codeneme".</simpara>            <simpara>Here, you can find my rationale to use the "suite", and "codeneme" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  The "distribution" is used when referring to both "suite" and "codeneme".  All archive "area" names offered by the archive are listed under "Component".</simpara>
7139          </note>          </note>
7140          <simpara>The integrity of the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url="http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt">secure apt</ulink>.</simpara>          <simpara>The integrity of the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url="http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt">secure apt</ulink>.</simpara>
7141          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
# Line 7208  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7195  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7195        </section>        </section>
7196        <section id="_fetching_of_the_meta_data_for_the_package">        <section id="_fetching_of_the_meta_data_for_the_package">
7197          <title>Fetching of the meta data for the package</title>          <title>Fetching of the meta data for the package</title>
7198          <simpara>When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>…, are used, we need to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local copies have following file names corresponding to the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>component</literal>, and <literal>architecture</literal> names in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).</simpara>          <simpara>When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>…, are used, we need to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local copies have following file names corresponding to the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and <literal>architecture</literal> names in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).</simpara>
7199          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
7200            <listitem>            <listitem>
7201              <simpara>              <simpara>
# Line 7222  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7209  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7209            </listitem>            </listitem>
7210            <listitem>            <listitem>
7211              <simpara>              <simpara>
7212  "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_&lt;component&gt;_binary-&lt;architecture&gt;_Packages</literal>"  "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_binary-&lt;architecture&gt;_Packages</literal>"
7213  </simpara>  </simpara>
7214            </listitem>            </listitem>
7215            <listitem>            <listitem>
7216              <simpara>              <simpara>
7217  "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_&lt;component&gt;_source_Sources</literal>"  "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_source_Sources</literal>"
7218  </simpara>  </simpara>
7219            </listitem>            </listitem>
7220            <listitem>            <listitem>
# Line 7259  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7246  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7246          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
7247            <title>The name structure of Debian packages</title>            <title>The name structure of Debian packages</title>
7248            <tgroup cols="2">            <tgroup cols="2">
7249              <colspec colwidth="309pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="271pt" align="left"/>
7250              <colspec colwidth="439pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="401pt" align="left"/>
7251              <thead>              <thead>
7252                <row>                <row>
7253                  <entry>                  <entry>
# Line 7274  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7261  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7261              <tbody>              <tbody>
7262                <row>                <row>
7263                  <entry>                  <entry>
7264      The binary package (a.k.a deb)      The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)
7265      </entry>      </entry>
7266                  <entry>                  <entry>
7267                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.deb</literal>                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.deb</literal>
# Line 7282  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7269  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7269                </row>                </row>
7270                <row>                <row>
7271                  <entry>                  <entry>
7272      The binary package for the debian-installer (a.k.a udeb)      The binary package (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)
7273      </entry>      </entry>
7274                  <entry>                  <entry>
7275                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.udeb</literal>                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.udeb</literal>
# Line 7293  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7280  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7280      The source package (upstream source)      The source package (upstream source)
7281      </entry>      </entry>
7282                  <entry>                  <entry>
7283                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.tar.gz</literal>                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.orig.tar.gz</literal>
7284                  </entry>                  </entry>
7285                </row>                </row>
7286                <row>                <row>
7287                  <entry>                  <entry>
7288      The source package (Debian changes)      The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)
7289      </entry>      </entry>
7290                  <entry>                  <entry>
7291                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.diff.gz</literal>                    <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.diff.gz</literal>
# Line 7306  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7293  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7293                </row>                </row>
7294                <row>                <row>
7295                  <entry>                  <entry>
7296        The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)
7297        </entry>
7298                    <entry>
7299                      <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.debian.tar.gz</literal>
7300                    </entry>
7301                  </row>
7302                  <row>
7303                    <entry>
7304      The source package (description)      The source package (description)
7305      </entry>      </entry>
7306                  <entry>                  <entry>
# Line 7315  Architecture: amd64</screen> Line 7310  Architecture: amd64</screen>
7310              </tbody>              </tbody>
7311            </tgroup>            </tgroup>
7312          </table>          </table>
7313            <tip>
7314              <simpara>Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).</simpara>
7315            </tip>
7316          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
7317            <title>The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names</title>            <title>The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names</title>
7318            <tgroup cols="3">            <tgroup cols="3">
# Line 8567  The kernel code of the target OS if it f Line 8565  The kernel code of the target OS if it f
8565                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB">GRUB Legacy</ulink>                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB">GRUB Legacy</ulink>
8566                </entry>                </entry>
8567                <entry>                <entry>
8568      grub      grub-legacy
8569      </entry>      </entry>
8570                <entry>                <entry>
8571      @-@popcon2@-@      @-@popcon2@-@
# Line 9229  The Debian system goes into one of the s Line 9227  The Debian system goes into one of the s
9227        </section>        </section>
9228        <section id="_the_configuration_of_the_runlevel">        <section id="_the_configuration_of_the_runlevel">
9229          <title>The configuration of the runlevel</title>          <title>The configuration of the runlevel</title>
9230            <note>
9231              <simpara>In Debian <literal>squeeze</literal>, dependency based boot order provided by the <literal>insserv</literal> package is used instead of classical alphabetical one.  The "<literal>CONCURRENCY</literal>" value in "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>" controls its concurrency: "<literal>none</literal>" for no concurrency, "<literal>startpar</literal>" for concurrency within the same sequence number, or "<literal>makefile</literal>" for full concurrency.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>".</simpara>
9232            </note>
9233          <simpara>The name of the symlink in each runlevel directory has the form "<literal>S&lt;2-digit-number&gt;&lt;original-name&gt;</literal>" or "<literal>K&lt;2-digit-number&gt;&lt;original-name&gt;</literal>". The 2-digit-number is used to determine the order in which to run the scripts. "<literal>S</literal>" is for "Start" and "<literal>K</literal>" is for "Kill".</simpara>          <simpara>The name of the symlink in each runlevel directory has the form "<literal>S&lt;2-digit-number&gt;&lt;original-name&gt;</literal>" or "<literal>K&lt;2-digit-number&gt;&lt;original-name&gt;</literal>". The 2-digit-number is used to determine the order in which to run the scripts. "<literal>S</literal>" is for "Start" and "<literal>K</literal>" is for "Kill".</simpara>
9234          <simpara>When <literal>init</literal>(8) or <literal>telinit</literal>(8) commands goes into the runlevel to "&lt;n&gt;", it execute following scripts.</simpara>          <simpara>For "<literal>CONCURRENCY=none</literal>", when <literal>init</literal>(8) or <literal>telinit</literal>(8) commands goes into the runlevel to "&lt;n&gt;", it execute following scripts.</simpara>
9235          <orderedlist>          <orderedlist>
9236            <listitem>            <listitem>
9237              <simpara>              <simpara>
# Line 9244  The script names starting with an "<lite Line 9245  The script names starting with an "<lite
9245            </listitem>            </listitem>
9246          </orderedlist>          </orderedlist>
9247          <simpara>For example, if you had the links "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" and "<literal>S20exim4</literal>" in a runlevel directory, "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" which is symlinked to "<literal>../init.d/sysklogd</literal>" would run before "<literal>S20exim4</literal>" which is symlinked to "<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>".</simpara>          <simpara>For example, if you had the links "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" and "<literal>S20exim4</literal>" in a runlevel directory, "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" which is symlinked to "<literal>../init.d/sysklogd</literal>" would run before "<literal>S20exim4</literal>" which is symlinked to "<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>".</simpara>
9248            <simpara>For "<literal>CONCURRENCY=makefile</literal>" (new default), package dependency defined in the header of init scripts are used to order them.</simpara>
9249          <warning>          <warning>
9250            <simpara>It is not advisable to make any changes to symlinks in "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" unless you know better than the maintainer.</simpara>            <simpara>It is not advisable to make any changes to symlinks in "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" unless you know better than the maintainer.</simpara>
9251          </warning>          </warning>
         <note>  
           <simpara>In Debian <literal>squeeze</literal>, dependency based boot order provided by the <literal>insserv</literal> package is used instead of classical alphabetical one.  The "<literal>CONCURRENCY</literal>" value in "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>" controls its concurrency: "<literal>none</literal>" for no concurrency, "<literal>startpar</literal>" for concurrency within the same sequence number, or "<literal>makefile</literal>" for full concurrency.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>".</simpara>  
         </note>  
9252        </section>        </section>
9253        <section id="_the_runlevel_management_example">        <section id="_the_runlevel_management_example">
9254          <title>The runlevel management example</title>          <title>The runlevel management example</title>
# Line 10726  Reboot system. Line 10725  Reboot system.
10725      <tip>      <tip>
10726        <simpara>For general guide to the GNU/Linux networking, read the <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/">Linux Network Administrators Guide</ulink>.</simpara>        <simpara>For general guide to the GNU/Linux networking, read the <ulink url="http://www.tldp.org/LDP/nag2/">Linux Network Administrators Guide</ulink>.</simpara>
10727      </tip>      </tip>
     <simpara>The traditional <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">TCP/IP network</ulink> setup on Debian system uses <literal>ifupdown</literal> package as a high level tool.  There are 2 typical cases.</simpara>  
     <itemizedlist>  
       <listitem>  
         <simpara>  
 For <emphasis role="strong">dynamic IP</emphasis> system such as mobile PCs, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and enable you to switch your network configuration easily (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/>).  
 </simpara>  
       </listitem>  
       <listitem>  
         <simpara>  
 For <emphasis role="strong">static IP</emphasis> system such as servers, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and keep your system simple (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip"/>).  
 </simpara>  
       </listitem>  
     </itemizedlist>  
     <simpara>We describe these traditional cases in detail here.</simpara>  
     <simpara>We also touch on some alternative high level tools such as <literal>network-manager</literal> and <literal>wicd</literal> which ease configuration of wireless networks (see <xref linkend="_automatic_network_configuration"/>).</simpara>  
10728      <section id="_the_basic_network_infrastructure">      <section id="_the_basic_network_infrastructure">
10729        <title>The basic network infrastructure</title>        <title>The basic network infrastructure</title>
10730        <simpara>Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system.</simpara>        <simpara>Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system.</simpara>
10731        <section id="_the_domain_name">        <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
10732          <title>The domain name</title>          <title>List of network configuration tools</title>
10733          <simpara>The naming for the domain name is a tricky one for the normal PC workstation users.  The PC workstation may be mobile one hopping around the network or located behind the NAT firewall inaccessible from the Internet. For such case, you may not want the domain name to be a valid domain name to avoid name collision.</simpara>          <tgroup cols="5">
10734          <simpara>According to <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2606">rfc2606</ulink>, "<literal>invalid</literal>" seems to be a choice for the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain">top level domain (TLD)</ulink> to construct domain names that are sure to be invalid from the Internet.</simpara>            <colspec colwidth="130pt" align="left"/>
10735          <simpara>The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDNS">mDNS</ulink> network discovery protocol (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>, Avahi on Debian) uses <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local">"local"</ulink> as the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink>.  <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/296250">Microsoft also seems to promote "local" for the TLD of local area network</ulink>.</simpara>            <colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
10736          <warning>            <colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
10737            <simpara>If the DNS service on your LAN uses "<literal>local</literal>" as TLD for your LAN, it may interfare with mDNS.</simpara>            <colspec colwidth="97pt" align="left"/>
10738          </warning>            <colspec colwidth="374pt" align="left"/>
10739          <simpara>Other popular choices for the invalid TLD seem to be "<literal>localdomain</literal>", "<literal>lan</literal>", "<literal>localnet</literal>", or "<literal>home</literal>" according to my incoming mail analysis.</simpara>            <thead>
10740        </section>              <row>
10741        <section id="_the_hostname_resolution">                <entry>
10742          <title>The hostname resolution</title>      packages
         <simpara>The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is the following.</simpara>  
         <orderedlist>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file with stanza like "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<literal>order</literal>" stanza in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" file contains "<literal>multi on</literal>".)  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits.  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
         </orderedlist>  
         <simpara>The "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/316099">associates IP addresses with hostnames</ulink> contains the following.</simpara>  
         <screen>127.0.0.1 localhost  
 127.0.1.1 &lt;host_name&gt;.&lt;domain_name&gt; &lt;host_name&gt;  
   
 # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts  
 ::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback  
 fe00::0 ip6-localnet  
 ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix  
 ff02::1 ip6-allnodes  
 ff02::2 ip6-allrouters  
 ff02::3 ip6-allhosts</screen>  
         <simpara>Here the &lt;host_name&gt; in this matches the own hostname defined in the "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  The &lt;domain_name&gt; in this is the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> of this host.</simpara>  
         <tip>  
           <simpara>For &lt;domain_name&gt; of the mobile PC without the real FQDN, you may pick a bogus and safe TLD such as "<literal>lan</literal>", "<literal>home</literal>", "<literal>invalid</literal>", "<literal>localdomain</literal>", "<literal>none</literal>", and "<literal>private</literal>".</simpara>  
         </tip>  
         <simpara>The "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is a static file if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", it contains the following.</simpara>  
         <screen>nameserver 192.168.11.1</screen>  
         <simpara>The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.</simpara>  
         <simpara>The hostname resolution via Multicast DNS (using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf">Zeroconf</ulink>, aka <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>) which effectively allows name resolution by common Unix/Linux programs in the ad-hoc mDNS domain "<literal>local</literal>", can be provided by installing the <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> package.  The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file should have stanza like "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</literal>" to enable this functionality.</simpara>  
       </section>  
       <section id="_the_network_interface_name">  
         <title>The network interface name</title>  
         <simpara>The network interface name, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, is assigned to each hardware in the Linux kernel through the user space configuration mechanism, <literal>udev</literal> (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>), as it is found.  The network interface name is referred as <emphasis role="strong">physical interface</emphasis> in <literal>ifup</literal>(8) and <literal>interfaces</literal>(5).</simpara>  
         <simpara>In order to ensure each network interface to be named persistently for each reboot using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</ulink> etc., there is a record file "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>".  This file is automatically generated by the "<literal>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</literal>" program, probably run by the "<literal>persistent-net-generator.rules</literal>" rules file. You can modify it to change naming rule.</simpara>  
         <caution>  
           <simpara>When editing the "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>" rules file, you must keep each rule on a single line and the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</ulink> in lowercase. For example, if you find "Firewire device" and "PCI device" in this file, you probably want to name "PCI device" as <literal>eth0</literal> and configure it as the primary network interface.</simpara>  
         </caution>  
       </section>  
       <section id="_the_network_address_range_for_the_lan">  
         <title>The network address range for the LAN</title>  
         <simpara>Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.</simpara>  
         <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">  
           <title>List of network address ranges</title>  
           <tgroup cols="5">  
             <colspec colwidth="32pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="157pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="81pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>  
             <thead>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
     Class  
10743      </entry>      </entry>
10744                  <entry>                <entry>
10745      network addresses      popcon
10746      </entry>      </entry>
10747                  <entry>                <entry>
10748      net mask      size
10749      </entry>      </entry>
10750                  <entry>                <entry>
10751      net mask /bits      type
10752      </entry>      </entry>
10753                  <entry>                <entry>
10754      # of subnets      description
10755      </entry>      </entry>
10756                </row>              </row>
10757              </thead>            </thead>
10758              <tbody>            <tbody>
10759                <row>              <row>
10760                  <entry>                <entry>
10761      A                  <literal>ifupdown</literal>
10762                  </entry>
10763                  <entry>
10764        @-@popcon1@-@
10765      </entry>      </entry>
10766                  <entry>                <entry>
10767      10.x.x.x      @-@psize1@-@
10768      </entry>      </entry>
10769                  <entry>                <entry>
10770      255.0.0.0      config::ifupdown
10771      </entry>      </entry>
10772                  <entry>                <entry>
10773      /8      standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)
10774      </entry>      </entry>
10775                  <entry>              </row>
10776      1              <row>
10777                  <entry>
10778                    <literal>ifplugd</literal>
10779                  </entry>
10780                  <entry>
10781        @-@popcon1@-@
10782      </entry>      </entry>
10783                </row>                <entry>
10784                <row>      @-@psize1@-@
                 <entry>  
     B  
10785      </entry>      </entry>
10786                  <entry>                <entry>
10787      172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x      , ,
10788      </entry>      </entry>
10789                  <entry>                <entry>
10790      255.255.0.0      manage the wired network automatically
10791      </entry>      </entry>
10792                  <entry>              </row>
10793      /16              <row>
10794                  <entry>
10795                    <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal>
10796                  </entry>
10797                  <entry>
10798        @-@popcon1@-@
10799      </entry>      </entry>
10800                  <entry>                <entry>
10801      16      @-@psize1@-@
10802      </entry>      </entry>
10803                </row>                <entry>
10804                <row>      , ,
                 <entry>  
     C  
10805      </entry>      </entry>
10806                  <entry>                <entry>
10807      192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x      network testing script to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package
10808      </entry>      </entry>
10809                  <entry>              </row>
10810      255.255.255.0              <row>
10811                  <entry>
10812                    <literal>ifmetric</literal>
10813                  </entry>
10814                  <entry>
10815        @-@popcon1@-@
10816      </entry>      </entry>
10817                  <entry>                <entry>
10818      /24      @-@psize1@-@
10819      </entry>      </entry>
10820                  <entry>                <entry>
10821      256      , ,
10822      </entry>      </entry>
10823                </row>                <entry>
10824              </tbody>      set routing metrics for a network interface
           </tgroup>  
         </table>  
         <note>  
           <simpara>If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation">Network Address Translation(NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment.</simpara>  
         </note>  
       </section>  
       <section id="_the_network_configuration_infrastructure">  
         <title>The network configuration infrastructure</title>  
         <simpara>There are 2 types of low level networking programs for Linux networking system (see <xref linkend="_iproute2_commands"/>).</simpara>  
         <itemizedlist>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 Old <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink> programs (<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8), …) are from the Linux NET-3 networking system. Most of these are obsolete now.  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 New <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">Linux iproute2</ulink> programs (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) are the current Linux networking system.  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
         </itemizedlist>  
         <simpara>Although these low level networking programs are powerful, they are cumbersome to use.  So high level network configuration systems have been created.</simpara>  
         <simpara>The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package is the de facto standard for such high level network configuration system on Debian.  It enables you to bring up network simply by doing , e.g., "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>".  Its configuration file is the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file and its typical contents are the following.</simpara>  
         <screen>auto lo  
 iface lo inet loopback  
   
 auto eth0  
 iface eth0 inet dhcp</screen>  
         <simpara>The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package was created to supplement <literal>ifupdown</literal> system to support smooth reconfiguration of network address resolution by automating rewrite of resolver configuration file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>".  Now, most Debian network configuration packages are modified to use <literal>resolvconf</literal> package (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>").</simpara>  
         <simpara>Helper scripts to the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package such as <literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, <literal>ifscheme</literal>, etc. are created to automate dynamic configuration of network environment such as one for mobile PC on wired LAN.  These are relatively difficult to use but play well with existing <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.</simpara>  
         <simpara>Alternative high level network configuration systems, independent of <literal>ifupdown</literal> system, such as <literal>network-manager</literal>, <literal>wicd</literal>, etc. are created to ease configuration of network environment even for mobile PC on wireless network.  Since these are relatively new system and their integration to Debian system is in progress, you may still need to disable the corresponding network interface configuration manually in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" to avoid conflicts between these and <literal>ifupdown</literal> (see <xref linkend="_automatic_network_configuration"/>).</simpara>  
         <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">  
           <title>List of network configuration tools</title>  
           <tgroup cols="5">  
             <colspec colwidth="130pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="97pt" align="left"/>  
             <colspec colwidth="374pt" align="left"/>  
             <thead>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
     packages  
10825      </entry>      </entry>
10826                  <entry>              </row>
10827      popcon              <row>
10828                  <entry>
10829                    <literal>guessnet</literal>
10830                  </entry>
10831                  <entry>
10832        @-@popcon1@-@
10833      </entry>      </entry>
10834                  <entry>                <entry>
10835      size      @-@psize1@-@
10836      </entry>      </entry>
10837                  <entry>                <entry>
10838      type      , ,
10839      </entry>      </entry>
10840                  <entry>                <entry>
10841      description      mapping script to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package via "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file
10842      </entry>      </entry>
10843                </row>              </row>
10844              </thead>              <row>
10845              <tbody>                <entry>
10846                <row>                  <literal>ifscheme</literal>
10847                  <entry>                </entry>
10848                    <literal>ifupdown</literal>                <entry>
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
10849      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10850      </entry>      </entry>
10851                  <entry>                <entry>
10852      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10853      </entry>      </entry>
10854                  <entry>                <entry>
10855      config::ifupdown      , ,
10856      </entry>      </entry>
10857                  <entry>                <entry>
10858      standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)      mapping scripts to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package
10859      </entry>      </entry>
10860                </row>              </row>
10861                <row>              <row>
10862                  <entry>                <entry>
10863                    <literal>ifplugd</literal>                  <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</literal>
10864                  </entry>                </entry>
10865                  <entry>                <entry>
10866      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10867      </entry>      </entry>
10868                  <entry>                <entry>
10869      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10870      </entry>      </entry>
10871                  <entry>                <entry>
10872      , ,      , ,
10873      </entry>      </entry>
10874                  <entry>                <entry>
10875      manage the wired network automatically      Zugschlus' interface scripts for ifupdown's manual method
10876      </entry>      </entry>
10877                </row>              </row>
10878                <row>              <row>
10879                  <entry>                <entry>
10880                    <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal>                  <literal>network-manager</literal>
10881                  </entry>                </entry>
10882                  <entry>                <entry>
10883      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10884      </entry>      </entry>
10885                  <entry>                <entry>
10886      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10887      </entry>      </entry>
10888                  <entry>                <entry>
10889      , ,      config::NM
10890      </entry>      </entry>
10891                  <entry>                <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the network automatically
     network testing script to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package  
10892      </entry>      </entry>
10893                </row>              </row>
10894                <row>              <row>
10895                  <entry>                <entry>
10896                    <literal>ifmetric</literal>                  <literal>network-manager-gnome</literal>
10897                  </entry>                </entry>
10898                  <entry>                <entry>
10899      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10900      </entry>      </entry>
10901                  <entry>                <entry>
10902      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10903      </entry>      </entry>
10904                  <entry>                <entry>
10905      , ,      , ,
10906      </entry>      </entry>
10907                  <entry>                <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)
     set routing metrics for a network interface  
10908      </entry>      </entry>
10909                </row>              </row>
10910                <row>              <row>
10911                  <entry>                <entry>
10912                    <literal>guessnet</literal>                  <literal>network-manager-kde</literal>
10913                  </entry>                </entry>
10914                  <entry>                <entry>
10915      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10916      </entry>      </entry>
10917                  <entry>                <entry>
10918      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10919      </entry>      </entry>
10920                  <entry>                <entry>
10921      , ,      , ,
10922      </entry>      </entry>
10923                  <entry>                <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (KDE frontend)
     mapping script to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package via "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file  
10924      </entry>      </entry>
10925                </row>              </row>
10926                <row>              <row>
10927                  <entry>                <entry>
10928                    <literal>ifscheme</literal>                  <literal>cnetworkmanager</literal>
10929                  </entry>                </entry>
10930                  <entry>                <entry>
10931      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10932      </entry>      </entry>
10933                  <entry>                <entry>
10934      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10935      </entry>      </entry>
10936                  <entry>                <entry>
10937      , ,      , ,
10938      </entry>      </entry>
10939                  <entry>                <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (command-line client)
     mapping scripts to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package  
10940      </entry>      </entry>
10941                </row>              </row>
10942                <row>              <row>
10943                  <entry>                <entry>
10944                    <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</literal>                  <literal>wicd</literal>
10945                  </entry>                </entry>
10946                  <entry>                <entry>
10947      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10948      </entry>      </entry>
10949                  <entry>                <entry>
10950      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10951      </entry>      </entry>
10952                  <entry>                <entry>
10953      , ,      config::wicd
10954      </entry>      </entry>
10955                  <entry>                <entry>
10956      Zugschlus' interface scripts for ifupdown's manual method      wired and wireless network manager (metapackage)
10957      </entry>      </entry>
10958                </row>              </row>
10959                <row>              <row>
10960                  <entry>                <entry>
10961                    <literal>network-manager</literal>                  <literal>wicd-cli</literal>
10962                  </entry>                </entry>
10963                  <entry>                <entry>
10964      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10965      </entry>      </entry>
10966                  <entry>                <entry>
10967      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10968      </entry>      </entry>
10969                  <entry>                <entry>
10970      config::NM      , ,
10971      </entry>      </entry>
10972                  <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the network automatically                <entry>
10973        wired and wireless network manager (command-line client)
10974      </entry>      </entry>
10975                </row>              </row>
10976                <row>              <row>
10977                  <entry>                <entry>
10978                    <literal>network-manager-gnome</literal>                  <literal>wicd-curses</literal>
10979                  </entry>                </entry>
10980                  <entry>                <entry>
10981      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10982      </entry>      </entry>
10983                  <entry>                <entry>
10984      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
10985      </entry>      </entry>
10986                  <entry>                <entry>
10987      , ,      , ,
10988      </entry>      </entry>
10989                  <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)                <entry>
10990        wired and wireless network manager (Curses client)
10991      </entry>      </entry>
10992                </row>              </row>
10993                <row>              <row>
10994                  <entry>                <entry>
10995                    <literal>network-manager-kde</literal>                  <literal>wicd-daemon</literal>
10996                  </entry>                </entry>
10997                  <entry>                <entry>
10998      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
10999      </entry>      </entry>
11000                  <entry>                <entry>
11001      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11002      </entry>      </entry>
11003                  <entry>                <entry>
11004      , ,      , ,
11005      </entry>      </entry>
11006                  <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> (KDE frontend)                <entry>
11007        wired and wireless network manager (daemon)
11008      </entry>      </entry>
11009                </row>              </row>
11010                <row>              <row>
11011                  <entry>                <entry>
11012                    <literal>wicd</literal>                  <literal>wicd-gtk</literal>
11013                  </entry>                </entry>
11014                  <entry>                <entry>
11015      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11016      </entry>      </entry>
11017                  <entry>                <entry>
11018      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11019      </entry>      </entry>
11020                  <entry>                <entry>
11021      config::wicd      , ,
11022      </entry>      </entry>
11023                  <entry>                <entry>
11024      wired and wireless network manager      wired and wireless network manager (GTK+ client)
11025      </entry>      </entry>
11026                </row>              </row>
11027                <row>              <row>
11028                  <entry>                <entry>
11029                    <literal>iptables</literal>                  <literal>iptables</literal>
11030                  </entry>                </entry>
11031                  <entry>                <entry>
11032      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11033      </entry>      </entry>
11034                  <entry>                <entry>
11035      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11036      </entry>      </entry>
11037                  <entry>                <entry>
11038      config::Netfilter      config::Netfilter
11039      </entry>      </entry>
11040                  <entry>                <entry>
11041      administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">Netfilter</ulink>)      administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter">Netfilter</ulink>)
11042      </entry>      </entry>
11043                </row>              </row>
11044                <row>              <row>
11045                  <entry>                <entry>
11046                    <literal>iproute</literal>                  <literal>iproute</literal>
11047                  </entry>                </entry>
11048                  <entry>                <entry>
11049      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11050      </entry>      </entry>
11051                  <entry>                <entry>
11052      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11053      </entry>      </entry>
11054                  <entry>                <entry>
11055      config::iproute2      config::iproute2
11056      </entry>      </entry>
11057                  <entry><ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc                <entry><ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc
11058      </entry>      </entry>
11059                </row>              </row>
11060                <row>              <row>
11061                  <entry>                <entry>
11062                    <literal>ifrename</literal>                  <literal>ifrename</literal>
11063                  </entry>                </entry>
11064                  <entry>                <entry>
11065      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11066      </entry>      </entry>
11067                  <entry>                <entry>
11068      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11069      </entry>      </entry>
11070                  <entry>                <entry>
11071      , ,      , ,
11072      </entry>      </entry>
11073                  <entry>                <entry>
11074      rename network interfaces based on various static criteria: <literal>ifrename</literal>(8)      rename network interfaces based on various static criteria: <literal>ifrename</literal>(8)
11075      </entry>      </entry>
11076                </row>              </row>
11077                <row>              <row>
11078                  <entry>                <entry>
11079                    <literal>ethtool</literal>                  <literal>ethtool</literal>
11080                  </entry>                </entry>
11081                  <entry>                <entry>
11082      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11083      </entry>      </entry>
11084                  <entry>                <entry>
11085      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11086      </entry>      </entry>
11087                  <entry>                <entry>
11088      , ,      , ,
11089      </entry>      </entry>
11090                  <entry>                <entry>
11091      display or change Ethernet device settings      display or change Ethernet device settings
11092      </entry>      </entry>
11093                </row>              </row>
11094                <row>              <row>
11095                  <entry>                <entry>
11096                    <literal>iputils-ping</literal>                  <literal>iputils-ping</literal>
11097                  </entry>                </entry>
11098                  <entry>                <entry>
11099      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11100      </entry>      </entry>
11101                  <entry>                <entry>
11102      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11103      </entry>      </entry>
11104                  <entry>                <entry>
11105      test::iproute2      test::iproute2
11106      </entry>      </entry>
11107                  <entry>                <entry>
11108      test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</ulink> (<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink>)      test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</ulink> (<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">iproute2</ulink>)
11109      </entry>      </entry>
11110                </row>              </row>
11111                <row>              <row>
11112                  <entry>                <entry>
11113                    <literal>iputils-arping</literal>                  <literal>iputils-arping</literal>
11114                  </entry>                </entry>
11115                  <entry>                <entry>
11116      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11117      </entry>      </entry>
11118                  <entry>                <entry>
11119      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11120      </entry>      </entry>
11121                  <entry>                <entry>
11122      , ,      , ,
11123      </entry>      </entry>
11124                  <entry>                <entry>
11125      test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> address      test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> address
11126      </entry>      </entry>
11127                </row>              </row>
11128                <row>              <row>
11129                  <entry>                <entry>
11130                    <literal>iputils-tracepath</literal>                  <literal>iputils-tracepath</literal>
11131                  </entry>                </entry>
11132                  <entry>                <entry>
11133      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11134      </entry>      </entry>
11135                  <entry>                <entry>
11136      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11137      </entry>      </entry>
11138                  <entry>                <entry>
11139      , ,      , ,
11140      </entry>      </entry>
11141                  <entry>                <entry>
11142      trace the network path to a remote host      trace the network path to a remote host
11143      </entry>      </entry>
11144                </row>              </row>
11145                <row>              <row>
11146                  <entry>                <entry>
11147                    <literal>net-tools</literal>                  <literal>net-tools</literal>
11148                  </entry>                </entry>
11149                  <entry>                <entry>
11150      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11151      </entry>      </entry>
11152                  <entry>                <entry>
11153      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11154      </entry>      </entry>
11155                  <entry>                <entry>
11156      config::net-tools      config::net-tools
11157      </entry>      </entry>
11158                  <entry>                <entry>
11159      NET-3 networking toolkit (<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink>, IPv4 network configuration):  <literal>ifconfig</literal>(8) etc.      NET-3 networking toolkit (<ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink>, IPv4 network configuration):  <literal>ifconfig</literal>(8) etc.
11160      </entry>      </entry>
11161                </row>              </row>
11162                <row>              <row>
11163                  <entry>                <entry>
11164                    <literal>inetutils-ping</literal>                  <literal>inetutils-ping</literal>
11165                  </entry>                </entry>
11166                  <entry>                <entry>
11167      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11168      </entry>      </entry>
11169                  <entry>                <entry>
11170      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11171      </entry>      </entry>
11172                  <entry>                <entry>
11173      test::net-tools      test::net-tools
11174      </entry>      </entry>
11175                  <entry>                <entry>
11176      test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</ulink> (legacy, GNU)      test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address">IP address</ulink> (legacy, GNU)
11177      </entry>      </entry>
11178                </row>              </row>
11179                <row>              <row>
11180                  <entry>                <entry>
11181                    <literal>arping</literal>                  <literal>arping</literal>
11182                  </entry>                </entry>
11183                  <entry>                <entry>
11184      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11185      </entry>      </entry>
11186                  <entry>                <entry>
11187      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11188      </entry>      </entry>
11189                  <entry>                <entry>
11190      , ,      , ,
11191      </entry>      </entry>
11192                  <entry>                <entry>
11193      test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> address (legacy)      test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol">ARP</ulink> address (legacy)
11194      </entry>      </entry>
11195                </row>              </row>
11196                <row>              <row>
11197                  <entry>                <entry>
11198                    <literal>traceroute</literal>                  <literal>traceroute</literal>
11199                  </entry>                </entry>
11200                  <entry>                <entry>
11201      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11202      </entry>      </entry>
11203                  <entry>                <entry>
11204      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11205      </entry>      </entry>
11206                  <entry>                <entry>
11207      , ,      , ,
11208      </entry>      </entry>
11209                  <entry>                <entry>
11210      trace the network path to a remote host (legacy, console)      trace the network path to a remote host (legacy, console)
11211      </entry>      </entry>
11212                </row>              </row>
11213                <row>              <row>
11214                  <entry>                <entry>
11215                    <literal>dhcp3-client</literal>                  <literal>dhcp3-client</literal>
11216                  </entry>                </entry>
11217                  <entry>                <entry>
11218      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11219      </entry>      </entry>
11220                  <entry>                <entry>
11221      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11222      </entry>      </entry>
11223                  <entry>                <entry>
11224      config::low-level      config::low-level
11225      </entry>      </entry>
11226                  <entry>                <entry>
11227      DHCP client      DHCP client
11228      </entry>      </entry>
11229                </row>              </row>
11230                <row>              <row>
11231                  <entry>                <entry>
11232                    <literal>wpasupplicant</literal>                  <literal>wpasupplicant</literal>
11233                  </entry>                </entry>
11234                  <entry>                <entry>
11235      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11236      </entry>      </entry>
11237                  <entry>                <entry>
11238      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11239      </entry>      </entry>
11240                  <entry>                <entry>
11241      , ,      , ,
11242      </entry>      </entry>
11243                  <entry>                <entry>
11244      client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)      client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
11245      </entry>      </entry>
11246                </row>              </row>
11247                <row>              <row>
11248                  <entry>                <entry>
11249                    <literal>wireless-tools</literal>                  <literal>wireless-tools</literal>
11250                  </entry>                </entry>
11251                  <entry>                <entry>
11252      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11253      </entry>      </entry>
11254                  <entry>                <entry>
11255      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11256      </entry>      </entry>
11257                  <entry>                <entry>
11258      , ,      , ,
11259      </entry>      </entry>
11260                  <entry>                <entry>
11261      tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions      tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions
11262      </entry>      </entry>
11263                </row>              </row>
11264                <row>              <row>
11265                  <entry>                <entry>
11266                    <literal>ppp</literal>                  <literal>ppp</literal>
11267                  </entry>                </entry>
11268                  <entry>                <entry>
11269      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11270      </entry>      </entry>
11271                  <entry>                <entry>
11272      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11273      </entry>      </entry>
11274                  <entry>                <entry>
11275      , ,      , ,
11276      </entry>      </entry>
11277                  <entry>                <entry>
11278      PPP/PPPoE connection with <literal>chat</literal>      PPP/PPPoE connection with <literal>chat</literal>
11279      </entry>      </entry>
11280                </row>              </row>
11281                <row>              <row>
11282                  <entry>                <entry>
11283                    <literal>pppoeconf</literal>                  <literal>pppoeconf</literal>
11284                  </entry>                </entry>
11285                  <entry>                <entry>
11286      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11287      </entry>      </entry>
11288                  <entry>                <entry>
11289      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11290      </entry>      </entry>
11291                  <entry>                <entry>
11292      config::helper      config::helper
11293      </entry>      </entry>
11294                  <entry>                <entry>
11295      configuration helper for PPPoE connection      configuration helper for PPPoE connection
11296      </entry>      </entry>
11297                </row>              </row>
11298                <row>              <row>
11299                  <entry>                <entry>
11300                    <literal>pppconfig</literal>                  <literal>pppconfig</literal>
11301                  </entry>                </entry>
11302                  <entry>                <entry>
11303      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11304      </entry>      </entry>
11305                  <entry>                <entry>
11306      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11307      </entry>      </entry>
11308                  <entry>                <entry>
11309      , ,      , ,
11310      </entry>      </entry>
11311                  <entry>                <entry>
11312      configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>chat</literal>      configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>chat</literal>
11313      </entry>      </entry>
11314                </row>              </row>
11315                <row>              <row>
11316                  <entry>                <entry>
11317                    <literal>wvdial</literal>                  <literal>wvdial</literal>
11318                  </entry>                </entry>
11319                  <entry>                <entry>
11320      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11321      </entry>      </entry>
11322                  <entry>                <entry>
11323      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11324      </entry>      </entry>
11325                  <entry>                <entry>
11326      , ,      , ,
11327      </entry>      </entry>
11328                  <entry>                <entry>
11329      configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</literal> and <literal>ppp</literal>      configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</literal> and <literal>ppp</literal>
11330      </entry>      </entry>
11331                </row>              </row>
11332                <row>              <row>
11333                  <entry>                <entry>
11334                    <literal>mtr-tiny</literal>                  <literal>mtr-tiny</literal>
11335                  </entry>                </entry>
11336                  <entry>                <entry>
11337      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11338      </entry>      </entry>
11339                  <entry>                <entry>
11340      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11341      </entry>      </entry>
11342                  <entry>                <entry>
11343      test::low-level      test::low-level
11344      </entry>      </entry>
11345                  <entry>                <entry>
11346      trace the network path to a remote host (curses)      trace the network path to a remote host (curses)
11347      </entry>      </entry>
11348                </row>              </row>
11349                <row>              <row>
11350                  <entry>                <entry>
11351                    <literal>mtr</literal>                  <literal>mtr</literal>
11352                  </entry>                </entry>
11353                  <entry>                <entry>
11354      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11355      </entry>      </entry>
11356                  <entry>                <entry>
11357      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11358      </entry>      </entry>
11359                  <entry>                <entry>
11360      , ,      , ,
11361      </entry>      </entry>
11362                  <entry>                <entry>
11363      trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK+)      trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK+)
11364      </entry>      </entry>
11365                </row>              </row>
11366                <row>              <row>
11367                  <entry>                <entry>
11368                    <literal>gnome-nettool</literal>                  <literal>gnome-nettool</literal>
11369                  </entry>                </entry>
11370                  <entry>                <entry>
11371      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11372      </entry>      </entry>
11373                  <entry>                <entry>
11374      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11375      </entry>      </entry>
11376                  <entry>                <entry>
11377      , ,      , ,
11378      </entry>      </entry>
11379                  <entry>                <entry>
11380      tools for common network information operations (GNOME)      tools for common network information operations (GNOME)
11381      </entry>      </entry>
11382                </row>              </row>
11383                <row>              <row>
11384                  <entry>                <entry>
11385                    <literal>nmap</literal>                  <literal>nmap</literal>
11386                  </entry>                </entry>
11387                  <entry>                <entry>
11388      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11389      </entry>      </entry>
11390                  <entry>                <entry>
11391      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11392      </entry>      </entry>
11393                  <entry>                <entry>
11394      , ,      , ,
11395      </entry>      </entry>
11396                  <entry>                <entry>
11397      network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap">Nmap</ulink>, console)      network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap">Nmap</ulink>, console)
11398      </entry>      </entry>
11399                </row>              </row>
11400                <row>              <row>
11401                  <entry>                <entry>
11402                    <literal>zenmap</literal>                  <literal>zenmap</literal>
11403                  </entry>                </entry>
11404                  <entry>                <entry>
11405      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11406      </entry>      </entry>
11407                  <entry>                <entry>
11408      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11409      </entry>      </entry>
11410                  <entry>                <entry>
11411      , ,      , ,
11412      </entry>      </entry>
11413                  <entry>                <entry>
11414      network mapper / port scanner (GTK+)      network mapper / port scanner (GTK+)
11415      </entry>      </entry>
11416                </row>              </row>
11417                <row>              <row>
11418                  <entry>                <entry>
11419                    <literal>knmap</literal>                  <literal>knmap</literal>
11420                  </entry>                </entry>
11421                  <entry>                <entry>
11422      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11423      </entry>      </entry>
11424                  <entry>                <entry>
11425      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11426      </entry>      </entry>
11427                  <entry>                <entry>
11428      , ,      , ,
11429      </entry>      </entry>
11430                  <entry>                <entry>
11431      network mapper / port scanner (KDE)      network mapper / port scanner (KDE)
11432      </entry>      </entry>
11433                </row>              </row>
11434                <row>              <row>
11435                  <entry>                <entry>
11436                    <literal>tcpdump</literal>                  <literal>tcpdump</literal>
11437                  </entry>                </entry>
11438                  <entry>                <entry>
11439      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11440      </entry>      </entry>
11441                  <entry>                <entry>
11442      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11443      </entry>      </entry>
11444                  <entry>                <entry>
11445      , ,      , ,
11446      </entry>      </entry>
11447                  <entry>                <entry>
11448      network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)      network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)
11449      </entry>      </entry>
11450                </row>              </row>
11451                <row>              <row>
11452                  <entry>                <entry>
11453                    <literal>wireshark</literal>                  <literal>wireshark</literal>
11454                  </entry>                </entry>
11455                  <entry>                <entry>
11456      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
11457      </entry>      </entry>
11458                  <entry>                <entry>
11459      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
11460      </entry>      </entry>
11461                  <entry>                <entry>
11462      , ,      , ,
11463      </entry>      </entry>
11464                  <entry>                <entry>
11465      network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK+)      network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK+)
11466      </entry>      </entry>
11467                </row>              </row>
11468                <row>
11469                  <entry>
11470                    <literal>tshark</literal>
11471                  </entry>
11472                  <entry>
11473        @-@popcon1@-@
11474        </entry>
11475                  <entry>
11476        @-@psize1@-@
11477        </entry>
11478                  <entry>
11479        , ,
11480        </entry>
11481                  <entry>
11482        network traffic analyzer (console)
11483        </entry>
11484                </row>
11485                <row>
11486                  <entry>
11487                    <literal>nagios3</literal>
11488                  </entry>
11489                  <entry>
11490        @-@popcon1@-@
11491        </entry>
11492                  <entry>
11493        @-@psize1@-@
11494        </entry>
11495                  <entry>
11496        , ,
11497        </entry>
11498                  <entry>
11499        monitoring and management system for hosts, services and networks (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios">Nagios</ulink>)
11500        </entry>
11501                </row>
11502                <row>
11503                  <entry>
11504                    <literal>tcptrace</literal>
11505                  </entry>
11506                  <entry>
11507        @-@popcon1@-@
11508        </entry>
11509                  <entry>
11510        @-@psize1@-@
11511        </entry>
11512                  <entry>
11513        , ,
11514        </entry>
11515                  <entry>
11516        produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> output
11517        </entry>
11518                </row>
11519                <row>
11520                  <entry>
11521                    <literal>snort</literal>
11522                  </entry>
11523                  <entry>
11524        @-@popcon1@-@
11525        </entry>
11526                  <entry>
11527        @-@psize1@-@
11528        </entry>
11529                  <entry>
11530        , ,
11531        </entry>
11532                  <entry>
11533        flexible network intrusion detection system (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort_(software)">Snort</ulink>)
11534        </entry>
11535                </row>
11536                <row>
11537                  <entry>
11538                    <literal>ntop</literal>
11539                  </entry>
11540                  <entry>
11541        @-@popcon1@-@
11542        </entry>
11543                  <entry>
11544        @-@psize1@-@
11545        </entry>
11546                  <entry>
11547        , ,
11548        </entry>
11549                  <entry>
11550        display network usage in web browser
11551        </entry>
11552                </row>
11553                <row>
11554                  <entry>
11555                    <literal>dnsutils</literal>
11556                  </entry>
11557                  <entry>
11558        @-@popcon1@-@
11559        </entry>
11560                  <entry>
11561        @-@psize1@-@
11562        </entry>
11563                  <entry>
11564        , ,
11565        </entry>
11566                  <entry>
11567        network clients provided with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)
11568        </entry>
11569                </row>
11570                <row>
11571                  <entry>
11572                    <literal>dlint</literal>
11573                  </entry>
11574                  <entry>
11575        @-@popcon1@-@
11576        </entry>
11577                  <entry>
11578        @-@psize1@-@
11579        </entry>
11580                  <entry>
11581        , ,
11582        </entry>
11583                  <entry>
11584        check <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups
11585        </entry>
11586                </row>
11587                <row>
11588                  <entry>
11589                    <literal>dnstracer</literal>
11590                  </entry>
11591                  <entry>
11592        @-@popcon1@-@
11593        </entry>
11594                  <entry>
11595        @-@psize1@-@
11596        </entry>
11597                  <entry>
11598        , ,
11599        </entry>
11600                  <entry>
11601        trace a chain of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">DNS</ulink> servers to the source
11602        </entry>
11603                </row>
11604              </tbody>
11605            </tgroup>
11606          </table>
11607          <section id="_the_domain_name">
11608            <title>The domain name</title>
11609            <simpara>The naming for the domain name is a tricky one for the normal PC workstation users.  The PC workstation may be mobile one hopping around the network or located behind the NAT firewall inaccessible from the Internet. For such case, you may not want the domain name to be a valid domain name to avoid name collision.</simpara>
11610            <simpara>According to <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2606">rfc2606</ulink>, "<literal>invalid</literal>" seems to be a choice for the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain">top level domain (TLD)</ulink> to construct domain names that are sure to be invalid from the Internet.</simpara>
11611            <simpara>The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDNS">mDNS</ulink> network discovery protocol (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>, Avahi on Debian) uses <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local">"local"</ulink> as the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink>.  <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/296250">Microsoft also seems to promote "local" for the TLD of local area network</ulink>.</simpara>
11612            <warning>
11613              <simpara>If the DNS service on your LAN uses "<literal>local</literal>" as TLD for your LAN, it may interfare with mDNS.</simpara>
11614            </warning>
11615            <simpara>Other popular choices for the invalid TLD seem to be "<literal>localdomain</literal>", "<literal>lan</literal>", "<literal>localnet</literal>", or "<literal>home</literal>" according to my incoming mail analysis.</simpara>
11616          </section>
11617          <section id="_the_hostname_resolution">
11618            <title>The hostname resolution</title>
11619            <simpara>The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is the following.</simpara>
11620            <orderedlist>
11621              <listitem>
11622                <simpara>
11623    The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file with stanza like "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<literal>order</literal>" stanza in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)
11624    </simpara>
11625              </listitem>
11626              <listitem>
11627                <simpara>
11628    The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" file contains "<literal>multi on</literal>".)
11629    </simpara>
11630              </listitem>
11631              <listitem>
11632                <simpara>
11633    The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits.
11634    </simpara>
11635              </listitem>
11636            </orderedlist>
11637            <simpara>The "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/316099">associates IP addresses with hostnames</ulink> contains the following.</simpara>
11638            <screen>127.0.0.1 localhost
11639    127.0.1.1 &lt;host_name&gt;.&lt;domain_name&gt; &lt;host_name&gt;
11640    
11641    # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
11642    ::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
11643    fe00::0 ip6-localnet
11644    ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
11645    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
11646    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
11647    ff02::3 ip6-allhosts</screen>
11648            <simpara>Here the &lt;host_name&gt; in this matches the own hostname defined in the "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  The &lt;domain_name&gt; in this is the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> of this host.</simpara>
11649            <tip>
11650              <simpara>For &lt;domain_name&gt; of the mobile PC without the real FQDN, you may pick a bogus and safe TLD such as "<literal>lan</literal>", "<literal>home</literal>", "<literal>invalid</literal>", "<literal>localdomain</literal>", "<literal>none</literal>", and "<literal>private</literal>".</simpara>
11651            </tip>
11652            <simpara>The "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is a static file if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", it contains the following.</simpara>
11653            <screen>nameserver 192.168.11.1</screen>
11654            <simpara>The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.</simpara>
11655            <simpara>The hostname resolution via Multicast DNS (using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf">Zeroconf</ulink>, aka <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>) which effectively allows name resolution by common Unix/Linux programs in the ad-hoc mDNS domain "<literal>local</literal>", can be provided by installing the <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> package.  The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file should have stanza like "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</literal>" to enable this functionality.</simpara>
11656          </section>
11657          <section id="_the_network_interface_name">
11658            <title>The network interface name</title>
11659            <simpara>The network interface name, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, is assigned to each hardware in the Linux kernel through the user space configuration mechanism, <literal>udev</literal> (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>), as it is found.  The network interface name is referred as <emphasis role="strong">physical interface</emphasis> in <literal>ifup</literal>(8) and <literal>interfaces</literal>(5).</simpara>
11660            <simpara>In order to ensure each network interface to be named persistently for each reboot using <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</ulink> etc., there is a record file "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>".  This file is automatically generated by the "<literal>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</literal>" program, probably run by the "<literal>persistent-net-generator.rules</literal>" rules file. You can modify it to change naming rule.</simpara>
11661            <caution>
11662              <simpara>When editing the "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>" rules file, you must keep each rule on a single line and the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address">MAC address</ulink> in lowercase. For example, if you find "Firewire device" and "PCI device" in this file, you probably want to name "PCI device" as <literal>eth0</literal> and configure it as the primary network interface.</simpara>
11663            </caution>
11664          </section>
11665          <section id="_the_network_address_range_for_the_lan">
11666            <title>The network address range for the LAN</title>
11667            <simpara>Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.</simpara>
11668            <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
11669              <title>List of network address ranges</title>
11670              <tgroup cols="5">
11671                <colspec colwidth="32pt" align="left"/>
11672                <colspec colwidth="157pt" align="left"/>
11673                <colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
11674                <colspec colwidth="81pt" align="left"/>
11675                <colspec colwidth="70pt" align="left"/>
11676                <thead>
11677                <row>                <row>
11678                  <entry>                  <entry>
11679                    <literal>tshark</literal>      Class
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , ,  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     network traffic analyzer (console)  
11680      </entry>      </entry>
               </row>  
               <row>  
11681                  <entry>                  <entry>
11682                    <literal>nagios3</literal>      network addresses
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
11683      </entry>      </entry>
11684                  <entry>                  <entry>
11685      @-@psize1@-@      net mask
11686      </entry>      </entry>
11687                  <entry>                  <entry>
11688      , ,      net mask /bits
11689      </entry>      </entry>
11690                  <entry>                  <entry>
11691      monitoring and management system for hosts, services and networks (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios">Nagios</ulink>)      # of subnets
11692      </entry>      </entry>
11693                </row>                </row>
11694                </thead>
11695                <tbody>
11696                <row>                <row>
11697                  <entry>                  <entry>
11698                    <literal>tcptrace</literal>      A
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , ,  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> output  
11699      </entry>      </entry>
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
                   <literal>snort</literal>  
                 </entry>  
11700                  <entry>                  <entry>
11701      @-@popcon1@-@      10.x.x.x
11702      </entry>      </entry>
11703                  <entry>                  <entry>
11704      @-@psize1@-@      255.0.0.0
11705      </entry>      </entry>
11706                  <entry>                  <entry>
11707      , ,      /8
11708      </entry>      </entry>
11709                  <entry>                  <entry>
11710      flexible network intrusion detection system (<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort_(software)">Snort</ulink>)      1
11711      </entry>      </entry>
11712                </row>                </row>
11713                <row>                <row>
11714                  <entry>                  <entry>
11715                    <literal>ntop</literal>      B
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , ,  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     display network usage in web browser  
11716      </entry>      </entry>
               </row>  
               <row>  
11717                  <entry>                  <entry>
11718                    <literal>dnsutils</literal>      172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
11719      </entry>      </entry>
11720                  <entry>                  <entry>
11721      @-@psize1@-@      255.255.0.0
11722      </entry>      </entry>
11723                  <entry>                  <entry>
11724      , ,      /16
11725      </entry>      </entry>
11726                  <entry>                  <entry>
11727      network clients provided with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)      16
11728      </entry>      </entry>
11729                </row>                </row>
11730                <row>                <row>
11731                  <entry>                  <entry>
11732                    <literal>dlint</literal>      C
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , ,  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     check <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups  
11733      </entry>      </entry>
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
                   <literal>dnstracer</literal>  
                 </entry>  
11734                  <entry>                  <entry>
11735      @-@popcon1@-@      192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x
11736      </entry>      </entry>
11737                  <entry>                  <entry>
11738      @-@psize1@-@      255.255.255.0
11739      </entry>      </entry>
11740                  <entry>                  <entry>
11741      , ,      /24
11742      </entry>      </entry>
11743                  <entry>                  <entry>
11744      trace a chain of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System">DNS</ulink> servers to the source      256
11745      </entry>      </entry>
11746                </row>                </row>
11747              </tbody>              </tbody>
11748            </tgroup>            </tgroup>
11749          </table>          </table>
11750            <note>
11751              <simpara>If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation">Network Address Translation(NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment.</simpara>
11752            </note>
11753        </section>        </section>
11754        <section id="_the_network_device_support">        <section id="_the_network_device_support">
11755          <title>The network device support</title>          <title>The network device support</title>
11756          <simpara>Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">DSFG</ulink> non-free external hardware drivers to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="_non_free_hardware_drivers"/>.</simpara>          <simpara>Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">DSFG</ulink> non-free external hardware drivers to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="_non_free_hardware_drivers"/>.</simpara>
11757        </section>        </section>
11758      </section>      </section>
11759      <section id="_the_network_connection_method">      <section id="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop">
11760        <title>The network connection method</title>        <title>The modern network configuration for desktop</title>
11761          <simpara>On Debian <literal>squeeze</literal> system, modern network configuration tools, such as <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (<literal>network-manager</literal> and associated packages) and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> (<literal>wicd</literal> and associated packages) can manage network connection via <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)">daemon</ulink>.</simpara>
11762          <itemizedlist>
11763            <listitem>
11764              <simpara>
11765    They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet.
11766    </simpara>
11767            </listitem>
11768            <listitem>
11769              <simpara>
11770    They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration.
11771    </simpara>
11772            </listitem>
11773            <listitem>
11774              <simpara>
11775    They come with their own nice GUI and command-line user interfaces.
11776    </simpara>
11777            </listitem>
11778            <listitem>
11779              <simpara>
11780    They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.
11781    </simpara>
11782            </listitem>
11783          </itemizedlist>
11784          <warning>
11785            <simpara>Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops.</simpara>
11786          </warning>
11787          <simpara>These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and its configuration file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".</simpara>
11788          <section id="_gui_network_configuration_tools">
11789            <title>GUI network configuration tools</title>
11790            <simpara>Official documentations for NM and Wicd on Debian are provided in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</literal>", respectively.</simpara>
11791            <simpara>Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows.</simpara>
11792            <orderedlist>
11793              <listitem>
11794                <simpara>
11795    Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "<literal>netdev</literal>" by the following (Alternatively, do it automatically via <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE).
11796    </simpara>
11797                <screen>$ sudo adduser foo netdev</screen>
11798              </listitem>
11799              <listitem>
11800                <simpara>
11801    Keep configuration of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as simple as the the following.
11802    </simpara>
11803                <screen>auto lo
11804    iface lo inet loopback</screen>
11805              </listitem>
11806              <listitem>
11807                <simpara>
11808    Restart NM or Wicd by the following.
11809    </simpara>
11810                <screen>$ sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager restart</screen>
11811                <screen>$ sudo /etc/init.d/wicd restart</screen>
11812              </listitem>
11813              <listitem>
11814                <simpara>
11815    Configure your network via GUI.
11816    </simpara>
11817              </listitem>
11818            </orderedlist>
11819            <note>
11820              <simpara>Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" or which have been configured with "<literal>auto …</literal>" or "<literal>allow-hotplug …</literal>" and "<literal>iface … inet dhcp</literal>" (with no other options) are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>.</simpara>
11821            </note>
11822            <tip>
11823              <simpara>If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc.   The same goes for those of Wicd.</simpara>
11824            </tip>
11825            <caution>
11826              <simpara>These automatic network configuration tools may not be compatible with esoteric configurations of legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" such as ones in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> and <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>.  Check <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager">BTS of network-manager</ulink> and <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=wicd">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and limitations.</simpara>
11827            </caution>
11828          </section>
11829        </section>
11830        <section id="_the_legacy_network_connection_and_configuration">
11831          <title>The legacy network connection and configuration</title>
11832          <simpara>When the method described in <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/> does not suffice your needs, you should use the legacy network connection and configuration method which combines many simpler tools.</simpara>
11833          <simpara>The legacy network connection is specific for each method (see <xref linkend="_the_network_connection_method_legacy"/>).</simpara>
11834          <simpara>There are 2 types of programs for the low level network configuration on Linux (see <xref linkend="_iproute2_commands"/>).</simpara>
11835          <itemizedlist>
11836            <listitem>
11837              <simpara>
11838    Old <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Net-tools">net-tools</ulink> programs (<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8), …) are from the Linux NET-3 networking system. Most of these are obsolete now.
11839    </simpara>
11840            </listitem>
11841            <listitem>
11842              <simpara>
11843    New <ulink url="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/en/Net:Iproute2">Linux iproute2</ulink> programs (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) are the current Linux networking system.
11844    </simpara>
11845            </listitem>
11846          </itemizedlist>
11847          <simpara>Although these low level networking programs are powerful, they are cumbersome to use.  So high level network configuration systems have been created.</simpara>
11848          <simpara>The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package is the de facto standard for such high level network configuration system on Debian.  It enables you to bring up network simply by doing , e.g., "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>".  Its configuration file is the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file and its typical contents are the following.</simpara>
11849          <screen>auto lo
11850    iface lo inet loopback
11851    
11852    auto eth0
11853    iface eth0 inet dhcp</screen>
11854          <simpara>The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package was created to supplement <literal>ifupdown</literal> system to support smooth reconfiguration of network address resolution by automating rewrite of resolver configuration file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>".  Now, most Debian network configuration packages are modified to use <literal>resolvconf</literal> package (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>").</simpara>
11855          <simpara>Helper scripts to the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package such as <literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, <literal>ifscheme</literal>, etc. are created to automate dynamic configuration of network environment such as one for mobile PC on wired LAN.  These are relatively difficult to use but play well with existing <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.</simpara>
11856          <simpara>These are explained in detail with examples (see <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> and <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).</simpara>
11857        </section>
11858        <section id="_the_network_connection_method_legacy">
11859          <title>The network connection method (legacy)</title>
11860        <caution>        <caution>
11861          <simpara>The connection test method described in this section are meant for testing purposes.  It is not meant to be used directly for the daily network connection.  You are advised to use them via the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown"/>).</simpara>          <simpara>The connection test method described in this section are meant for testing purposes.  It is not meant to be used directly for the daily network connection.  You are advised to use them via NM, Wicd, or the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/> and <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).</simpara>
11862        </caution>        </caution>
11863        <simpara>The typical network connection method and connection path for a PC can be summarized as the following.</simpara>        <simpara>The typical network connection method and connection path for a PC can be summarized as the following.</simpara>
11864        <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">        <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
# Line 12226  $ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down</screen> Line 12367  $ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down</screen>
12367          <simpara>See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</literal>".</simpara>          <simpara>See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</literal>".</simpara>
12368        </section>        </section>
12369      </section>      </section>
12370      <section id="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown">      <section id="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy">
12371        <title>The basic network configuration with ifupdown</title>        <title>The basic network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)</title>
12372          <simpara>The traditional <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite">TCP/IP network</ulink> setup on Debian system uses <literal>ifupdown</literal> package as a high level tool.  There are 2 typical cases.</simpara>
12373          <itemizedlist>
12374            <listitem>
12375              <simpara>
12376    For <emphasis role="strong">dynamic IP</emphasis> system such as mobile PCs, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and enable you to switch your network configuration easily (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/>).
12377    </simpara>
12378            </listitem>
12379            <listitem>
12380              <simpara>
12381    For <emphasis role="strong">static IP</emphasis> system such as servers, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and keep your system simple (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip"/>).
12382    </simpara>
12383            </listitem>
12384          </itemizedlist>
12385          <simpara>These traditional setup methods are quite useful if you wish to set up advanced configuration (see <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).</simpara>
12386        <simpara>The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package provides the standardized framework for the high level network configuration in the Debian system. In this section, we learn the basic network configuration with <literal>ifupdown</literal> with simplified introduction and many typical examples.</simpara>        <simpara>The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package provides the standardized framework for the high level network configuration in the Debian system. In this section, we learn the basic network configuration with <literal>ifupdown</literal> with simplified introduction and many typical examples.</simpara>
12387        <section id="_the_command_syntax_simplified">        <section id="_the_command_syntax_simplified">
12388          <title>The command syntax simplified</title>          <title>The command syntax simplified</title>
# Line 12637  Record results in the "<literal>/var/log Line 12792  Record results in the "<literal>/var/log
12792          </tip>          </tip>
12793        </section>        </section>
12794      </section>      </section>
12795      <section id="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown">      <section id="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy">
12796        <title>The advanced network configuration with ifupdown</title>        <title>The advanced network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)</title>
12797        <simpara>The functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package can be improved beyond what was described in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown"/> with the advanced knowledge.</simpara>        <simpara>The functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package can be improved beyond what was described in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> with the advanced knowledge.</simpara>
12798        <simpara>The functionalities described here are completely optional.  I, being lazy and minimalist, rarely bother to use these.</simpara>        <simpara>The functionalities described here are completely optional.  I, being lazy and minimalist, rarely bother to use these.</simpara>
12799        <caution>        <caution>
12800          <simpara>If you could not set up network connection by information in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown"/>, you make situation worse by using information below.</simpara>          <simpara>If you could not set up network connection by information in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>, you make situation worse by using information below.</simpara>
12801        </caution>        </caution>
12802        <section id="_the_ifplugd_package">        <section id="_the_ifplugd_package">
12803          <title>The ifplugd package</title>          <title>The ifplugd package</title>
12804          <simpara>The <literal>ifplugd</literal> package is older automatic network configuration tool which can manage only Ethernet connections. This solves unplugged/replugged Ethernet cable issues for mobile PC etc.   If you have <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_automatic_network_configuration"/>) installed, you do not need this package.</simpara>          <simpara>The <literal>ifplugd</literal> package is older automatic network configuration tool which can manage only Ethernet connections. This solves unplugged/replugged Ethernet cable issues for mobile PC etc.   If you have <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager</ulink> or <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/>) installed, you do not need this package.</simpara>
12805          <simpara>This package runs <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)">daemon</ulink> and replaces <emphasis role="strong">auto</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">allow-hotplug</emphasis> functionalities (see <xref linkend="list-of-stanzas-in-eni"/>) and starts interfaces upon their connection to the network.</simpara>          <simpara>This package runs <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)">daemon</ulink> and replaces <emphasis role="strong">auto</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">allow-hotplug</emphasis> functionalities (see <xref linkend="list-of-stanzas-in-eni"/>) and starts interfaces upon their connection to the network.</simpara>
12806          <simpara>Here is how to use the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package for the internal Ethernet port, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>.</simpara>          <simpara>Here is how to use the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package for the internal Ethernet port, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>.</simpara>
12807          <orderedlist>          <orderedlist>
# Line 13074  Password: Line 13229  Password:
13229          </note>          </note>
13230        </section>        </section>
13231        <section id="_mapping_with_guessnet">        <section id="_mapping_with_guessnet">
13232          <title>Mapping with guessnet</title>          <title>Mapping with guessnet</title>
13233          <simpara>Instead of manually choosing configuration as described in <xref linkend="_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration"/>, you can use the mapping mechanism described in <xref linkend="_the_mapping_stanza"/> to select network configuration automatically with custom scripts.</simpara>          <simpara>Instead of manually choosing configuration as described in <xref linkend="_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration"/>, you can use the mapping mechanism described in <xref linkend="_the_mapping_stanza"/> to select network configuration automatically with custom scripts.</simpara>
13234          <simpara>The <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>(8) command provided by the <literal>guessnet</literal> package is designed to be used as a mapping script and provides powerful framework to enhance the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.</simpara>          <simpara>The <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>(8) command provided by the <literal>guessnet</literal> package is designed to be used as a mapping script and provides powerful framework to enhance the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.</simpara>
13235          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 You list test condition as the value for <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options for each network configuration under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza.  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 Mapping choses the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> with first non-ERROR result as the network configuration.  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
         </itemizedlist>  
         <simpara>This dual usage of the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file by the mapping script, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>, and the original network configuration infrastructure, <literal>ifupdown</literal>, does not cause negative impacts since <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options only export extra environment variables to scripts run by the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.  See details in <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>(8).</simpara>  
         <note>  
           <simpara>When multiple <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> option lines are required in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", use option lines started with <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet1</literal></emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis>, and so on, since the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package does not allow starting strings of option lines to be repeated.</simpara>  
         </note>  
       </section>  
     </section>  
     <section id="_the_network_configuration_for_desktop">  
       <title>The network configuration for desktop</title>  
       <section id="_gui_network_configuration_tools">  
         <title>GUI network configuration tools</title>  
         <simpara>The capability of default GUI network configuration tools for each desktop environments such as GNOME tends to be limited to basic configurations such as static IP or DHCP.  They actually overwrite contents of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file behind you. Please check how they change "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file by yourself.</simpara>  
         <caution>  
           <simpara>They may not understand complicated advanced configuration done manually in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file.</simpara>  
         </caution>  
       </section>  
       <section id="_automatic_network_configuration">  
         <title>Automatic network configuration</title>  
         <simpara>There are independent automatic network configuration tools, such as <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (<literal>network-manager</literal> and associated packages) and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> (<literal>wicd</literal> package) which manage network connection via <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)">daemon</ulink> independent of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package. They allow easy management of wireless connections.  These come with its own nice GUI user interfaces.</simpara>  
         <warning>  
           <simpara>Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops.</simpara>  
         </warning>  
         <warning>  
           <simpara>These automatic network configuration tools are moving targets and documentation here is likely to be incorrect for <literal>squeeze</literal>.  So be warned.</simpara>  
         </warning>  
         <caution>  
           <simpara>These automatic network configuration tools may not be compatible with esoteric configurations of <literal>ifupdown</literal> in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" such as ones in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown"/> and <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown"/>.  Having even "<literal>hostname</literal>" stanza for DHCP controlled interface as described in <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/> caused NM to ignore such interface in <literal>lenny</literal>. Check <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=network-manager">BTS of network-manager</ulink> and <ulink url="http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/pkgreport.cgi?package=wicd">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and limitations.</simpara>  
         </caution>  
         <simpara>The configuration of NM is described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".  Essentially this is as follows.</simpara>  
         <orderedlist>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "<literal>netdev</literal>" by the following.  
 </simpara>  
             <screen>$ sudo adduser foo netdev</screen>  
           </listitem>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 Keep configuration of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as simple as the the following.  
 </simpara>  
             <screen>auto lo  
 iface lo inet loopback  
   
 auto eth0  
 iface eth0 inet dhcp</screen>  
           </listitem>  
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 Restart NM by the following.  
 </simpara>  
             <screen>$ sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager restart</screen>  
           </listitem>  
         </orderedlist>  
         <note>  
           <simpara>Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" or which have been configured with "<literal>auto …</literal>" or "<literal>allow-hotplug …</literal>" and "<literal>iface … inet dhcp</literal>" (with no other options) are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>.</simpara>  
         </note>  
         <simpara>The configuration of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)">Wicd</ulink> is described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</literal>".  Essentially, this is as follows.</simpara>  
         <orderedlist>  
13236            <listitem>            <listitem>
13237              <simpara>              <simpara>
13238  Make configuration in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" only as the following.  You list test condition as the value for <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options for each network configuration under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza.
13239  </simpara>  </simpara>
             <screen>auto lo  
 iface lo inet loopback</screen>  
13240            </listitem>            </listitem>
13241            <listitem>            <listitem>
13242              <simpara>              <simpara>
13243  Restart Wicd as the following.  Mapping choses the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> with first non-ERROR result as the network configuration.
13244  </simpara>  </simpara>
             <screen>$ sudo /etc/init.d/wicd restart</screen>  
13245            </listitem>            </listitem>
13246          </orderedlist>          </itemizedlist>
13247            <simpara>This dual usage of the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file by the mapping script, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>, and the original network configuration infrastructure, <literal>ifupdown</literal>, does not cause negative impacts since <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options only export extra environment variables to scripts run by the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.  See details in <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>(8).</simpara>
13248            <note>
13249              <simpara>When multiple <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> option lines are required in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", use option lines started with <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet1</literal></emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis>, and so on, since the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package does not allow starting strings of option lines to be repeated.</simpara>
13250            </note>
13251        </section>        </section>
13252      </section>      </section>
13253      <section id="_the_low_level_network_configuration">      <section id="_the_low_level_network_configuration">
# Line 14084  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6 Line 14172  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
14172  </simpara>  </simpara>
14173            </listitem>            </listitem>
14174          </itemizedlist>          </itemizedlist>
14175          <simpara>Debian offers many free browser plugin packages in the main component which can handle not only <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)">Java (software platform)</ulink> and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash">Flash</ulink> but also <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2">MPEG2</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX">DivX</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video">Windows Media Video (.wmv)</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime">QuickTime (.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3">MP3 (.mp3)</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis">Ogg/Vorbis</ulink> files, DVDs, VCDs, etc.  Debian also offers helper programs to install non-free browser plugin packages as contrib or non-free components.</simpara>          <simpara>Debian offers many free browser plugin packages in the main archive area which can handle not only <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)">Java (software platform)</ulink> and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash">Flash</ulink> but also <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2">MPEG2</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX">DivX</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video">Windows Media Video (.wmv)</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime">QuickTime (.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3">MP3 (.mp3)</ulink>, <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis">Ogg/Vorbis</ulink> files, DVDs, VCDs, etc.  Debian also offers helper programs to install non-free browser plugin packages as contrib or non-free archive area.</simpara>
14176          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
14177            <title>List of browser plugin packages</title>            <title>List of browser plugin packages</title>
14178            <tgroup cols="5">            <tgroup cols="5">
# Line 14105  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6 Line 14193  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
14193      size      size
14194      </entry>      </entry>
14195                  <entry>                  <entry>
14196      component      area
14197      </entry>      </entry>
14198                  <entry>                  <entry>
14199      description      description
# Line 14149  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6 Line 14237  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
14237                </row>                </row>
14238                <row>                <row>
14239                  <entry>                  <entry>
                   <literal>swfdec-mozilla</literal>  
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     main  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     Flash plugin based on libswfdec  
     </entry>  
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
14240                    <literal>mozilla-plugin-gnash</literal>                    <literal>mozilla-plugin-gnash</literal>
14241                  </entry>                  </entry>
14242                  <entry>                  <entry>
# Line 14285  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6 Line 14356  MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
14356        <caution>        <caution>
14357          <simpara>If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document.</simpara>          <simpara>If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document.</simpara>
14358        </caution>        </caution>
14359          <note>
14360            <simpara>The following configuration examples are only valid for the typical mobile workstation on consumer grade Internet connections.</simpara>
14361          </note>
14362        <section id="_modern_mail_service_basics">        <section id="_modern_mail_service_basics">
14363          <title>Modern mail service basics</title>          <title>Modern mail service basics</title>
14364          <simpara>In order to contain spam (unwanted and unsolicited e-mail) problems, many ISPs which provide consumer grade Internet connection are implementing counter measures.</simpara>          <simpara>In order to contain spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems, many ISPs which provide consumer grade Internet connections are implementing counter measures.</simpara>
14365          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
14366            <listitem>            <listitem>
14367              <simpara>              <simpara>
# Line 14326  The incoming mail is accessible at the T Line 14400  The incoming mail is accessible at the T
14400        <section id="_the_mail_configuration_strategy_for_workstation">        <section id="_the_mail_configuration_strategy_for_workstation">
14401          <title>The mail configuration strategy for workstation</title>          <title>The mail configuration strategy for workstation</title>
14402          <simpara>The most simple mail configuration is that the mail is sent to the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 server by the MUA (see <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>) itself. This type of configuration is popular with full featured GUI based MUA such as <literal>icedove</literal>(1), <literal>evolution</literal>(1), etc. If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MUA's filtering function. For this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) need to do local delivery only.</simpara>          <simpara>The most simple mail configuration is that the mail is sent to the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 server by the MUA (see <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>) itself. This type of configuration is popular with full featured GUI based MUA such as <literal>icedove</literal>(1), <literal>evolution</literal>(1), etc. If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MUA's filtering function. For this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) need to do local delivery only.</simpara>
14403          <simpara>The alternative mail configuration is that the mail is sent via local MTA to the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 by the mail retriever (see <xref linkend="_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility"/>) to the local mailbox.  If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MDA with filter (see <xref linkend="_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter"/>) to filter mail into separate mailboxes.  This type of configuration is popular with simple console based MUA such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1), <literal>gnus</literal>(1), etc., although this is possible with any MUAs (see <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>). For this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) need to do both smarthost delivery and local delivery.</simpara>          <simpara>The alternative mail configuration is that the mail is sent via local MTA to the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 by the mail retriever (see <xref linkend="_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility"/>) to the local mailbox.  If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MDA with filter (see <xref linkend="_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter"/>) to filter mail into separate mailboxes.  This type of configuration is popular with simple console based MUA such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1), <literal>gnus</literal>(1), etc., although this is possible with any MUAs (see <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>). For this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) need to do both smarthost delivery and local delivery.  Since mobile workstation does not have valid FQDN, you must configure the local MTA to hide and spoof the real local mail name in outgoing mail to avoid mail delivery errors (see <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>).</simpara>
14404            <tip>
14405              <simpara>You may wish to configure MUA/MDA to use <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir">Maildir</ulink> for storing email messages somewhere under your home directory.</simpara>
14406            </tip>
14407        </section>        </section>
14408      </section>      </section>
14409      <section id="_mail_transport_agent_mta">      <section id="_mail_transport_agent_mta">
# Line 14687  The incoming mail is accessible at the T Line 14764  The incoming mail is accessible at the T
14764          <title>The configuration of exim4</title>          <title>The configuration of exim4</title>
14765          <simpara>For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following.</simpara>          <simpara>For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following.</simpara>
14766          <screen>$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 stop          <screen>$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 stop
14767  $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-conf</screen>  $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config</screen>
14768          <simpara>Chose "mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail".</simpara>          <simpara>Select "mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" for "General type of mail configuration".</simpara>
14769            <simpara>Set "System mail name:" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).</simpara>
14770            <simpara>Set "IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:" to its default as "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".</simpara>
14771            <simpara>Unset contents of "Other destinations for which mail is accepted:".</simpara>
14772            <simpara>Unset contents of "Machines to relay mail for:".</simpara>
14773          <simpara>Set "IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:" to "smtp.hostname.dom:587".</simpara>          <simpara>Set "IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:" to "smtp.hostname.dom:587".</simpara>
14774            <simpara>Select "&lt;No&gt;" for "Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?". (Use "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" as in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>, instead.)</simpara>
14775          <simpara>Reply to "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" as one of the following.</simpara>          <simpara>Reply to "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" as one of the following.</simpara>
14776          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
14777            <listitem>            <listitem>
# Line 14703  $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-conf</scre Line 14785  $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-conf</scre
14785  </simpara>  </simpara>
14786            </listitem>            </listitem>
14787          </itemizedlist>          </itemizedlist>
14788          <simpara>Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "<literal> /etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>"</simpara>          <simpara>Set "Delivery method for local mail:" to "mbox format in /var/mail/".</simpara>
14789            <simpara>Select "&lt;Yes&gt;" for "Split configuration into small files?:".</simpara>
14790            <simpara>Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".</simpara>
14791          <screen>$ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client          <screen>$ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client
14792   ...   ...
14793  $ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client  $ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client
# Line 14728  smtp99.hostname.dom has address 123.234. Line 14812  smtp99.hostname.dom has address 123.234.
14812            <simpara>Local customization file "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" may be created to set MACROs.  For example, <ulink url="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo</ulink>'s mail service is said to require "<literal>MAIN_TLS_ENABLE = true</literal>" and "<literal>AUTH_CLIENT_ALLOW_NOTLS_PASSWORDS = yes</literal>" in it.</simpara>            <simpara>Local customization file "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" may be created to set MACROs.  For example, <ulink url="http://www.yahoo.com/">Yahoo</ulink>'s mail service is said to require "<literal>MAIN_TLS_ENABLE = true</literal>" and "<literal>AUTH_CLIENT_ALLOW_NOTLS_PASSWORDS = yes</literal>" in it.</simpara>
14813          </tip>          </tip>
14814          <tip>          <tip>
14815            <simpara>If you are looking for a light weight MTA that respects "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>" for your laptop PC, you should consider to configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>" etc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>".</simpara>            <simpara>If you are looking for a light weight MTA that respects "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>" for your laptop PC, you should consider to configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", etc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>".</simpara>
14816          </tip>          </tip>
14817        </section>        </section>
14818        <section id="_the_configuration_of_postfix_with_sasl">        <section id="_the_configuration_of_postfix_with_sasl">
# Line 14895  $ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_pa Line 14979  $ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_pa
14979          <screen># postmap hash:/etc/postfix/generic          <screen># postmap hash:/etc/postfix/generic
14980  # postconf -e 'smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic'  # postconf -e 'smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic'
14981  # postfix reload</screen>  # postfix reload</screen>
14982          <simpara>You check filters using the following.</simpara>          <simpara>You can test mail address configuration using the following.</simpara>
14983          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
14984            <listitem>            <listitem>
14985              <simpara><literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options              <simpara><literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options
# Line 15143  $ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_pa Line 15227  $ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_pa
15227        <section id="_basic_mua_8212_mutt">        <section id="_basic_mua_8212_mutt">
15228          <title>Basic MUA  — Mutt</title>          <title>Basic MUA  — Mutt</title>
15229          <simpara>Customize "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" as the following to use <literal>mutt</literal> as the mail user agent (MUA) in combination with <literal>vim</literal>.</simpara>          <simpara>Customize "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" as the following to use <literal>mutt</literal> as the mail user agent (MUA) in combination with <literal>vim</literal>.</simpara>
15230          <screen># use visual mode and "gq" to reformat quotes          <screen>#
15231  set editor="vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail'"  # User configuration file to override /etc/Muttrc
 #  
 # header weeding taken from the manual (Sven's Draconian header weeding)  
15232  #  #
15233  ignore *  # spoof source mail address
15234  unignore from: date subject to cc  set use_from
15235  unignore user-agent x-mailer  set hostname=example.dom
15236  hdr_order from subject to cc date user-agent x-mailer  set from="Name Surname &lt;username@example.dom&gt;"
15237  set hostname=spoof.example.org  set signature="~/.signature"
15238  set from="First Last &lt;username@example.org&gt;"  
15239  ....</screen>  # vim: "gq" to reformat quotes
15240    set editor="vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail'"
15241    
15242    # "mutt" goes to Inbox, while "mutt -y" lists mailboxes
15243    set mbox_type=Maildir           # use qmail Maildir format for creating mbox
15244    set mbox=~/Mail                 # keep all mail boxes in $HOME/Mail/
15245    set spoolfile=+Inbox            # mail delivered to $HOME/Mail/Inbox
15246    set record=+Outbox              # save fcc mail to $HOME/Mail/Outbox
15247    set postponed=+Postponed        # keep postponed in $HOME/Mail/postponed
15248    set move=no                     # do not move Inbox items to mbox
15249    set quit=ask-yes                # do not quit by "q" only
15250    set delete=yes                  # always delete w/o asking while exiting
15251    set fcc_clear                   # store fcc as non encrypted
15252    
15253    # Mailboxes in Maildir (automatic update)
15254    mailboxes `cd ~/Mail; /bin/ls -1|sed -e 's/^/+/' | tr "\n" " "`
15255    unmailboxes Maillog *.ev-summary
15256    
15257    ## Default
15258    #set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%4l) %s"
15259    ## Thread index with senders (collapse)
15260    set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15n %?M?(#%03M)&amp;(%4l)? %s"
15261    
15262    ## Default
15263    #set folder_format="%2C %t %N %F %2l %-8.8u %-8.8g %8s %d %f"
15264    ## just folder names
15265    set folder_format="%2C %t %N %f"</screen>
15266          <simpara>Add the following to "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" or "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" to display HTML mail and MS Word attachments inline.</simpara>          <simpara>Add the following to "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" or "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" to display HTML mail and MS Word attachments inline.</simpara>
15267          <screen>text/html; lynx -force_html %s; needsterminal;          <screen>text/html; lynx -force_html %s; needsterminal;
15268  application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '%s'; copiousoutput; description="Microsoft Word Text"; nametemplate=%s.doc</screen>  application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '%s'; copiousoutput; description="Microsoft Word Text"; nametemplate=%s.doc</screen>
15269            <tip>
15270              <simpara>Mutt can be used as the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol">IMAP</ulink> client and the mailbox format converter.  You can tag messages with "<literal>t</literal>", "<literal>T</literal>", etc.  These tagged messages can be copied with "<literal>;C</literal>" between different mailboxes and deleted with "<literal>;d</literal>" in one action.</simpara>
15271            </tip>
15272        </section>        </section>
15273      </section>      </section>
15274      <section id="_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility">      <section id="_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility">
# Line 15252  application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '% Line 15363  application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '%
15363          <simpara>Create "<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>" as the following.</simpara>          <simpara>Create "<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>" as the following.</simpara>
15364          <screen>#!/bin/sh          <screen>#!/bin/sh
15365  set -e  set -e
15366    if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/running ]; then
15367      echo "getmail is already running ... (if not, remove $HOME/.getmail/running)" &gt;&amp;2
15368      pgrep -l "getmai[l]"
15369      exit 1
15370    else
15371      echo "getmail has not been running ... " &gt;&amp;2
15372    fi
15373    if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/stop ]; then
15374      echo "do not run getmail ... (if not, remove $HOME/.getmail/stop)" &gt;&amp;2
15375      exit
15376    fi
15377    if [ "x$1" = "x-l" ]; then
15378      exit
15379    fi
15380  rcfiles="/usr/bin/getmail"  rcfiles="/usr/bin/getmail"
15381  for file in $HOME/.getmail/config/* ; do  for file in $HOME/.getmail/config/* ; do
15382    rcfiles="$rcfiles --rcfile $file"    rcfiles="$rcfiles --rcfile $file"
15383  done  done
15384  exec $rcfiles $@</screen>  date -u &gt; $HOME/.getmail/running
15385    eval "$rcfiles $@"
15386    rm $HOME/.getmail/running</screen>
15387          <simpara>Configure it as the following.</simpara>          <simpara>Configure it as the following.</simpara>
15388          <screen>$ sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/getmails          <screen>$ sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/getmails
15389  $ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail  $ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail
# Line 15368  message_log = ~/.getmail/log/pop3_name.l Line 15495  message_log = ~/.getmail/log/pop3_name.l
15495        <section id="_maildrop_configuration">        <section id="_maildrop_configuration">
15496          <title>maildrop configuration</title>          <title>maildrop configuration</title>
15497          <simpara><literal>maildrop</literal>(1) configuration is described in <ulink url="http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html">maildropfilter documentation</ulink>.  Here is a configuration example for "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".</simpara>          <simpara><literal>maildrop</literal>(1) configuration is described in <ulink url="http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html">maildropfilter documentation</ulink>.  Here is a configuration example for "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".</simpara>
15498          <screen>logfile $HOME/.maildroplog          <screen># Local configuration
15499  # clearly bad looking mails: drop them into X-trash and exit  MAILROOT="$HOME/Mail"
15500  if (    /^X-Advertisement/ ||\  # set this to /etc/mailname contents
15501          /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/ ||\  MAILHOST="example.dom"
15502          /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/ ||\  logfile $HOME/.maildroplog
15503          /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/ )  
15504      to "$HOME/Maildir/X-trash/"  # rules are made to override the earlier value by the later one.
15505    
15506  # Delivering mailinglist messages using automatically generated mailbox  # mailing list mails ?
15507  if (    /^Precedence:.*list/ || /^Precedence:.*bulk/ )  if (     /^Precedence:.*list/:h || /^Precedence:.*bulk/:h )
15508    {
15509        # rules for mailing list mails
15510        # default mailbox for mails from mailing list
15511        MAILBOX="Inbox-list"
15512        # default mailbox for mails from debian.org
15513        if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h )
15514        {
15515            MAILBOX="service.debian.org"
15516        }
15517        # default mailbox for mails from bugs.debian.org (BTS)
15518        if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-sender): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )
15519        {
15520            MAILBOX="bugs.debian.org"
15521        }
15522        # mailbox for each properly maintained mailing list with "List-Id: foo" or "List-Id: ...&lt;foo.bar&gt;"
15523        if ( /^List-Id: ([^&lt;]*&lt;)?([^&lt;&gt;]*)&gt;?/:h )
15524        {
15525            MAILBOX="$MATCH2"
15526        }
15527    }
15528    else
15529  {  {
15530      if ( /^List-Id:[ &lt;]*([^&lt;&gt;]*)[ &gt;]*/)      # rules for non-mailing list mails
15531        # default incoming box
15532        MAILBOX="Inbox-unusual"
15533        # local mails
15534        if ( /Envelope-to: .*@$MAILHOST/:h )
15535        {
15536            MAILBOX="Inbox-local"
15537        }
15538        # html mails (99% spams)
15539        if ( /DOCTYPE html/:b ||\
15540             /^Content-Type: text\/html/ )
15541        {
15542            MAILBOX="Inbox-html"
15543        }
15544        # blacklist rule for spams
15545        if ( /^X-Advertisement/:h ||\
15546             /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/:h ||\
15547             /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/:h ||\
15548             /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/:h )
15549        {
15550            MAILBOX="Inbox-trash"
15551        }
15552        # whitelist rule for normal mails
15553        if ( /^From: .*@debian.org/:h ||\
15554             /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h ||\
15555             /^Subject: .*(debian|bug|PATCH)/:h )
15556        {
15557            MAILBOX="Inbox"
15558        }
15559        # whiltelist rule for BTS related mails
15560        if ( /^Subject: .*Bug#.*/:h ||\
15561             /^(To|Cc): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )
15562      {      {
15563          MAILBOX="$MATCH1"          MAILBOX="bugs.debian.org"
15564      }      }
15565      else      # whitelist rule for getmails cron mails
15566        if ( /^Subject: Cron .*getmails/:h )
15567      {      {
15568          if ( /^X-Loop: *(.*)@(.*)/)          MAILBOX="Inbox-getmails"
         {  
             MAILBOX="$MATCH1.$MATCH2"  
         }  
         else  
         {  
             if (    /Return-Path:.*\.debian\.org/ )  
             {  
                 MAILBOX="automatic.debian.org"  
             }  
             else  
             {  
                 MAILBOX="unknown-list"  
             }  
         }  
15569      }      }
     `test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`  
     if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )  
         `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`  
     to "$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/"  
15570  }  }
15571  to "$HOME/Maildir/Inbox/"  
15572    # check existance of $MAILBOX
15573    `test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`
15574    if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )
15575    {
15576        # create maildir mailbox for $MAILBOX
15577        `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`
15578    }
15579    # deliver to maildir $MAILBOX
15580    to "$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/"
15581  exit</screen>  exit</screen>
15582          <warning>          <warning>
15583            <simpara>Unlike <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> does not create missing maildir directories automatically.  You must create them manually using <literal>maildirmake</literal>(1) in advance as in the example "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".</simpara>            <simpara>Unlike <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> does not create missing maildir directories automatically.  You must create them manually using <literal>maildirmake</literal>(1) in advance as in the example "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".</simpara>
# Line 15414  exit</screen> Line 15585  exit</screen>
15585        </section>        </section>
15586        <section id="_procmail_configuration">        <section id="_procmail_configuration">
15587          <title>procmail configuration</title>          <title>procmail configuration</title>
15588          <simpara>Here is an equivalent configuration with "<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</literal>" for <literal>procmail</literal>(1).</simpara>          <simpara>Here is a similar configuration with "<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</literal>" for <literal>procmail</literal>(1).</simpara>
15589          <screen>MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir          <screen>MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir
15590  DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/  DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/
15591  LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog  LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog
# Line 16610  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/. Line 16781  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.
16781              </row>              </row>
16782              <row>              <row>
16783                <entry>                <entry>
16784                  <literal>stunnel4</literal>                  <literal>openssl</literal>
16785                </entry>                </entry>
16786                <entry>                <entry>
16787      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 16622  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/. Line 16793  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.
16793                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security">SSL</ulink>                  <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security">SSL</ulink>
16794                </entry>                </entry>
16795                <entry>                <entry>
16796        Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools
16797        </entry>
16798                </row>
16799                <row>
16800                  <entry>
16801                    <literal>stunnel4</literal>
16802                  </entry>
16803                  <entry>
16804        @-@popcon1@-@
16805        </entry>
16806                  <entry>
16807        @-@psize1@-@
16808        </entry>
16809                  <entry>
16810        , ,
16811        </entry>
16812                  <entry>
16813      universal SSL Wrapper      universal SSL Wrapper
16814      </entry>      </entry>
16815              </row>              </row>
# Line 16867  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/. Line 17055  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.
17055      <section id="_the_diagnosis_of_the_system_daemons">      <section id="_the_diagnosis_of_the_system_daemons">
17056        <title>The diagnosis of the system daemons</title>        <title>The diagnosis of the system daemons</title>
17057        <simpara>The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the system daemons and its diagnosis.</simpara>        <simpara>The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the system daemons and its diagnosis.</simpara>
17058        <simpara>For example, try the following</simpara>        <simpara>For testing plain <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol">POP3</ulink> service, try the following</simpara>
17059        <screen>$ telnet mail.ispname.net pop3</screen>        <screen>$ telnet mail.ispname.net pop3</screen>
17060          <simpara>For testing the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled <literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or <literal>openssl</literal> packages.</simpara>
17061          <screen>$ telnet -z ssl pop.gmail.com 995</screen>
17062          <screen>$ openssl s_client -connect pop.gmail.com:995</screen>
17063        <simpara>The following <ulink url="http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge to each system daemon.</simpara>        <simpara>The following <ulink url="http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge to each system daemon.</simpara>
17064        <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">        <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
17065          <title>List of popular RFCs</title>          <title>List of popular RFCs</title>
# Line 16945  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/. Line 17136  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.
17136          </tgroup>          </tgroup>
17137        </table>        </table>
17138        <simpara>The port usage is described in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".</simpara>        <simpara>The port usage is described in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".</simpara>
       <note>  
         <simpara>For testing <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security">TLS</ulink>/SSL services such as <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https">HTTPS</ulink>, you need TLS/SSL enabled <literal>telnet</literal> program.</simpara>  
       </note>  
17139      </section>      </section>
17140    </chapter>    </chapter>
17141    <chapter id="_the_x_window_system">    <chapter id="_the_x_window_system">
# Line 17122  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/. Line 17310  Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.
17310              </row>              </row>
17311              <row>              <row>
17312                <entry>                <entry>
17313                  <literal>kde-core</literal>                  <literal>kde-standard</literal>
17314                </entry>                </entry>
17315                <entry>                <entry>
17316      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 17645  Type=Application</screen> Line 17833  Type=Application</screen>
17833      </section>      </section>
17834      <section id="_fonts_in_the_x_window">      <section id="_fonts_in_the_x_window">
17835        <title>Fonts in the X Window</title>        <title>Fonts in the X Window</title>
17836        <simpara>The font configuration on Debian system can be summarized with historical perspective as follows.</simpara>        <simpara><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> was created to provide a distribution independent library for configuring and customizing font access in 2002.  Debian after <literal>squeeze</literal> uses <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> for its font configuration.</simpara>
       <itemizedlist>  
         <listitem>  
           <simpara>  
 Each application used to require specific manual operation to configure installed fonts before <literal>woody</literal>.  
 </simpara>  
         </listitem>  
         <listitem>  
           <simpara><ulink url="http://packages.debian.org/sid/defoma">Debian Font Manager (defoma)</ulink> was created to automate this font configuration by providing a Debian specific glue layer in 2000.  
 </simpara>  
           <itemizedlist>  
             <listitem>  
               <simpara>  
 Each font package publishes application independent font data to defoma.  
 </simpara>  
             </listitem>  
             <listitem>  
               <simpara>  
 Each application package uses these data to configure each installed font via its package script.  
 </simpara>  
             </listitem>  
             <listitem>  
               <simpara>  
 For X server, the actual program to configure TrueType fonts and CID fonts (as well as CMaps) was packaged as <ulink url="http://packages.debian.org/sid/x-ttcidfont-conf">x-ttcidfont-conf</ulink>.  
 </simpara>  
             </listitem>  
           </itemizedlist>  
         </listitem>  
         <listitem>  
           <simpara><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> was created to provide a distribution independent library for configuring and customizing font access in 2002.  
 </simpara>  
           <itemizedlist>  
             <listitem>  
               <simpara>  
 As of <literal>lenny</literal> release, almost all programs which access font data seem to use this system.  
 </simpara>  
             </listitem>  
             <listitem>  
               <simpara>  
 After <literal>squeeze</literal>, Debian solely uses <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> and drops <ulink url="http://packages.debian.org/sid/defoma">Debian Font Manager (defoma)</ulink>.  
 </simpara>  
             </listitem>  
           </itemizedlist>  
         </listitem>  
       </itemizedlist>  
17837        <simpara>Font supports on X Window System can be summarized as follows.</simpara>        <simpara>Font supports on X Window System can be summarized as follows.</simpara>
17838        <itemizedlist>        <itemizedlist>
17839          <listitem>          <listitem>
# Line 17835  The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/ Line 17979  The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/
17979                <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration library — configuration data                <entry><ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration library — configuration data
17980      </entry>      </entry>
17981              </row>              </row>
             <row>  
               <entry>  
                 <literal>defoma</literal>  
               </entry>  
               <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
               <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
               <entry>  
     Debian Font Manager — automatic font configuration framework (lenny)  
     </entry>  
             </row>  
             <row>  
               <entry>  
                 <literal>x-ttcidfont-conf</literal>  
               </entry>  
               <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
               <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
               <entry>  
     TrueType and CID fonts configuration for X (with <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters">CJK</ulink> support)  
     </entry>  
             </row>  
17982            </tbody>            </tbody>
17983          </tgroup>          </tgroup>
17984        </table>        </table>
# Line 17887  The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/ Line 18003  The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/
18003        <tip>        <tip>
18004          <simpara>"<ulink url="http://unifont.org/iuc27/html/ICUPresentation.html">The Penguin and Unicode</ulink>" is a good overview of modern X Window System. Other documentations at <ulink url="http://unifont.org/">http://unifont.org/</ulink> should provide good information on Unicode fonts, Unicode-enabled software, internationalization, and Unicode usability issues on <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software">free/libre/open source (FLOSS)</ulink> operating systems.</simpara>          <simpara>"<ulink url="http://unifont.org/iuc27/html/ICUPresentation.html">The Penguin and Unicode</ulink>" is a good overview of modern X Window System. Other documentations at <ulink url="http://unifont.org/">http://unifont.org/</ulink> should provide good information on Unicode fonts, Unicode-enabled software, internationalization, and Unicode usability issues on <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software">free/libre/open source (FLOSS)</ulink> operating systems.</simpara>
18005        </tip>        </tip>
       <tip>  
         <simpara>You should rely on <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig">fontconfig</ulink> infrastructure to configure fonts on the Debian system.  Debian Font Manager (<literal>defoma</literal>(1)) is only useful for font installation and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_logical_font_description">X logical font description (XLFD)</ulink> data registration for lenny.</simpara>  
       </tip>  
18006        <section id="_basic_fonts">        <section id="_basic_fonts">
18007          <title>Basic fonts</title>          <title>Basic fonts</title>
18008          <simpara>There are 2 major types of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font">computer fonts</ulink>.</simpara>          <simpara>There are 2 major types of <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_font">computer fonts</ulink>.</simpara>
# Line 18750  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 Line 18863  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879
18863                </row>                </row>
18864                <row>                <row>
18865                  <entry>                  <entry>
18866                    <literal>kplato</literal>                    <literal>kugar</literal>
18867                  </entry>                  </entry>
18868                  <entry>                  <entry>
18869      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 18762  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 Line 18875  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879
18875      KDE      KDE
18876      </entry>      </entry>
18877                  <entry>                  <entry>
18878      project management      business quality report generator
18879      </entry>      </entry>
18880                </row>                </row>
18881                <row>                <row>
# Line 18801  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 Line 18914  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879
18914                </row>                </row>
18915                <row>                <row>
18916                  <entry>                  <entry>
18917                    <literal>kugar</literal>                    <literal>kplato</literal>
18918                  </entry>                  </entry>
18919                  <entry>                  <entry>
18920      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 18813  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 Line 18926  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879
18926      KDE      KDE
18927      </entry>      </entry>
18928                  <entry>                  <entry>
18929      business quality report generator      project management
18930      </entry>      </entry>
18931                </row>                </row>
18932              </tbody>              </tbody>
# Line 18870  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 Line 18983  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879
18983                </row>                </row>
18984                <row>                <row>
18985                  <entry>                  <entry>
                   <literal>kpdf</literal>  
                 </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     KDE3  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     document(pdf) viewer  
     </entry>  
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
18986                    <literal>okular</literal>                    <literal>okular</literal>
18987                  </entry>                  </entry>
18988                  <entry>                  <entry>
# Line 18896  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 Line 18992  JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879
18992      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
18993      </entry>      </entry>
18994                  <entry>                  <entry>
18995      KDE4      KDE
18996      </entry>      </entry>
18997                  <entry>                  <entry>
18998      document(pdf) viewer      document(pdf) viewer
# Line 19194  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19290  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19290            </tbody>            </tbody>
19291          </tgroup>          </tgroup>
19292        </table>        </table>
19293        <simpara>This supports keyboard input for accented characters of many European languages with its dead-key function. For Asian languages, you need more complicated <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method">input method</ulink> support such as SCIM discussed next.</simpara>        <simpara>This supports keyboard input for accented characters of many European languages with its dead-key function. For Asian languages, you need more complicated <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method">input method</ulink> support such as <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus">IBus</ulink> discussed next.</simpara>
19294        <section id="_the_input_method_support_with_scim">        <section id="_the_input_method_support_with_ibus">
19295          <title>The input method support with SCIM</title>          <title>The input method support with IBus</title>
19296          <simpara>Setup of multilingual input for the Debian system is simplified by using the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method">Smart Common Input Method (SCIM)</ulink> family of packages with the <literal>im-switch</literal> package. The list of SCIM packages are the following.</simpara>          <simpara>Setup of multilingual input for the Debian system is simplified by using the <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus">IBus</ulink> family of packages with the <literal>im-switch</literal> package. The list of IBus packages are the following.</simpara>
19297          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">          <table pgwide="0" frame="topbot" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
19298            <title>List of input method supports with SCIM</title>            <title>List of input method supports with IBus</title>
19299            <tgroup cols="4">            <tgroup cols="4">
19300              <colspec colwidth="124pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="124pt" align="left"/>
19301              <colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>              <colspec colwidth="76pt" align="left"/>
# Line 19224  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19320  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19320              <tbody>              <tbody>
19321                <row>                <row>
19322                  <entry>                  <entry>
19323      scim-anthy      ibus
19324      </entry>      </entry>
19325                  <entry>                  <entry>
19326      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19233  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19329  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19329      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19330      </entry>      </entry>
19331                  <entry>                  <entry>
19332      Japanese      input method framework using dbus
     </entry>  
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
     scim-canna  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , ,  
19333      </entry>      </entry>
19334                </row>                </row>
19335                <row>                <row>
19336                  <entry>                  <entry>
19337      scim-skk      ibus-anthy
19338      </entry>      </entry>
19339                  <entry>                  <entry>
19340      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19261  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19343  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19343      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19344      </entry>      </entry>
19345                  <entry>                  <entry>
19346      , ,      Japanese
19347      </entry>      </entry>
19348                </row>                </row>
19349                <row>                <row>
19350                  <entry>                  <entry>
19351      scim-prime      ibus-skk
19352      </entry>      </entry>
19353                  <entry>                  <entry>
19354      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19280  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19362  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19362                </row>                </row>
19363                <row>                <row>
19364                  <entry>                  <entry>
19365      scim-tables-ja      ibus-pinyin
19366      </entry>      </entry>
19367                  <entry>                  <entry>
19368      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19289  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19371  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19371      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19372      </entry>      </entry>
19373                  <entry>                  <entry>
19374      , , (not very useful)      Chinese (for zh_CN)
19375      </entry>      </entry>
19376                </row>                </row>
19377                <row>                <row>
19378                  <entry>                  <entry>
19379      scim-tables-zh      ibus-chewing
19380      </entry>      </entry>
19381                  <entry>                  <entry>
19382      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19303  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19385  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19385      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19386      </entry>      </entry>
19387                  <entry>                  <entry>
19388      Chinese (for zh_*)      , ,     (for zh_TW)
19389      </entry>      </entry>
19390                </row>                </row>
19391                <row>                <row>
19392                  <entry>                  <entry>
19393      scim-pinyin      ibus-hangul
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , , (for zh_CN)  
     </entry>  
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
     scim-chewing  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     , , (for zh_TW)  
     </entry>  
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
     scim-hangul  
19394      </entry>      </entry>
19395                  <entry>                  <entry>
19396      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19350  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19404  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19404                </row>                </row>
19405                <row>                <row>
19406                  <entry>                  <entry>
19407      scim-tables-ko      ibus-table
19408      </entry>      </entry>
19409                  <entry>                  <entry>
19410      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19359  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19413  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19413      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19414      </entry>      </entry>
19415                  <entry>                  <entry>
19416      , ,      table engine for IBus
19417      </entry>      </entry>
19418                </row>                </row>
19419                <row>                <row>
19420                  <entry>                  <entry>
19421      scim-thai      ibus-table-thai
19422      </entry>      </entry>
19423                  <entry>                  <entry>
19424      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19378  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19432  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19432                </row>                </row>
19433                <row>                <row>
19434                  <entry>                  <entry>
19435      scim-m17n      ibus-unikey
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@popcon1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     @-@psize1@-@  
     </entry>  
                 <entry>  
     Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others  
     </entry>  
               </row>  
               <row>  
                 <entry>  
     scim-tables-additional  
19436      </entry>      </entry>
19437                  <entry>                  <entry>
19438      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19401  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19441  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19441      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19442      </entry>      </entry>
19443                  <entry>                  <entry>
19444      , ,      Vietnamese
19445      </entry>      </entry>
19446                </row>                </row>
19447                <row>                <row>
19448                  <entry>                  <entry>
19449      scim-uim      ibus-m17n
19450      </entry>      </entry>
19451                  <entry>                  <entry>
19452      @-@popcon1@-@      @-@popcon1@-@
# Line 19415  Localization (L10N): To make a software Line 19455  Localization (L10N): To make a software
19455      @-@psize1@-@      @-@psize1@-@
19456      </entry>      </entry>
19457                  <entry>                  <entry>
19458      , ,      Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others
19459      </entry>      </entry>
19460                </row>                </row>
19461              </tbody>              </tbody>
19462            </tgroup>            </tgroup>
19463          </table>          </table>
19464          <simpara>The kinput2 method and other locale dependent Asian classic <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method">input methods</ulink> still exist but are not recommended for the modern UTF-8 X environment.  The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim">uim</ulink> tool chain is an alternative approach for the international input method for the modern UTF-8 X environment which is also capable for non-X environment.</simpara>          <simpara>The kinput2 method and other locale dependent Asian classic <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method">input methods</ulink> still exist but are not recommended for the modern UTF-8 X environment.  The <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method">SCIM</ulink> and <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim">uim</ulink> tool chains are an slightly older approach for the international input method for the modern UTF-8 X environment.</simpara>
19465        </section>        </section>
19466        <section id="_an_example_for_japanese">        <section id="_an_example_for_japanese">
19467          <title>An example for Japanese</title>          <title>An example for Japanese</title>
19468          <simpara>I find the Japanese input method started under English environment ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") very useful.  Here is how I did this with SCIM.</simpara>          <simpara>I find the Japanese input method started under English environment ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") very useful.  Here is how I did this with IBus.</simpara>
19469          <orderedlist>          <orderedlist>
19470            <listitem>            <listitem>
19471              <simpara>              <simpara>
19472  Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>scim-anthy</literal> with its recommended packages such as <literal>im-switch</literal>.  Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-anthy</literal> with its recommended packages such as <literal>im-switch</literal>.
19473    </simpara>
19474              </listitem>
19475              <listitem>
19476                <simpara>
19477    Execute "<literal>im-switch -c</literal>" from user's shell and select "<literal>ibus</literal>".
19478  </simpara>  </simpara>
19479            </listitem>            </listitem>
19480            <listitem>            <listitem>
19481              <simpara>              <simpara>
19482  Execute "<literal>im-switch -c</literal>" from user's shell and select "<literal>scim</literal>".  Select "System" → "Preferences" → "IBus Preferences" → "Input Method" → "Select an input method" → "Japanese" → "Anthy" and click "Add".
19483  </simpara>  </simpara>
19484            </listitem>            </listitem>
19485            <listitem>            <listitem>
# Line 19454  Setup input method and mode by right cli Line 19499  Setup input method and mode by right cli
19499            </listitem>            </listitem>
19500            <listitem>            <listitem>
19501              <simpara>              <simpara>
19502  Start SCIM input method by CTRL-SPACE.  Start IBus input method by CTRL-SPACE.
19503  </simpara>  </simpara>
19504            </listitem>            </listitem>
19505          </orderedlist>          </orderedlist>
         <note>  
           <simpara>In order to start SCIM under the non-CJK and non-en_US locale, you need to add list of those locales in UTF-8 to the "<literal>~/.scim/global</literal>" or "<literal>/etc/scim/global</literal>" file as the following.</simpara>  
         </note>  
         <screen>/SupportedUnicodeLocales = en_US.UTF-8,en_GB.UTF_8,fr_FR.UTF-8</screen>  
19506          <simpara>Please note the following.</simpara>          <simpara>Please note the following.</simpara>
19507          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
19508            <listitem>            <listitem>
# Line 19473  Start SCIM input method by CTRL-SPACE. Line 19514  Start SCIM input method by CTRL-SPACE.
19514  Input method started by <literal>im-switch</literal> depends on the locale.  Input method started by <literal>im-switch</literal> depends on the locale.
19515  </simpara>  </simpara>
19516            </listitem>            </listitem>
           <listitem>  
             <simpara>  
 Use of new immodule mechanism (by setting "<literal>$GTK_IM_MODULE</literal>" or "<literal>$QT_IM_MODULE</literal>") may cause instability during the library transition in <literal>unstable</literal>.  
 </simpara>  
           </listitem>  
19517          </itemizedlist>          </itemizedlist>
         <simpara>For the detail of setup, see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/im-switch/README.Debian.gz</literal>", "<literal>/usr/share/doc/scim/README.Debian.gz</literal>" or "<literal>/usr/share/doc/uim/README.Debian.gz</literal>".  Here key points are described.</simpara>  
19518        </section>        </section>
19519        <section id="_disabling_the_input_method">        <section id="_disabling_the_input_method">
19520          <title>Disabling the input method</title>          <title>Disabling the input method</title>
# Line 24748  Remote copy: "<literal>./source</literal Line 24783  Remote copy: "<literal>./source</literal
24783          <simpara><literal>afio</literal>(1):</simpara>          <simpara><literal>afio</literal>(1):</simpara>
24784          <screen># cd ./source; find . -print0 | afio -pv0a /dest</screen>          <screen># cd ./source; find . -print0 | afio -pv0a /dest</screen>
24785          <simpara>You can substitude "<literal>.</literal>" with "<literal>foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to copy files from "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" directory to "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>" directory.</simpara>          <simpara>You can substitude "<literal>.</literal>" with "<literal>foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to copy files from "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" directory to "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>" directory.</simpara>
24786          <simpara>You can substitude "<literal>.</literal>" with the absolute path "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to drop "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>".  These will copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows.</simpara>          <simpara>You can substitude "<literal>.</literal>" with the absolute path "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to drop "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>".  These copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows.</simpara>
24787          <itemizedlist>          <itemizedlist>
24788            <listitem>            <listitem>
24789              <simpara>              <simpara>
# Line 28053  $ patch -p1 file &lt; file.patch1</scree Line 28088  $ patch -p1 file &lt; file.patch1</scree
28088        <simpara>Distributed VCS such as Git is the tool of choice these days.  CVS and Subversion may still be useful to join some existing open source program activities.</simpara>        <simpara>Distributed VCS such as Git is the tool of choice these days.  CVS and Subversion may still be useful to join some existing open source program activities.</simpara>
28089        <simpara>Debian provides free VCS services via <ulink url="http://alioth.debian.org/">Debian Alioth service</ulink>.  It supports practically all VCSs. Its documentation can be found at <ulink url="http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth">http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth</ulink> .</simpara>        <simpara>Debian provides free VCS services via <ulink url="http://alioth.debian.org/">Debian Alioth service</ulink>.  It supports practically all VCSs. Its documentation can be found at <ulink url="http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth">http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth</ulink> .</simpara>
28090        <caution>        <caution>
28091          <simpara>The <literal>git</literal> package is "GNU Interactive Tools" which is not the DVCS.</simpara>          <simpara>The <literal>git</literal> package was "GNU Interactive Tools" and the <literal>git-core</literal> package was DVCS in <literal>lenny</literal>.</simpara>
28092        </caution>        </caution>
28093        <simpara>There are few basics for creating a shared access VCS archive.</simpara>        <simpara>There are few basics for creating a shared access VCS archive.</simpara>
28094        <itemizedlist>        <itemizedlist>
# Line 28297  Make user sharing the VCS archive belong Line 28332  Make user sharing the VCS archive belong
28332            <simpara>GUI tools such as <literal>tkcvs</literal>(1) and <literal>gitk</literal>(1) really help you with tracking revision history of files.  The web interface provided by many public archives for browsing their repositories is also quite useful, too.</simpara>            <simpara>GUI tools such as <literal>tkcvs</literal>(1) and <literal>gitk</literal>(1) really help you with tracking revision history of files.  The web interface provided by many public archives for browsing their repositories is also quite useful, too.</simpara>
28333          </tip>          </tip>
28334          <tip>          <tip>
28335            <simpara>Git can work directly with different VCS repositories such as ones provided by CVS and Subversion, and provides the local repository for local changes with <literal>git-cvs</literal> and <literal>git-svn</literal> packages.  See <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitcvs-migration.html">git for CVS users</ulink>, <ulink url="http://live.gnome.org/GitForGnomeDevelopers">Git for GNOME developers</ulink> and <xref linkend="_git"/>.</simpara>            <simpara>Git can work directly with different VCS repositories such as ones provided by CVS and Subversion, and provides the local repository for local changes with <literal>git-cvs</literal> and <literal>git-svn</literal> packages.  See <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitcvs-migration.html">git for CVS users</ulink>, and <xref linkend="_git_for_the_subversion_repository"/>.</simpara>
28336          </tip>          </tip>
28337          <tip>          <tip>
28338            <simpara>Git has commands which have no equivalents in CVS and Subversion: "fetch", "rebase", "cherry-pick", …</simpara>            <simpara>Git has commands which have no equivalents in CVS and Subversion: "fetch", "rebase", "cherry-pick", …</simpara>
# Line 28649  $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1 Line 28684  $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1
28684        </section>        </section>
28685        <section id="_work_flow_of_subversion">        <section id="_work_flow_of_subversion">
28686          <title>Work flow of Subversion</title>          <title>Work flow of Subversion</title>
28687          <simpara>Here is an example of typical work flow using Subversion.</simpara>          <simpara>Here is an example of typical work flow using Subversion with its native client.</simpara>
28688            <tip>
28689              <simpara>Client commands offered by the &lt;package&gt;git-svn&lt;/package&gt; package may offer alternative work flow of Subversion using the &lt;prgn&gt;git&lt;/prgn&gt; command.  See <xref linkend="_git_for_the_subversion_repository"/>.</simpara>
28690            </tip>
28691          <simpara>Check all available modules from Subversion project pointed by URL "<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>" by the following.</simpara>          <simpara>Check all available modules from Subversion project pointed by URL "<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>" by the following.</simpara>
28692          <screen>$ svn list file:///srv/svn/project          <screen>$ svn list file:///srv/svn/project
28693  module1  module1
# Line 29091  This also describes  how to set up serve Line 29129  This also describes  how to set up serve
29129          <tip>          <tip>
29130            <simpara>With <literal>git</literal>(1), you work on a local branch with many commits and use something like "<literal>git rebase -i master</literal>" to reorganize change history later. This enables you to make clean change history.  See <literal>git-rebase</literal>(1) and <literal>git-cherry-pick</literal>(1).</simpara>            <simpara>With <literal>git</literal>(1), you work on a local branch with many commits and use something like "<literal>git rebase -i master</literal>" to reorganize change history later. This enables you to make clean change history.  See <literal>git-rebase</literal>(1) and <literal>git-cherry-pick</literal>(1).</simpara>
29131          </tip>          </tip>
29132            <tip>
29133              <simpara>When you want to go back to a clean working directory without loosing the current state of the working directory, you can use "<literal>git stash</literal>".  See <literal>git-stash</literal>(1).</simpara>
29134            </tip>
29135          </section>
29136          <section id="_git_for_the_subversion_repository">
29137            <title>Git for the Subversion repository</title>
29138            <simpara>You can check out a Subversion repository at "<literal>svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project/module/trunk</literal>" to a local Git repository at "<literal>./dest</literal>" and commit back to the Subvesrion repository.  E.g.:</simpara>
29139            <screen>$ git svn clone -s -rHEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project dest
29140    $ cd dest
29141    ... make changes
29142    $ git commit -a
29143    ... keep working locally with git
29144    $ git svn dcommit</screen>
29145            <tip>
29146              <simpara>The use of "<literal>-rHEAD</literal>" enables us to avoid cloning entire historical contents from the Subvesrion repository.</simpara>
29147            </tip>
29148        </section>        </section>
29149        <section id="_git_for_recording_configuration_history">        <section id="_git_for_recording_configuration_history">
29150          <title>Git for recording configuration history</title>          <title>Git for recording configuration history</title>
# Line 29425  $ sudo gitk --all</screen> Line 29479  $ sudo gitk --all</screen>
29479                    <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022">ISO-2022-JP</ulink>                    <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022">ISO-2022-JP</ulink>
29480                  </entry>                  </entry>
29481                  <entry>                  <entry>
29482      standard encoding for Japanese e-mail which uses only 7 bit codes      standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes
29483      </entry>      </entry>
29484                </row>                </row>
29485                <row>                <row>
# Line 33210  The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<li Line 33264  The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<li
33264                  </entry>                  </entry>
33265                </row>                </row>
33266                <row>                <row>
33267                    <entry>
33268                      <literal>funcname() { … }</literal>
33269                    </entry>
33270                    <entry>
33271                      <literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>
33272                    </entry>
33273                  </row>
33274                  <row>
33275                  <entry>                  <entry>
33276      octal format: "<literal>\377</literal>"      octal format: "<literal>\377</literal>"
33277      </entry>      </entry>
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