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<!-- retain these comments for translator revision tracking -->
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<!-- $Id$ -->
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<sect1 id="linux-upgrade">
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<title>Installing &debian; from a Unix/Linux System</title>
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<para>
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This section explains how to install &debian; from an existing
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Unix or Linux system, without using the menu-driven installer as
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explained in the rest of the manual. This <quote>cross-install</quote>
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HOWTO has been requested by users switching to &debian; from
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Red Hat, Mandrake, and SUSE. In this section some familiarity with
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entering *nix commands and navigating the file system is assumed. In
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this section, <prompt>$</prompt> symbolizes a command to be entered in
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the user's current system, while <prompt>#</prompt> refers to a
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command entered in the Debian chroot.
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</para><para>
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Once you've got the new Debian system configured to your preference,
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you can migrate your existing user data (if any) to it, and keep on
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rolling. This is therefore a <quote>zero downtime</quote> &debian;
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install. It's also a clever way for dealing with hardware that
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otherwise doesn't play friendly with various boot or installation
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media.
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</para>
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<sect2>
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<title>Getting Started</title>
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<para>
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With your current *nix partitioning tools, repartition the hard
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drive as needed, creating at least one filesystem plus swap. You
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need at least 150MB of space available for a console only install,
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or at least 300MB if you plan to install X.
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</para><para>
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Create file systems on your partitions. For example, to create an
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ext3 file system on partition <filename>/dev/hda6</filename> (that's
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our example root partition):
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mke2fs -j /dev/hda6
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</screen></informalexample>
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To create an ext2 file system instead, omit <userinput>-j</userinput>.
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</para><para>
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Initialize and activate swap (substitute the partition number for
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your intended Debian swap partition):
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mkswap /dev/hda5
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# sync; sync; sync
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# swapon /dev/hda5
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</screen></informalexample>
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Mount one partition as <filename>/mnt/debinst</filename> (the
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installation point, to be the root (<filename>/</filename>) filesystem
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on your new system). The mount point name is strictly arbitrary, it is
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referenced later below.
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mkdir /mnt/debinst
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# mount /dev/hda6 /mnt/debinst
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para>
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<note><para>
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If you want to have parts of the filesystem (e.g. /usr) mounted on
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separate partitions, you will need to create and mount these directories
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manually before proceding with the next stage.
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</para></note>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Install <command>debootstrap</command></title>
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<para>
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The utility used by the Debian installer, and recognized as the
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official way to install a Debian base system, is
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<command>debootstrap</command>. It uses <command>wget</command> and
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<command>ar</command>, but otherwise depends only on
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<classname>/bin/sh</classname> and basic Unix/Linux tools<footnote>
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<para>
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These include the GNU core utilities and commands like <command>sed</command>, <command>grep</command>, <command>tar</command> and <command>gzip</command>.
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</para>
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</footnote>. Install <command>wget</command> and
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<command>ar</command> if they aren't already on your current system,
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then download and install <command>debootstrap</command>.
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</para>
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<!-- The files linked to here are from 2004 and thus currently not usable
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<para>
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If you have an rpm-based system, you can use alien to convert the
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.deb into .rpm, or download an rpm-ized version at
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<ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~blade/install/debootstrap"></ulink>
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</para>
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-->
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<para>
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Or, you can use the following procedure to install it
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manually. Make a work folder for extracting the .deb into:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mkdir work
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# cd work
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</screen></informalexample>
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The <command>debootstrap</command> binary is located in the Debian
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archive (be sure to select the proper file for your
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architecture). Download the <command>debootstrap</command> .deb from
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the <ulink url="http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/debootstrap/">
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pool</ulink>, copy the package to the work folder, and extract the
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files from it. You will need to have root privileges to install
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the files.
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<informalexample><screen>
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# ar -x debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb
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# cd /
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# zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Run <command>debootstrap</command></title>
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<para>
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<command>debootstrap</command> can download the needed files directly
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from the archive when you run it. You can substitute any Debian
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archive mirror for <userinput>http.us.debian.org/debian</userinput> in
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the command example below, preferably a mirror close to you
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network-wise. Mirrors are listed at
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<ulink url="http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors"></ulink>.
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</para><para>
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If you have a &releasename; &debian; CD mounted at
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<filename>/cdrom</filename>, you could substitute a file URL instead
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of the http URL: <userinput>file:/cdrom/debian/</userinput>
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</para><para>
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Substitute one of the following for <replaceable>ARCH</replaceable>
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in the <command>debootstrap</command> command:
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<userinput>alpha</userinput>,
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<userinput>arm</userinput>,
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<userinput>hppa</userinput>,
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<userinput>i386</userinput>,
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<userinput>ia64</userinput>,
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<userinput>m68k</userinput>,
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<userinput>mips</userinput>,
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<userinput>mipsel</userinput>,
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<userinput>powerpc</userinput>,
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<userinput>s390</userinput>, or
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<userinput>sparc</userinput>.
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<informalexample><screen>
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# /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch ARCH &releasename; \
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/mnt/debinst http://http.us.debian.org/debian
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Configure The Base System</title>
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<para>
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Now you've got a real Debian system, though rather lean, on disk.
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<command>Chroot</command> into it:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# LANG= chroot /mnt/debinst /bin/bash
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para>
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<sect3>
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<title>Mount Partitions</title>
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<para>
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You need to create <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.
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<informalexample><screen>
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# editor /etc/fstab
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</screen></informalexample>
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Here is a sample you can modify to suit:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
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#
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# file system mount point type options dump pass
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/dev/XXX / ext3 defaults 0 1
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/dev/XXX /boot ext3 ro,nosuid,nodev 0 2
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/dev/XXX none swap sw 0 0
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proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
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/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy auto noauto,rw,sync,user,exec 0 0
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/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user,exec 0 0
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/dev/XXX /tmp ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
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/dev/XXX /var ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
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/dev/XXX /usr ext3 rw,nodev 0 2
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/dev/XXX /home ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev 0 2
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</screen></informalexample>
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Use <userinput>mount -a</userinput> to mount all the file systems you
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have specified in your <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, or to mount
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file systems individually use:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mount /path # e.g.: mount /usr
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</screen></informalexample>
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You can mount the proc file system multiple times and to arbitrary
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locations, though <filename>/proc</filename> is customary. If you didn't use
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<userinput>mount -a</userinput>, be sure to mount proc before continuing:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mount -t proc proc /proc
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para><para>
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The command <userinput>ls /proc</userinput> should now show a non-empty
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directory. Should this fail, you may be able to mount proc from outside
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the chroot:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# mount -t proc proc /mnt/debinst/proc
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Configure Keyboard</title>
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<para>
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To configure your keyboard:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# dpkg-reconfigure console-data
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para><para>
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Note that the keyboard cannot be set while in the chroot, but will be
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configured for the next reboot.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Configure Networking</title>
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<para>
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To configure networking, edit
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<filename>/etc/network/interfaces</filename>,
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<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>,
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<filename>/etc/hostname</filename> and
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<filename>/etc/hosts</filename>.
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<informalexample><screen>
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# editor /etc/network/interfaces
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</screen></informalexample>
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Here are some simple examples from
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<filename>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples</filename>:
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<informalexample><screen>
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######################################################################
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# /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8)
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# See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
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# available.
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######################################################################
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# We always want the loopback interface.
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#
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auto lo
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iface lo inet loopback
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# To use dhcp:
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#
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# auto eth0
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# iface eth0 inet dhcp
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# An example static IP setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
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#
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# auto eth0
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# iface eth0 inet static
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# address 192.168.0.42
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# network 192.168.0.0
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# netmask 255.255.255.0
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# broadcast 192.168.0.255
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# gateway 192.168.0.1
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</screen></informalexample>
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Enter your nameserver(s) and search directives in
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<filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# editor /etc/resolv.conf
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</screen></informalexample>
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A simple <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>:
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<informalexample><screen>
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search hqdom.local\000
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nameserver 10.1.1.36
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nameserver 192.168.9.100
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</screen></informalexample>
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Enter your system's host name (2 to 63 characters):
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<informalexample><screen>
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# echo DebianHostName > /etc/hostname
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</screen></informalexample>
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If you have multiple network cards, you should arrange the names of
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driver modules in the <filename>/etc/modules</filename> file into the
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desired order. Then during boot, each card will be associated with the
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interface name (eth0, eth1, etc.) that you expect.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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<sect3>
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<title>Configure Locales</title>
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<para>
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To configure your locale settings to use a language other than
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English, install the <classname>locales</classname> support package
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and configure it:
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<informalexample><screen>
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# aptitude install locales
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# dpkg-reconfigure locales
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</screen></informalexample>
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NOTE: <classname>apt</classname> must be configured beforehand by creating
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a sources.list and running <command>aptitude update</command>.
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Before using locales with character sets other than ASCII or latin1,
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please consult the appropriate localization HOWTO.
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</para>
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</sect3>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Install a Kernel</title>
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<para>
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If you intend to boot this system, you probably want a Linux kernel
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and a boot loader. Identify available pre-packaged kernels with
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<informalexample><screen>
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# apt-cache search linux-image
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</screen></informalexample>
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Then install your choice using its package name.
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<informalexample><screen>
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# aptitude install linux-image-<replaceable>&kernelversion;-arch-etc</replaceable>
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2>
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<title>Set up the Boot Loader</title>
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<para>
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To make your &debian; system bootable, set up your boot loader to load
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the installed kernel with your new root partition. Note that
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<command>debootstrap</command> does not install a boot loader, though you
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can use <command>aptitude</command> inside your Debian chroot to do so.
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</para><para arch="x86">
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Check <userinput>info grub</userinput> or <userinput>man
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lilo.conf</userinput> for instructions on setting up the
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bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to install Debian, just
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add an entry for the Debian install to your existing grub
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<filename>menu.lst</filename> or <filename>lilo.conf</filename>. For
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<filename>lilo.conf</filename>, you could also copy it to the new system and
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edit it there. After you are done editing, call lilo (remember it will use
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<filename>lilo.conf</filename> relative to the system you call it from).
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</para><para arch="x86">
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Here is a basic <filename>/etc/lilo.conf</filename> as an example:
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<informalexample><screen>
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boot=/dev/hda6
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root=/dev/hda6
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install=menu
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delay=20
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lba32
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image=/vmlinuz
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label=Debian
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</screen></informalexample>
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</para><para arch="powerpc">
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Check <userinput>man yaboot.conf</userinput> for instructions on
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setting up the bootloader. If you are keeping the system you used to
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install Debian, just add an entry for the Debian install to your
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existing <filename>yaboot.conf</filename>. You could also copy it to
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the new system and
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edit it there. After you are done editing, call ybin (remember it will
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use <filename>yaboot.conf</filename> relative to the system you call it from).
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</para><para arch="powerpc">
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Here is a basic <filename>/etc/yaboot.conf</filename> as an example:
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<informalexample><screen>
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boot=/dev/hda2
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device=hd:
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partition=6
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root=/dev/hda6
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magicboot=/usr/lib/yaboot/ofboot
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timeout=50
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image=/vmlinux
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label=Debian
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</screen></informalexample>
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On some machines, you may need to use <userinput>ide0:</userinput>
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instead of <userinput>hd:</userinput>.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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