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kmuto |
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<!-- retain these comments for translator revision tracking -->
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<!-- $Id: tree.xml 11568 2004-03-21 12:12:18Z waldi $ -->
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<sect1 id="directory-tree">
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<title>The Directory Tree</title>
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<para>
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&debian; adheres to the
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<ulink url="&url-fhs-home;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink>
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for directory and file naming. This standard allows users and software
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programs to predict the location of files and directories. The root
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level directory is represented simply by the slash
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<filename>/</filename>. At the root level, all Debian systems include
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these directories:
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<informaltable>
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<tgroup cols="2">
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<thead>
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<row>
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<entry>Directory</entry><entry>Content</entry>
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</row>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<row>
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<entry><filename>bin</filename></entry>
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<entry>Essential command binaries</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>boot</filename></entry>
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<entry>Static files of the boot loader</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>dev</filename></entry>
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<entry>Device files</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>etc</filename></entry>
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<entry>Host-specific system configuration</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>home</filename></entry>
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<entry>User home directories</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>lib</filename></entry>
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<entry>Essential shared libraries and kernel modules</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>mnt</filename></entry>
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<entry>Mount point for mounting a file system temporarily</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>proc</filename></entry>
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<entry>Virtual directory for system information</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>root</filename></entry>
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<entry>Home directory for the root user</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>sbin</filename></entry>
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<entry>Essential system binaries</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>tmp</filename></entry>
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<entry>Temporary files</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>usr</filename></entry>
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<entry>Secondary hierarchy</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>var</filename></entry>
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<entry>Variable data</entry>
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</row><row>
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<entry><filename>opt</filename></entry>
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<entry>Add-on application software packages</entry>
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</row>
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</tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
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</para>
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<para>
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The following is a list of important considerations regarding
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directories and partitions.
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>
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The root partition <filename>/</filename> must always physically
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contain <filename>/etc</filename>, <filename>/bin</filename>,
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<filename>/sbin</filename>, <filename>/lib</filename> and
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<filename>/dev</filename>, otherwise you won't be able to boot.
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Typically 100 MB is needed for the root partition, but this may vary.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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<filename>/usr</filename>: all user programs
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(<filename>/usr/bin</filename>), libraries
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(<filename>/usr/lib</filename>), documentation
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(<filename>/usr/share/doc</filename>), etc., are in this
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directory. This part of the file system needs most of the space. You
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should provide at least 500 MB of disk space. If you want to install
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more packages you should increase the amount of space you give this
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directory.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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<filename>/home</filename>: every user will put his data into a
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subdirectory of this directory. The size of this depends on how many
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users will be using the system and what files are to be stored in
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their directories. Depending on your planned usage you should reserve
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about 100 MB for each user, but adapt this value to your needs.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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<filename>/var</filename>: all variable data like news articles,
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e-mails, web sites, the packaging system cache, etc. will be placed
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under this directory. The size of this directory depends greatly on
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the usage of your computer, but for most people will be dictated by
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the package management tool's overhead. If you are going to do a full
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installation of just about everything Debian has to offer, all in one
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session, setting aside 2 or 3 gigabytes of space for
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<filename>/var</filename> should be sufficient. If you are going to
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install in pieces (that is to say, install services and utilities,
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followed by text stuff, then X, ...), you can get away with 300 - 500
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megabytes in <filename>/var</filename>. If hard drive space is at a
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premium and you don't plan on doing major system updates, you can get
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by with as little as 30 or 40 megabytes in <filename>/var</filename>.
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</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>
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<filename>/tmp</filename>: if a program creates temporary data it will
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most likely go in <filename>/tmp</filename>. 20-50 MB should usually
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be enough.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</sect1>
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